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5호16국시기 匈奴族 獨孤部와 鮮卑族 拓跋部의 관계 연구 - 獨孤部 劉氏를 중심으로
김영환 중국학연구회 2011 中國學硏究 Vol.- No.55
五胡十六國时期移居中原的匈奴族独孤部, 大體承襲了鐵弗部的活動地區和相當數量的部衆, 却沒有铁弗部那麽活跃, 但經過拓跋部的代国復国和苻坚的前秦統治等一连的關鍵性过程而發展了。与此同时, 他们利用跟周围的拓跋部的亲善友好及竞争对立關係, 不仅在北魏、北朝, 直至隋唐, 形成了中国贵族之一員, 在历史上留下了獨特而較好的面貌。独孤部的主要内容整理归纳如下:第一, 劉庫仁父劉路孤率部落投附拓跋部, 拓跋鬱律妻之以女以來, 拓跋部與獨孤部劉氏之間淵源長久的密切關係。特別, 劉庫仁與其父親兩代, 都與拓跋部有婚姻關係。而且不僅於此, 當前秦軍隊攻擊拓跋部時, 劉庫仁當時站在拓跋部一方, 受到拓跋部領袖拓跋什翼犍的信任和依賴。第二, 在384年劉庫仁被殺之後, 他弟弟劉眷繼承其統領獨孤部和整個部落聯盟。劉眷與拓跋珪的關係也十分親近。綜而言之, 拓跋珪得到獨孤部領袖劉庫仁、劉眷兄弟的照顧, 拓跋部民也受到撫納。此爲拓跋部的復興和北魏的建立打下了最初的基礎, 影響不可謂不大。第三, 劉庫仁的兒子劉顯殺了劉眷, 代之成爲領袖, 獨孤部與拓跋部的關係也發生了巨大的轉變。劉顯計劃殺害拓跋珪, 其原因大槪一則可能膽心拓跋珪將成爲未來的競爭對手, 另一則可能對拓跋珪懷有舊怨。在劉顯與拓跋珪的競爭當中, 引起了拓跋珪的最後勝利, 可說爲他進一步從事對外競爭消除了障碍, 奠下了基礎。第四, 除了劉奴眞以外, 劉犍、劉去斤均與拓跋部關係不好。反正, 他對拓跋珪的善待, 使得拓跋部的復興, 有了較爲順利的開始。而劉顯、劉犍、劉去斤對拓跋珪的敵視, 嚴重威脅到拓跋珪的領導權。但是, 在後燕慕容垂的支持下, 拓跋珪擊敗了他們, 拓跋部凌駕了獨孤部, 就爲拓跋珪進一步發展, 創建北魏王朝奠定了基礎。就北魏王朝創建歷史而言, 獨孤部劉氏是不可或缺的重要角色。
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김영환,정현기,이도경 대한슬관절학회 1993 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.5 No.1
Anterior cruciate ligament is a very important structure for functional stability of knee joint motion. The incidence of rupture is high, but sometimes it is difficult to make an early diagnosis. When it is found in late stage, the reconstruction of this ligament is inevitable, However the results of the reconstruction were quite different depending on the surgical methods and the substitute materials used. We have treated 32 cases of isolated chronic anterior cruciate ligament rupture with ligament reconstruction between Dec. 1987 and Dec. 1991. The clinical results were as follows; l. Of the 32 cases, 27 cases (84.4 %) were caused by sports injury and 31 cases in male and average age was 24.3 years old. 2. The average interval from injury to operation was 22.8 months and K-T 1000 arthrometer was performed in 23 cases and average anterior displacement of the tibia was 10.6 mm on affected side and 6.7 mm on the other side when 20lbs anterior drawer force was applied, It showed 3.9 mm side-to-side difference and compliance index was 2.2 mm on the affected side and 1.4 mm on the other side. 3. Nineteen of 32 cases (59.4 %) had meniscal injury. 4. According to Hughston's criteria, in Zarin's method group (6 cases), 4 cases (66.7 %) were good and each 1 case was fair and poor, and in arthroscopic reconstruction group with patellar tendon (26 cases), 13 cases (50.0 %) were excellent, 11 cases (42.3 %) were good and 2 cases were fair. According to Lysholm's scale, average score in arthroseopic reconstruction was 91.7 points and in Zarin's technique 80 points. 5. We considered that arthroscopic reconstruction using middle one-third of bonepatella tendon- bone was reliable method of treatment of chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee.
