삼국시기의 子女觀과 지위의 계승

김창석 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2024 東洋學 Vol.- No.96

삼국시기의 부모는 자신의 자녀, 특히 지위의 계승자를 자신의 分身이라고 인식했다. 이는 다시 자식에게 투사되어 아들 역시 부친을 자신과 동일시하는 양상이 나타난다. 한편으로는 자녀를 재산의 일부로 간주하고 혹은 살해하기도 했는데, 이는 주로 피지배층에게서 확인된다. 분신과 소유물은 상반되는 면이 있지만 자녀를 독립된 개인이 아니라 부모와 가문에 종속된 존재로 여겼다는 점에서 공통된다. 자녀의 비독립성은 부모의 외 모와 자질을 이어받았다는 점을 통해 직관적으로 입증되며, 조상의 지위를 계승하거나 가문을 위해 목숨을 희 생하고, 매매의 대상이 됨으로써 자녀는 그 존재의의를 인정받았다. 고대인은 어떤 사람의 능력과 자질을 일차적으로 그 사람의 외모를 가지고 판단했다. 장대한 골격, 頭相과 이목구비, 치아의 특이성을 주목했고, 거기에 神의 의지가 반되어 있다고 믿었다. 신체적 특징은 생물학적으 로 자연스럽게 다음 세대로 遺傳된다. 부자간의 유전은 다른 사람 눈에도 보이는 자명한 현상인데, 고대인은 그 이유를 자연원리에서 찾지 않고 해당 가문이 갖고 있는 정치·사회적 우위가 변함없이 지속되어야 하는 징 표라고 믿었다. 세대를 거쳐 외모만 계승되는 것이 아니라 선대의 권위, 지위까지 승계되는 것이 당연하게 받 아들여졌고, 이를 통해 신분질서가 재생산되었다. 삼국시기에는 이처럼 궁극적으로는 자녀의 신체를 부모에게 종속시키는 인식이 기저에 깔려있었으므로 그 독자적 개체성이 인정받는 것은 원천적으로 불가능했다. 자녀를 독립된 개체가 아니라 부모와 가문의 부속물 로 여기는 인식은 전근대 사회에서 일반적으로 나타나며 현대에도 잔존하는 현상이다. 그러나 삼국시기에 그 러한 양상이 최초로 구체적 모습으로 확인되며, 자녀의 생사여탈까지 부모가 결정할 정도로 자녀에 대해 절대 적 지배권을 가졌고, 이것이 의심의 여지없는 부동의 질서, 윤리다는 점에서 한국 고대사회의 역사적 특징 가운데 하나라고 할 수 있다. [ Parents during the Three Kingdoms period recognized their children, especially the heirs of their status, as their other selves. This is again projected onto the child, and the son also comes to identify with his father. On the other hand, children were considered part of the property or even killed, and this was mainly seen among the ruled. Although alter egos and possessions are contradictory, they are similar in that children are viewed as subordinate to their parents and family, not as independent individuals. The non-independence of children is intuitively proven by the fact that they inherit the appearance and qualities of their parents, and the significance of their existence is recognized by inheriting the status of their ancestors, sacrificing their lives for the family, and becoming an object of sale. Ancient people judged a person’s abilities and qualities primarily based on his or her appearance. He paid attention to the uniqueness of the magnificent skeleton, head shape, facial features, and ox, and believed that the will of God was reflected there. Physical characteristics are naturally and biologically passed on to the next generation. The inheritance between father and son is a self-evident phenomenon that can be seen by others, but the ancient people did not look for the principle in natural phenomena, but believed that it was a sign that the superiority of the family should continue without change. As a result, it was accepted for granted that the authority and status of the previous generation would be inherited, and the view of women during the Three Kingdoms period was formed. It was taken for granted that not only appearance was passed down from generation to generation, but also the ability, authority, and status of the ancestors were inherited, and through this, the status order was reproduced. During the Three Kingdoms period, it would have been fundamentally impossible to recognize their independent individuality because the underlying perception was that children’s bodies were ultimately subordinated to their parents. The perception of children as appendages of parents and family rather than as independent entities is a phenomenon that is common in pre-modern society and persists even in modern times. However, during the Three Kingdoms period, such an aspect was confirmed in detail for the first time, and the parents had absolute control over their children to the extent of deciding their children’s life and death, and this was an unquestionable order and ethics, which is the historical aspect of Korea’s ancient society. It can be said to be one of its characteristics.iew of children and succession of status during the Three Kingdoms Period. Parents during the Three Kingdoms period recognized their children, especially the heirs of their status, as their own children. This is again projected onto the child, and the son also comes to identify with his father. On the other hand, children were considered part of the property or one’s own property, and this was mainly seen among the ruled. Although alter egos and possessions are contradictory, they are similar in that children are viewed as subordinate to their parents and family, not as independent individuals. The non-independence of children is intuitively proven by the fact that they inherit the appearance and qualities of their parents, and the significance of their existence is recognized by inheriting the status of their ancestors, sacrificing their lives for the family, and becoming an object of sale. Ancient people judged a person’s abilities and qualities primarily based on his or her appearance. He paid attention to the uniqueness of the magnificent body, head shape, facial features, and the teeth, and believed that the will of God was reflected there. Physical characteristics are naturally and biologically passed on to the next generation. The inheritance between father and son is an evident phenomenon that can be seen by othe...

