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김상태 중한인문과학연구회 1999 국제학술대회 Vol.- No.4
文學的第一媒體是語言. 這是從文學胚胎時期各중媒體發達的現在始終不變的事實. 然而, 傳這語言的手段可能不一樣. 首先, 사可分爲聲音和文字語言.聲音語言是通過?覺傳達的, 而文字語言是通過視覺傳達的. 卽使是相同的語言,通過以上兩者所履行的文學效果却不盡相同. 大體而言, 在文學子普及以前依고聲音文化進行文學行爲. 相反, 文字被普及之后, 文字語言開始逐漸分단其作用. 從現今趨勢來看, 認爲文字語言在文學行爲起到中主要作用幷非言這其實. 當然, 雖然在一定程度上存在着差기. 但是事實上흔多國家仍然保留着生硬文化的傳統. 這也許是其文學效果不同之故. 根据媒體的性質和功能, 文字語言可分爲兩大類型. 卽表意文字和表音文字. 表意文字所指名的事物和記號之間存在着密切關係, 而表音文字是與事物有着完整的恣意關係的文字, 据說, 長期使用表意文字和表音文字的集團的文化表現形式互不一樣. 羅慮翰(Marshall McLuhan)在 《媒體的理解》一書中對比使用表意文字的中國和使用??馬字母的西歐文化, 說從其使用文字的狀況中旱就能구豫見西歐諸國在机械文明方面走在前頭的事實. "表意文字是籠統的經驗的統一體. 相反表音文字通過分析辨認感覺和功能". 因此, 使用表意文字可以調動各중感覺從而在整體上把握事物. 與此相反, 在使用몽馬文字的西歐諸國里存在 "作爲라輯和理性的象征喜好推理"的傾向. 韓國文學以開化時期爲分岐点, 分爲古代文學和近代文學. 勿需多言, 사們的文學形式和內容不同. 而最重要的是代表文學的媒體開始變化的這一点. 在這以前, 文學的正式媒體是漢文, 而后來由訓民正音來代替. 這一媒體的輯變就是我國文學史上的一大革命. 因爲, 這一正式標記手段的輯變不僅是文學, 更是隨伴着包括改變文化整體的一大輯換. 令人양奇的是這一輯變過程僅僅二三十年之內徹底完畢了. 然而, 衆所周知我們有將近五百年使用訓民正音的傳統. 正因爲如此, 흔容易完成那요龐大的文字革命. 卽使如此. 我們沒有注意隨着文學標記手段而發生的意說變化, 對比以漢文爲媒體的文學行爲和以國爲媒體的文學行爲, 兩者之間存在着明顯差기. 不容置疑的是, 如同使用表意文字的集團和使用表音文字的集團的文化發達方式互不一樣, 文學媒體的輯換해實大大地影響了文學本身的變化. Seymour Chataman 從 Ferdinand de Saussure 和 LouisHjellmslev 的語言分析方法理得到啓示, 把敍事物(narrative 區分爲表現expression 和內容 content, 然后又重身分爲實體 substance 和形式form. Chatman 所說實體相當于文學的媒體, 卽根据不同的實體把相同的 故事表現爲文學 漫畵 電影 舞蹈等等. Chatman 只說實體是分化爲藝術章節的媒體, 幷不注重同樣的媒體也是根据其性質和功能産生不同藝術效果的這一点. 他認爲文學的實體是語言, 不考慮사究竟帶有何중語言性質的問題, 但是, 只要觀察其사藝術, 我們便可知道同樣的 "實體" 也不一定是可視爲同等的. 因爲, 卽使是同樣的 " 實體", 如果其材料不同則産生完全相反的效果. 比如, 說美藝術實體是色彩和線條, 但是如果使用的材料不同, 那요其效果相差是非常懸殊的. 卽用油彩的效果和或用墨水的效果是完全不同的. 音??亦如此, 表現同樣旋律時, 使用鋼琴的效果和使用小提琴的效果不一樣. 就拿人的聲音來說, 獨唱和合唱的效果各不相同. 因此, 在文學里隨着不同語言, 其文學作用也明懸不同, Chatman 單純地把實體規定爲語言的同時, 對形式方面的敍事的輯換結構或敍事要素進行頗有深度的分析. 然而, 根据文學的媒體屬于聲音還是文學, 文字語言中的表意文字還是表音文字, 其文學的作用也互不一樣. 本論文就以開化時期爲分界線, 就我國文學的主要媒體從表意文字表音文字的事實, 試圖考察사在如何參與以后的我國近代文學幷在我國文學變化這程之中起到何중作用的問題
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김상태,이재형,김홍백 한국스포츠학회 2014 한국스포츠학회지 Vol.12 No.4
The purpose of this study is to analyze factors of participation motivation related to reasons why elementary school students get trained Taekwondo. Participants were included in 382 students from 3rd to 6th grade of elementary school (269 boys 113 girls ) who were trained at Taekwondo training centers which were located in Samcheok, Gangneung, Wonju in Kangwondo. This study was on the use of a non-structural open-ended question as qualitative research approach. The participants answered to the question "Why do you get trained Taekwondo?". The collected data was analyzed by factors on the base of inductive method in accordance with qualitative approach. Participation motivation in Taekwondo results that external motivation is higher than internal motivation. Especially, boys have higher external motivation than girls. As a result of analysis by factors about participation motivation in Taekwondo, in order of majority for boys, external factors are 'health/strength', 'body protection', and 'special aptitude'. Internal factors are 'personality education' and 'change of character'. Ex-internal factors for girls result in order of 'health/strength', 'body protection', 'special aptitude', and 'change of character'.
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DNA 보존을 위한 FTA 카드의 관속식물 분류군별 적용성 조사
김상태 한국자연보호학회 2016 한국자연보호학회지 Vol.10 No.2
The FTA card is a quick and easy method to preserve DNA from plant tissues. Its applicability has only been tested in some economically important plants and in research model plants such as rice, potato, tomato, and Arabidopsis. Therefore, DNA preservation with FTA cards in various tracheophytes (196 taxa) was tested in this study based on PCR using DNA barcoding primers. The results indicated that DNAs were successfully preserved with FTA cards in 76.74% of the tested samples and each taxon showed a different preservation rate. Especially, most families in monocots showed high preservation rates (100%) while Asteraceae showed low preservation rate (28.57%) compared to other families. Stored FTA cards were tested again after five years under the same experimental conditions as the previous test. The results showed that DNA was preserved in 54.26% of the samples, indicating that 29.9% of DNA-preserved samples are degraded after five years. However, Araceae, Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Brassicaceae, Araliaceae, and Asteraceae samples, of which DNA preservation was confirmed five years earlier showed a 100% preservation rate. This study suggests that the FTA card is a useful tool for DNA preservation in various plant taxa, of which preservation is confirmed in this study (or closely related taxa) and is applicable in the field of population genetics, phylogeny, identifications, inspections, etc.
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