김병호 가야금산조의 발전과정 연구

김시연(Kim Si Yeon) 국립국악원 2022 국악원논문집 Vol.45 No.-

Kim Byeong-ho gayageum sanjo (improvisational music played by gayageum solo with drum accompaniment) is a 35-minute gayageum sanjo that belongs to jeonnamjje (southwestern regional style), affiliated to the Kim Chang-jo School . At the young age of the third generation, Kim Byeong-ho learned his teacher s music studying with the masters of the second generation and added his own melody to develop into Kim Byeong-ho School . After that, he has passed down the melody to his representative disciples like Yang Yeon-seop and Kang Mun-deuk. This study examines the development process of Kim Byeong-ho gayageum sanjo, comparing the melodies of the recording materials in the 1960s and those of the successors. This study deals with hidden melodies of Kim Byeong-ho gayageum sanjo , looking at the research materials on Kim Byeong-ho gayageum sanjo , and the scores received directly from Kim Byeong-ho, and the scores of his disciples, based on the sound source recorded by an overseas ethnomusicologist. There are 79 hidden melodies in jinyangjo , 28 in jungjungmori , and 29 in eotmori. Kim Byeong-ho sanjo used to be 27 minute long without having many melodies added to his teacher’s melodies; and the current playing time is about 35 minutes. It is said that the transfer process of Kim Byeong-ho according to the literature was 10 years; he made his disciples practice for 7 hours a day and evaluated them whether their practice was good or not. I hope that this study would contribute to the following study of the whole melodies by each successor to find hidden melodies, and further sanjo will continue to develop by adding the historical context and the creative melodies of the predecessors with the characteristics of the Kim Byeong-ho sanjo even as the times evolve.

북한의 대내외 정세평가 : 2011년 신년공동사설 분석

김연수(KIM Yeon-su)(金蓮洙) 신아시아연구소 2011 신아세아 Vol.18 No.4

지난해 김정은 승계체제 공식 등장 이후 북한은 체제안정을 유지하면서 김정은 승계체제 안착을 위한 대내외 여건조성에 주력해 왔다. 올해 북한정세에서 김정은 승계체제의 안착국면이 두드러지게 나타났다. 자원공급 한계로 경제 활력 회복에는 적잖은 한계를 보이고 있고 체제 구심력 회복도 쉽지 않으나, 김정은 승계체제의 정치적 안정성은 북한군 수뇌부 지지를 중심으로 증대되고 있다. 북한은 그 승계체제에 대한 중국의 확고한 전략적 지원과 러시아의 전략적 협력태도를 이끌어냈다. 대미관계에서도 고위급회담 개최를 통해서 관계개선에 대한 원칙적 합의에 이르렀다. 북한은 대남 멸적의식을 강조하며 비대칭전력 증강과 대남 군사훈련에 적극적 행태를 보이면서도 대남관계에서 일정한 성과를 거두고 있다. 간헐적 대남 강경태도 시현이 있었으나 대화공세를 이어 오며 남북 비핵화회담 개최 및 남한의 소위 '5. 24' 대북 제재 조치의 부분적 완화태도를 이끌어냈다. 앞으로도 김정일 사망에도 불구하고 김정은 승계체제 안정화 차원의 이러한 올해 북한의 대내외 정책기조가 지속될 것이다. '강성국가' 원년 즈음 각종 정치행사 등 후계체제 정통성 고취행태와 김정은 승계체제 중심 권력 엘리트변화 양상의 심화가 예상된다. 북한은 주민들의 실생활 개선을 위한 경공업부문의 생산 정상화에 집중하고, 사상교양 강화 등으로 체제 원심력 확산을 제어하고자 할 것이다. 북핵문제의 협상국면과 평화협정 프로세스 유도로 외부의 대북경제지원과 대미관계 정상화의 계기를 만들어나가고자 할 것이다. 대중 동맹 결속 강화로 경제협력, 인적교류, 군사협력 등의 확대 노력도 전개할 것이다. 대남 관계에서는 대남 적대성에 기초한 군사적 대응능력을 강화하는 한편 평화공세로 남북고위급회담 개최를 유인하여 김정은 승계체제의 안정화에 유리한 남북관계의 안정성을 확보하고자 할 것이다. 향후 북한의 대내외 정책구사의 초점이 김정은 승계체제의 안정화에 맞춰지면서 주체와 선군노선의 계승성을 주장하는 김정은 승계체제는 중·장기 진로의 불확실성에도 불구하고 단기적으로 보면 유사(類似)수령유일지도체제의 성격을 띠면서 안정된 국면으로 진입할 가능성이 높다. North Korea has been engrossed in creating a friendly environment for stabilization of the Kim Jong-eun's new regime since he had been designated as its 3rd hereditary successor in Pyongyang in last September 2010. The eminent features of North Korean hereditary succession politics of this year is that the Kim's hereditary succession regime has been stabilized very rapidly owing to improvement of internal and external environment for its survival in 2011. The core leader group of North Korean People's Army openly took a pledge to dedicate their loyalty to new leader Kim Jong-eun through the several main national festivities. Additionally, Pyongyang attained Beijing's firmly strategic acceptance and assistance to the new North Korean regime and Russia's strategic support to the Kim's hereditary succession regime. Pyongyang reached mutual consent for the sake of improvement of the relations between two countries through the resumed high-level governmental talks between washington and Pyongyang. As for inter-Korean relations, North Korea succeeded in softening Seoul's antagonistic attitude against Pyongyang by means of its continuous demand for reopening governmental talks between two Koreas. Notwithstanding Kim Jong-il's death, these kinds of environmental changes contributed to maintain the new North Korean regime's stability. Meanwhile, North Korea's internal and external policy is also going to be concentrated on stabilizing the new Kim's regime in the near future. That's why North Korea's policy attitude in the near term will be similar to Pyongyang's that of this year. In this context, we can all agree that there is a high possibility that the new Kim's regime is going to make an approach to the higher stage of its stabilization.