고혈압의 한약 치료에 대한 연구동향 분석

김창석,김영은,김철,김진현,예상준,송미영,Kim, Chang-Seok,Kim, Young-Eun,Kim, Chul,Kim, Jin-Hyun,Yea, Sang-Jun,Song, Mi-Young 대한예방한의학회 2011 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.15 No.3

Objectives : This study aims to provide the fundamental information for future researches on combined medications of the oriental-western medicines or development of new Oriental medicine for hypertension. Methods : Every article related to hypertension was initially searched at journal web site, 'OASIS' and we finally analyzed 118 papers according to study types, kinds of herbal medicine, frequencies of herbal medicine, and results of researches. Results : Most studies were experiment researches which were composed of in vivo or in vitro. The formulas divided into 41 single and 99 complex prescriptions and total 218 medicinal materials were used in complex ones. The major effects of single prescriptions were decrease of the control of ACE activity and ANP concentration, while the effects of complex ones were various such as decrease of aldosteron concentration, decrease of epinephrine concentration, decrease of the heart rate, and decrease of dopamine concentration. Conclusions : More clinical studies based on scientific evidences should be done and the outcomes of this pilot study will contribute to development of Oriental medicines as substitute or combination for the western-hypertension remedies.

新羅 왕경 내 市場의 위치와 운영

김창석 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2016 한국문화 Vol.75 No.-

Shin-si(神市. A sacred market) has received attention as the origin of marketplace in Ancient Korea. However, those letters can also be deciphered as Shin-bul(神巿. A sacred forest) according to the woodblock-printed book Memorabilia of Three Kingdoms(三國遺事) preserved at Yonsei University. Therefore, Shin-si should no longer be regarded as the prototype of an ancient marketplace of Korea. Shisa(市肆. Shopping stores) was the initial establishment of the market system in the capital city of the Silla Kingdom, providing the court with necessities, and led to the opening of Dong-si(東市. The east market). It has been suggested that Shisa was located inside, or in the immediate vicinity, of Wolseong(月城. The royal palace) whereas Dong-si was located eastward of Shisa. The marketplace in the Shilla Kingdom was regulated and managed by government, including the size, quality, and price of products, control over the merchants, and authority to punish rule violations were regulated in the law codes. Registered merchants were permitted use of marketplace facilities and public services. These merchants gained market access to governmental offices, Buddhist temples, aristocrats, and officials in exchange for paying the tax of commerce to the court or the state.

융통성있는 퍼지 초월분해 원리

김창석,박순철,김대수,이상조 대한전자공학회 1994 전자공학회논문지-B Vol.b31 No.8

We proposed so-called AFHR (adaptable fuzzy hyper-resolution principle) that can manipulate uncertain knowledge and tune the range of resolution. The AFHR can make a rangable resolution to execute an efficient resolution and can represent linguistic truth values. In this paper, we introduce new concepts of law of contrary, meaningless range level for truth values and strict degree of adaptable resolution. We show that the differences of AFHR and existing fuzzy resolution. Finally we prove completeness of AFHR.

