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朴潤載 서울시립대학교 부설 서울학연구소 2004 서울학연구 Vol.- No.22
Hanseongwisaenghoi(The Sanitary Organization in Seoul) was originally established in 1907 since cholera had prevailed before. It was in charge of sanitary work in Seoul, the capital city of Korea, and a cosmopolitan area. Hanseongwisaenghoi actively started to work from 1908. Seoul took over the sanitary activity in 1914, owing to the change of local policy. Although Hanseongwisaenghoi was initially established for improvement of sanitary environment in Seoul, it primarily concerned the health of Japanese immigrants in Korea. Japanese immigrants played an important role in direct colonization and assimilation for the Japanese Colonial Government(JCG) in Korea. So the JCG took consideration that their health and sanitation would be significant. Keeping the clean and clear environment in Seoul for Japanese immigrants owing to the activities by Hanseongwisaenghoi, the JCG enabled governors to participate in controlling in colonized Korea without fearing to get infected with contagious disease. Therefore, Hanseongwisaenghoi was in charge of embedding colonization and controlling over the country. After a cleaning rule and a police act were legislated for the sanitary obligation of Seoul residents in 1908 and a regular cleaning in 1912 respectively, Hanseongwisaenghoi were paying more attention to how to remove night soil, which was sorted by residents while they were cleaning. Residents, assigned district, were in charge of cleaning and sanitary works depending on their residency. The sanitary police, leading a whole process of cleaning, called a meeting for residents who were responsible for assigning cleaning works, educated them and delivered concrete guidelines and procedure before every regular cleaning process. The sanitary police operated to supervise janitors, to care cleaning outfits, to manage the cleaning schedule, and to charge the sanitary fee. The activities of Hanseongwisaenghoi were closely related to those of the sanitary police in the colonized period in Korea. As a result, Hanseongwisaenghoi played an important role in cleaning and assisted the work of the sanitary police. Koreans became passive through the cleaning process by the sanitary police, a representative of controlling power under the JCG, though the initial purpose of the sanitary police was to operate sanitary works effectively using administrative power. The police were able to control the individuals under the guise of public wealth, such as sanitary works, cleaning process. Korean residents would not do any sanitary works for their own sakes if they were not forced by the police, so they were trained to be submissive through the process.
Commercialization of Medicine in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuryi n Korea
박윤재 한국학중앙연구원 한국학중앙연구원 2015 Korea Journal Vol.55 No.2
From the 17th century onwards, Joseon society began to see medical practitioners who were not ashamed of searching for profits. These practitioners acted as agents and led Korea towards commercialization. However, Western missionaries and the colonial government slowed the pace of commercialization. Both of them performed medical treatment free of charge as a means to settle in Korea as quickly as possible. Their action consequently prevented Koreans from growing into active consumers. Nevertheless, they were not powerful enough to block the commercialization of medicine. Western missionaries and the colonial government began to retreat from their policy of charity. Furthermore, Korean doctors who had studied Western medicine tried to distance themselves from this benevolent art. They began to blame Korean patients who stuck to old medical ethics and set their sights on the inevitable pursuit of profit. Because of this desire, Korean patients would have no choice but to change, which was the primary reason the status of Korean patients changed from subjects to consumers.