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자발성 좌측 장골정맥파열: 수술 및 스텐트 설치술을 이용한 치료
김영환,이상권,고성민,최진수,구자현,김형태,조원현 대한영상의학회 2006 대한영상의학회지 Vol.54 No.6
We report here on a case of spontaneous rupture of the left common iliac vein that was diagnosed preoperatively with computed tomography (CT), and the patient was successfully treated with surgery and stent placement. A 60-year-old woman was referred to our emergency room because of sudden left lower abdominal pain and swelling of the left lower extremity. CT revealed a huge retroperitoneal hematoma and extrinsic compression of the left common iliac vein with acute thrombosis of the deep veins of the left lower extremity. Venous patch angioplasty was performed at the site of spontaneous rupture. After performing thrombectomy with using a Forgaty catheter, a stent was placed at the occluded segment of the left common iliac vein under C-arm fluoroscopic guidance. The follow-up CT scans taken at 10 days and 8 months after the initial examination demonstrated a venous stent with preserved luminal patency and the striking resolution of the deep vein thrombosis of the left lower extremity. 저자들은 수술 전 컴퓨터단층촬영으로 진단되어 수술과 스텐트삽입술로 성공적으로 치료한 자발성 장골정맥 파열 1예를 보고하고자 한다. 60세 여자환자로 갑작스런 좌하복부 통증과 이후 좌측 하지의 종창이 발생하여 응급실로 내원하였다. 컴퓨터단층촬영에서 후복막강내에 혈종이 관찰되었으며 좌측 장골정맥이 외부압박을 받고 있었고 좌측 하지정맥에 급성 혈전이 보였다. 파열부위를 대복재정맥으로 패치 봉합하였으며 Forgarty 도관으로 혈전을 제거한 후 장골정맥의 폐색부위에는 투시하에 스텐트를 삽입하였다. 시술 10일과 8개월 후 시행한 추적 컴퓨터단층촬영에서 스텐트의 개존성은 유지되었으며 좌측 하지정맥의 혈전은 관찰되지 않았다.
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秦代의 博士官 伏生 연구 - ≪史記≫에 나타난 伏生의 기록을 중심으로 -
김영환 한국중국학회 2015 中國學報 Vol.74 No.-
通過筆者的調査與分析, 在秦朝七十博士之中有姓名可考者只十人, 這里應包括伏生在內。 他是經過焚書坑儒和秦末大兵亂之禍, 壁藏≪尙書≫保護典籍, 而僥倖生存傳授≪尙書≫以後, 終成爲西漢儒學形成之最重要人物, 所以漢朝以後歷代帝王對伏生極爲推崇。 本文內容大體可分爲如下幾項: 第一, 伏生以伏爲姓氏, 認爲其始祖是太昊伏羲氏。 現在衆說粉粉的伏生生年, 應在從紀元前277年到紀元前260年的十年之內。 第二, 博士淵源爲戰國時期齊國官吏, 由稷下學宮轉化、 孕育而來, 並且博士與稷下先生異名同實。 還有, 鄒魯立國的海岱地區, 自古以來以文化發達而著稱。 所以秦朝博士制度以及博士官伏生都受到了鄒(齊)魯文化傳統精神的深刻影響。 第三, 由于伏生对传授≪尚书≫、 發展儒學的特殊功绩, 後世今文经学家将把他稱爲鄒衍、 董仲舒之間的關鍵性人物。 伏生與他的今文≪尚书≫对中国儒家经学文化影响至为深远, 後人评伏生传书之功曰:“汉無伏生, 则≪尚书≫不传, 传而無伏生, 亦不明其义。” 第四, 伏生的學問淵源始於孔子的弟子子夏, 經過李克流傳到伏生。 由此可見, 子夏在中國經學史上的位置以及學術上的正統性。 第五, 根據前人硏究. 秦代開始設置博士制度, 其時期應當在秦統一六國, 卽紀元前221年以後。 秦博士官的職掌是基本上不治而議論, 而辨然否以及掌典籍、 通古今之事, 卽作爲學者(敎育)、 專家、 備顧問, 但似乎並無具體的職掌。 以上硏究內容, 對於伏生以及博士官的實狀, 作給讀者明顯認識的機會, 而且以後繼續硏究這方面的個案硏究, 希望探索秦代博士官的共通性和特殊性。
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