보생탕이 랫드의 모체와 태자에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

김창석,이선동,김판기,이장우,박해모,Kim, Chang-Seok,Lee, Sun-Dong,Kim, Pan-Gyi,Lee, Jang-Woo,Park, Hae-Mo 대한예방한의학회 2005 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

한약은 오랫동안 사용하면서 경험적으로 안전성에 대한 검증이 이루어졌다고 생각하여 독성 문제에 관한 문제가 없는 것으로 판단되고 있다. 하지만, 최근 천연물의 성분들 중 변이원성, 염색체이상에 관한 문제점이 지적되어오고 있다. 특히 최근 임신중의 환경인자나, 약물복용에 따른 기형아 출산원인에 대한 연구가 행하여지고 있는데 임신 초기에 한약을 복용한 경우 기형아 발생률이 높았다는 보고가 있어 한약재의 임신중 사용의 안전성에 대한 과학적 조명이 필요한 실정이다. 임신과 분만에 관련된 한약재는 많이 보고되어 있고 실제로 환자에게 처방되고 있지만 이를 과학적으로 입증하고자 하는 연구는 많지 않았다. 따라서 본 실험은 임신유지, 성장 및 분만과 태아발생 및 그 영향과 관련된 한약재의 효능을 임신 랫드를 이용하여 간접적으로 확인하였다. 우선 임신 랫드를 임신 1일부터 20일까지 보생탕을 경구 투여하여 모체의 체중변화를 살펴보았다. 그리고 임신 20일에 부검하여 채혈을 하여 혈액분석을 하고 모체의 각 장기를 관찰하였다. 또 모체의 자궁을 적출하여 태자를 관찰하였다. 태자는 체중과 외형적 기형 그리고 alcian blue용액과 alizarin red S용액으로 염색하여 골격기형을 관찰하였다. 위와 같은 실험으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 보생탕을 투여한 모체의 체중변화에서는 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군이 높은 증가율을 보였지만 전체적으로 두 군 모두 증가현상을 보였으므로 한약에 의한 체중 감소는 없는 것으로 사료되었다. 모체의 장기무게에서 절대중량은 대조군과 보생탕 투여군이 비슷한 결과가 나타났으며 상대중량은 간과 신장에서는 보생탕 투여군이 비장에서는 대조군이 높은 결과가 나타났으나 큰 차이가 나지 않았고 유의성도 나타나지 않았다. 혈액분석결과 백혈구, 적혈구 및 적혈구 관련지표 (MCV, MCH, MCHC), 헤모글로빈, 혈소판, 림프구, 중성구, 호산구, 호염기구, 단핵구등에서는 유의적인 차이가 나지 않았고, 모두 정상범위 이내에 속하였다. AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine에서도 역시 큰 차이는 없었다. 이것도 역시 모두 정상범위였다. 모체의 황체수, 착상수, 착상율, 임신율, 초기소실율, 후기소실율, 출산자 수, 출산자의 성비를 보면 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군에서 약간 높은 결과를 보였으나 큰 차이는 없었다. 그리고 특히 초기소실율에서는 대조군보다 보생탕 투여군이 높은 결과를 보였다는 점에서 보생탕이 착상이나 임신유지에 유용한 영향이 있었다는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 태자에 대한 영향을 살펴본 결과 태자의 체중과 태자 수는 약간 증가한 것을 볼 수 있었으나 큰 차이는 나지 않았다. 그리고 태자 기형발생에서는 외형적인 기형은 관찰되지 않았고 골격검사에서도 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 흉추와 흉골에서 변이가 다수 관찰되었다. 흉추에서는 대조군이 흉골에서는 보생탕 투여군이 약간씩 높았으나 대조군과 보생탕 투여군간의 변이는 큰 차이는 없었다. 그리고 천골과 미추에서는 수의 차이가 관찰되었으나 큰 차이는 없었고 미추에서는 유의성이 나타났다.(P<0.01) 그리고 늑골과 경추, 흉추, 요추는 그 수가 일정했다. 이상에서 보생탕 투여는 임신 모체와 태자의 체중 및 증체량의 증가를 촉진시키는 것으로 관찰되었으나, 기타 다른 모체 기능에 관한 지표, 즉 황체수, 착상수, 착상율, 임신율, 초기소실율, 후기소실율등에 영향을 주지 않는 점과 차세대 동물 The experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of Bosaengtang in pregnant rats and fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with Bosaengtang at the dose of 5mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Fetuses were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. Fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S, and observed skeletal malformations. The results obtained were as follows : Bosaengtang administered group showed higher maternal body weight than the control group, but both groups showed increase in weight. Bosaengtang administered group showed lower than the control group, and higher liver and kidney weight than the control group, but the differences were minimal. There were no significant changes between the control and treated group in blood chemistry values and hematological values but all the groups were within in normal ranges. There were no significant changes in the number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetus and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate, sex ratio, but Bosaengtang administered group showed higher early resorption rate than control group. comparing the control and Bosaengtang group, neonatal body weight and the number of fetuses were increased in Bosaengtang group. The fetuses of dams treated with Oriental medicine didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Bosaengtang group, but the differences were not apparent compared to the control group. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were normal. The number of sacral was similar and the number of caudal was increased. Fetuses showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebrae. (P<0.01) From these results, we can carefully conclude that Bosaengtang showed beneficial effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, number of live fetus. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematoscopy, reproduction organs. External malformation wasn't visible. Skeletal variations were showed in vertebrae and sternum but compared to the control group, these variations weren't much different.

