Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and 2 deficiency reduces high-fat diet-induced hypertrophic obesity and inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes

강현지,Min Byong-Keol,최원일,Jeon Jae-Han,Kim Dong Wook,박성미,Lee Yun-Kyung,Kim Hwa-jin,Byeon Ju-Eun,고영훈,Ham Hye Jin,전용현,Kim Mi-Jin,Lee Jung Yi,Wende Adam R.,Choi Sung Hee,Harris Robert A.,이인규 생화학분자생물학회 2021 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.53 No.-

Obesity is now recognized as a disease. This study revealed a novel role for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) in diet-induced hypertrophic obesity. Mice with global or adipose tissue-specific PDK2 deficiency were protected against diet-induced obesity. The weight of adipose tissues and the size of adipocytes were reduced. Adipocyte-specific PDK2 deficiency slightly increased insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. In studies with 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, PDK2 and PDK1 expression was strongly increased during adipogenesis. Evidence was found for epigenetic induction of both PDK1 and PDK2. Gain- and loss-of-function studies with 3T3-L1 cells revealed a critical role for PDK1/2 in adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. PDK1/2 induction during differentiation was also accompanied by increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) and enhanced lactate production, both of which were absent in the context of PDK1/2 deficiency. Exogenous lactate supplementation increased the stability of HIF1α and promoted adipogenesis. PDK1/2 overexpression-mediated adipogenesis was abolished by HIF1α inhibition, suggesting a role for the PDK-lactate-HIF1α axis during adipogenesis. In human adipose tissue, the expression of PDK1/2 was positively correlated with that of the adipogenic marker PPARγ and inversely correlated with obesity. Similarly, PDK1/2 expression in mouse adipose tissue was decreased by chronic high-fat diet feeding. We conclude that PDK1 and 2 are novel regulators of adipogenesis that play critical roles in obesity.

Trend in the incidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Korea for 11-years (2006-2017)

강현지,김록범,이한나,서영선,김민교,김현옥,이상일,천윤홍 대한내과학회 2023 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2023 No.2

MoO₃-CuO 혼합분말의 볼 밀링 및 수소분위기 열처리에 의한 Mo-Cu 복합분말 제조

강현지,오승탁,Kang, Hyunji,Oh, Sung-Tag 한국분말야금학회 2018 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.25 No.4

The hydrogen reduction behavior of $MoO_3-CuO$ powder mixture for the synthesis of homogeneous Mo-20 wt% Cu composite powder is investigated. The reduction behavior of ball-milled powder mixture is analyzed by XRD and temperature programmed reduction method at various heating rates in Ar-10% $H_2$ atmosphere. The XRD analysis of the heat-treated powder at $300^{\circ}C$ shows Cu, $MoO_3$, and $Cu_2MoO_5$ phases. In contrast, the powder mixture heated at $400^{\circ}C$ is composed of Cu and $MoO_2$ phases. The hydrogen reduction kinetic is evaluated by the amount of peak shift with heating rates. The activation energies for the reduction, estimated by the slope of the Kissinger plot, are measured as 112.2 kJ/mol and 65.2 kJ/mol, depending on the reduction steps from CuO to Cu and from $MoO_3$ to $MoO_2$, respectively. The measured activation energy for the reduction of $MoO_3$ is explained by the effect of pre-reduced Cu particles. The powder mixture, hydrogen-reduced at $700^{\circ}C$, shows the dispersion of nano-sized Cu agglomerates on the surface of Mo powders.

The Pragmatic Interpretation of Linguistic Politeness

강현지 미래영어영문학회 2013 영어영문학 Vol.18 No.2

언어적 공손성은 어휘 의미론적이기 보다는 화용론 규칙의 지배를 받는다. 하지만 이런 화용론적 공손 규칙들도 한 상황에 동시에 적용될 경우 화자와 청자 간의 공손성 전달과 해석을 방해하는 면이 있다. 그 이유는 규칙들이 개별적으로는 이론적 타당성이 확고하기는 하지만 각기 다른 관점에서 공손성 속성을 기술하고 있기 때문이다. 다음으로 대화 속 공손성 이해의 주체는 화자보다는 청자가 더 중심역할을 한다. 아무리 화자가 공손성 규칙에 따라 공손성을 전달 하고자 해도 화자의 규칙을 청자가 인지 못한 경우 화자의 공손성은 전달되지 않는다. 그 예로 화자가 공손성 규칙에 따라 청자의 체면을 세워 주기위한 ‘악의 없는 거짓말’ 한다 해도 청자가 그 규칙을 똑같이 인지하고 있지 않으면 화자의 공손성은 전달되지 않는다. 이 경우 청자에게 공손성 해석의 주도권이 달려있다. 반면 언어적 중의성이 개입되면 화자는 그 중의성을 악용하여 청자에게 비 공손적 표현, 즉 풍자나 혹은 조롱이 담긴 내용마저도 중의적 해석의 미묘한 차이를 이용하여 공손성 규칙에 위배 없이 전달한다. 이 경우 앞의 상황과는 대조적으로 화자가 공손대화의 흐름에 주도권을 가지게 된다.

금속산화물 분말의 동결건조 및 수소환원에 의한 Mo-Cu 다공체 제조

강현지,한주연,오승탁,Kang, Hyunji,Han, Ju-Yeon,Oh, Sung-Tag 한국분말재료학회 (*구 분말야금학회) 2019 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.26 No.1

In this study, porous Mo-5 wt% Cu with unidirectionally aligned pores is prepared by freeze drying of camphene slurry with $MoO_3-CuO$ powders. Unidirectional freezing of camphene slurry with dispersion stability is conducted at $-25^{\circ}C$, and pores in the frozen specimens are generated by sublimation of the camphene crystals. The green bodies are hydrogen-reduced at $750^{\circ}C$ and sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that $MoO_3-CuO$ composite powders are completely converted to a Mo-and-Cu phase without any reaction phases by hydrogen reduction. The sintered bodies with the Mo-Cu phase show large and aligned parallel pores to the camphene growth direction as well as small pores in the internal walls of large pores. The pore size and porosity decrease with increasing composite powder content from 5 to 10 vol%. The change of pore characteristics is explained by the degree of powder rearrangement in slurry and the accumulation behavior of powders in the interdendritic spaces of solidified camphene.

Understanding Jokes in English: Viewed from Incongruity and Frame-Shift

강현지 언어과학회 2013 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.66

In verbal humors the sequence of spotting an incongruity and shifting frames in accordance is a pivotal step for getting the punch line. Quite often, however, audience overlook such a clue for detecting such incongruity and so fail to switch the frames in time. This paper aims at understanding the joke mechanism by shedding light on what triggers incongruity for frame-shift. In probing incongruity, the paper narrows down its research areas into three: non-lexical (pragmatic), lexical (semantic) and deictic (syntactic) incongruities. In dealing with the non-lexical incongruity, this paper proposes the pragmatic concept of ‘encyclopaedic knowledge' as a linguistic tool for disambiguating incongruity. In the case of lifting off lexical incongruity, this writer proses the ‘sequential storyline' as a possible expedition by which to dispel lexical incongruity. Finally the writer investigates deictic ambiguity to point out that additional syntactic knowledge plays another key role in solving syntactic ambiguity.

망막중심정맥폐쇄의 덱사메타손삽입술 치료에서 망막내층손상과 예후와의 관계

강현지,조용운,김병선,정지성,박종문,정인영,유웅선 대한안과학회 2019 대한안과학회지 Vol.60 No.11

목적: 유리체내 덱사메타손삽입술을 시행한 망막중심정맥폐쇄 황반부종환자에서 망막내층손상과 시력과의 관계를 알아보고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 이전에 유리체내 주입술을 시행 받지 않은 망막중심정맥폐쇄 황반부종환자 중 유리체내 덱사메타손삽입술을 시행한 22명 22안을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 각 방문마다 스펙트럼 빛간섭단층촬영을 시행하였다. 망막내층손상의 범위와 추가적인 빛간섭단층촬영 결과는 망막중심오목을 중심으로 2,000 μm 넓이의 영역에서 평가하였다. 결과: 22안(평균 연령, 74.5 ± 8.92세) 중 21안(94.5%)에서 망막내층손상이 발견되었다. 단변량 분석에서 초기 최대교정시력은 초기 망막내층손상의 범위(p=0.005, r=-0.58)와 바깥 경계막 및 광수용체 내절의 타원 영역의 손상 범위(p=0.015, r=-0.51; p=0.011, r=-0.533)와 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 최종 최대교정시력은 초기 최대교정시력(p<0.001, r=0.74)과 초기 망막내층손상의 범위(p=0.04, r=-0.35)와 통계적으로 유의한 관계를 보였다. 또한 최대교정시력의 변화는 처음과 최종 내원 시 망막내층손상의 변화량과 관련이 있었다(p=0.041, r=0.439). 결론: 망막중심정맥폐쇄 황반부종의 치료로 유리체내 덱사메타손삽입술에서 초기 망막내층손상의 범위와 최종 내원 시 망막내층손상의 변화는 시력 개선을 판단할 수 있는 유용한 지표가 될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: To examine whether disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRILs) at baseline and after treatment was associated with visual acuity in patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) who were treated with intravitreal dexamethasone implants. Methods: A retrospective review of records of 22 patients with treatment-naive CRVO with centrally involved macular edema treated with intravitreal dexamethasone implants. Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography images were obtained during each visit. The DRIL extent and additional parameters were evaluated in a 2,000 μm-wide foveal centered area. Results: In the 22 patients (74.5 ± 8.92 years), baseline DRIL was observed in 21 eyes (94.5%). Using univariate analysis, baseline best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly associated with the extent of baseline DRIL (p = 0.005, r = -0.58), and the extent of external limiting membrane disruption and ellipsoid zone (p = 0.015, r = -0.51; p = 0.011, r = -0.533, respectively). The final BCVA was significantly correlated with the baseline BCVA (p < 0.001, r = 0.74) and extent of DRIL (p = 0.04, r = -0.35). Changes in the BCVA were correlated with changes of DRIL between baseline and the final visit (p = 0.041, r = 0.439). Conclusions: The extents of baseline DRIL and DRIL changes after treatment with intravitreal dexamethasone implants for macular edema secondary to CRVO may be useful parameter for visual acuity improvement.