서울시 동별 상류계층(파워엘리트) 주거 분포와 흡연과의 관련성에 대한 다수준분석

김창석,윤성철,김혜련,강영호,Kim, Chang-Seok,Yun, Sung-Cheol,Kim, Hye-Ryun,Khang, Young-Ho 대한예방의학회 2006 예방의학회지 Vol.39 No.1

Objectives: We examined whether the neighborhood socioeconomic position predicts the smoking rates after adjusting for individual socioeconomic position indicators. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2001 Seoul Health Indicators Survey. The neighborhood socioeconomic position was the residential distribution of the high class (power elites), as measured by the location quotients (LQ) for each administrative dong (district). A high LQ denotes a high neighborhood socioeconomic status. The individual socioeconomic position included education, occupation and income. Age-adjusted smoking rates according to the LQ level were computed with the direct method. The total number of subjects in this study (26,022 men and 28,007 women) was the reference. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted with the individuals at the first level and the neighborhoods at the second level to estimate the odds ratios of smoking with 95% confidence intervals. Results: For men, the age-adjusted smoking rates increased with a decrease in the LQ. For women, the relationship between the age-adjusted smoking rate and the LQ was not clear. The odds of smoking for both genders were greater among those subjects with lower incomes and lower education. The manual occupational class had greater odds of smoking than the non-manual class for the males, while the odds ratio of smoking among females with a manual occupation tended to be lower than those females with a non-manual occupation. For the males, the LQ levels independently predicted smoking after adjustment for individual income. However, this relation between the LQ and smoking in males was explained by full adjustment for the individual socioeconomic position indicators (education, occupation and income). Conclusions: A low level of neighborhood socioeconomic position was associated with higher smoking rates among the men residing in Seoul. This association between the neighborhood socioeconomic position and smoking in men was explained by the individual socioeconomic position. Anti-smoking efforts to reduce geographical inequality in smoking should be directed at reducing the smoking rates between the individuals with different socioeconomic backgrounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea.

新羅 中古期의 奴人과 奴婢

金昌錫 한국고대사학회 2009 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.54

함안 성산산성 목간의 ‘奴人’은 書式이나 목간의 기능을 고려할 때 私奴婢로 볼 수 없다. 「울진 봉평신라비」의 ‘노인’과 마찬가지로 신라가 복속시킨 집단예민으로서 수취품을 운반하는 ?役을 지고 있었다. 신라는 율령을 반포하면서 奴人法을 제정하고 두 가지 방향에서 정책을 추진했다. 하나는 奴人村을 유지하는 것이고, 다른 하나는 奴人村의 해체와 奴人 의 공민화를 추구하는 것이었다. 그 과정에서 실패와 좌절도 있었지만 對奴人 施策은 점차 정교화 ? 체계화 되었다. 노인법에 입각한 지배 방식은 노인촌의 전통적 질서를 존속시키면서 특수한 물품의 수취 등을 통해 집단적으로 지배하는 것이었다. 이에 비해 공민화 정책은 상위의 일반 행정구역으로 편입시키고 나아가서는 奴人을 특정한 一般 民에게 배당하여 個別人身的으로 관리ㆍ통제하도록 했다. 이 경우 노인의 관리자는 노인의 使役은 물론 그 결과에 대한 책임까지 져야했다. 城山山城 목간이 만들어진 시점에서 ‘奴人’이나 ‘奴’는 분명히 노비가 아니었다. 그러나 공민화 정책의 실현 과정에서 奴人이 분화하여, 私奴婢와 유사한 처지가 되는 경우도 발생했던 듯하다. 하지만 이 역시 특수 구역인 노인촌을 분해하고 노인을 신라 국가로 편입하는 결과로 귀결된다는 점에서 대노인 시책의 취지와 어긋나는 것은 아니었다.

파장훑음 레이저의 개발

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