야외 지질 답사에서 중학생들의 암석 관찰 특성

강현지,신동희 한국지구과학회 2021 한국지구과학회지 Vol.42 No.5

This study aims to investigate the problem recognition and clue capture processes of the observation stage in a geological field trip using abductive inquiry. To this end, eight outdoor geological programs were developed in the order of diagnostic evaluation, outdoor geological fieldwork, and review. Six middle-school students participated in these programs The geological field trip was conducted twice, followed by data provision, observation, rule generation, hypothesis generation, and final hypothesis presentation. Outdoor geological fieldwork recordings and student activity sheets were collected and analyzed qualitatively. From these data, three aspects of student observations emerged during the geological fieldwork: The characteristics of each pattern were subdivided into the geological importance of the clues, attention, type of clues, observation characteristics (attention factor), clue utilization, and clue deletion. Here, by combining these results, we propose educational applications that correspond to each aspect. 본 연구는 귀추가 적용된 야외 지질 답사에서 중학생들의 관찰을 통한 문제 인식과 단서 포착 과정을 조사했다. 이를 위해 진단 평가, 야외 지질 답사, 답사 정리 순서로 진행되는 8회에 걸친 프로그램을 개발하여 중학교 1학년 학생6명에게 적용했다. 야외 지질 답사는 2회로 자료 제공, 관찰, 규칙 생성, 가설 생성, 최종 가설 발표 순서로 진행됐다. 연구 자료로 야외 지질 답사 수업 녹음 및 녹화 자료, 학생 활동지 등이 수집되어 질적으로 분석됐다. 분석 결과, 야외지질 답사 수행에서 세 가지 관찰 양상이 나타났다. 첫째, 관찰한 후 단서로 활용한 경우, 둘째, 관찰한 후 단서로 활용하지 않은 경우, 셋째, 관찰하지 못해 단서로 활용하지 않은 경우 등이다. 각각은 단서의 지질학적 중요도, 주목도, 단서의 종류, 관찰 특징(주목도 요소), 단서 활용 내용, 단서 버림 이유 등으로 구분할 수 있다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 각양상에 해당하는 교육적 적용 방안을 모색하여 제시했다.

WO₃-TiH₂ 혼합분말의 동결건조 및 수소환원에 의한 W-Ti 다공체 제조

강현지,박성현,오승탁,Kang, Hyunji,Park, Sung Hyun,Oh, Sung-Tag 한국분말야금학회 2017 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.24 No.6

Porous W-10 wt% Ti alloys are prepared by freeze-drying a $WO_3-TiH_2$/camphene slurry, using a sintering process. X-ray diffraction analysis of the heat-treated powder in an argon atmosphere shows the $WO_3$ peak of the starting powder and reaction-phase peaks such as $WO_{2.9}$, $WO_2$, and $TiO_2$ peaks. In contrast, a powder mixture heated in a hydrogen atmosphere is composed of the W and TiW phases. The formation of reaction phases that are dependent on the atmosphere is explained by a thermodynamic consideration of the reduction behavior of $WO_3$ and the dehydrogenation reaction of $TiH_2$. To fabricate a porous W-Ti alloy, the camphene slurry is frozen at $-30^{\circ}C$, and pores are generated in the frozen specimens by the sublimation of camphene while drying in air. The green body is hydrogen-reduced and sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. The sintered sample prepared by freeze-drying the camphene slurry shows large and aligned parallel pores in the camphene growth direction, and small pores in the internal walls of the large pores. The strut between large pores consists of very fine particles with partial necking between them.

CuO-Al₂O₃/camphene 슬러리의 동결건조 공정에 의한 Al₂O₃ 입자분산 Cu 다공체 제조

강현지,류도형,오승탁,Kang, Hyunji,Riu, Doh-Hyung,Oh, Sung-Tag 한국분말야금학회 2018 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.25 No.1

Porous Cu with a dispersion of nanoscale $Al_2O_3$ particles is fabricated by freeze-drying $CuO-Al_2O_3$/camphene slurry and sintering. Camphene slurries with $CuO-Al_2O_3$ contents of 5 and 10 vol% are unidirectionally frozen at $-30^{\circ}C$, and pores are generated in the frozen specimens by camphene sublimation during air drying. The green bodies are sintered for 1 h at $700^{\circ}C$ and $800^{\circ}C$ in $H_2$ atmosphere. The sintered samples show large pores of $100{\mu}m$ in average size aligned parallel to the camphene growth direction. The internal walls of the large pores feature relatively small pores of ${\sim}10{\mu}m$ in size. The size of the large pores decreases with increasing $CuO-Al_2O_3$ content by the changing degree of powder rearrangement in the slurry. The size of the small pores decreases with increasing sintering temperature. Microstructural analysis reveals that 100-nm $Al_2O_3$ particles are homogeneously dispersed in the Cu matrix. These results suggest that a porous composite body with aligned large pores could be fabricated by a freeze-drying and $H_2$ reducing process.