통속의 정치학

김경연(Kim, Kyuug-yeon) 중앙어문학회 2015 語文論集 Vol.62 No.-

이 글은 1960년대 후반 김승옥의 문학을 ‘통속의 정치학’이라는 문제설정 속에서 다시 읽어 보고자 하였다. 여기서 ‘통속(通俗)’이란 문학적 퇴행을 지시하는 부정적 의미에 국한되지 않으며, 자기세계로의 낭만적 칩거가 아닌 ‘적나라한 생활/현실과의 접속’을 포괄하는 의미가 된다. 다시 말해 김승옥 소설의 ‘통속’을 미학적 변화나 하락을 예상하거나 감수하면서도 ‘리얼리즘’에 대한 욕구를 일정하게 관철하고자 한 모험적 시도로 다시 읽고자 한 것이다. 이를 위해 본고는 1960년대 후반 오락적 주간지와 월간지에 실렸던 김승옥의 소설 ?60년대식?, ?야행(夜行)?, ?보통여자?를 텍스트로 삼았다. 이 글은 김승옥의 통속으로의 전향을 해석하는 종래의 시각(생활의 문제, 독자층의 변화 등)을 전면적으로 부정하거나 문학적 후퇴를 옹호하려기보다 그의 후기소설을 다층적 맥락에서 고찰하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 김승옥에게 ‘통속/리얼리즘’으로의 전향을 자극한 60년대 후반의 시대상을 탐사하였으며, 다음으로 ‘만보(漫步)’, ‘성(사적 욕망)’, 그리고 ‘여성’의 시좌(視座)를 통해서 김승옥이 ‘국가의 시대’와 ‘주간지 시대’가 절합된 1960년대 후반의 분열을 읽어내는 양상과 그 의미를 추적하였다. This article aims to reconsider Kim Seung-Oak"s literary works with a focus on the theme of “conventional politics.” Here, “convention” (通俗) is not limited to a negative definition of cultural regression or thoughtless conservatism of practice. It is rather deemed to be a “connection with explicit life/reality” and not a romantic seclusion in one’s own world. In other words, the paper attempts to reinterpret Kim Seung-Oak"s work while steadily observing the desire for “realism” of “conventions” in it, despite its expected aesthetic changes and decline. For this purpose, the author selected two of Kim’s novels from the 1960s, Nocturnal Travel (夜行), and Average Woman, which were published in weekly and monthly entertainment magazines. This article seeks to observe Kim’s late-period novels from multiple perspectives rather than to deny the current viewpoint about Kim Seung-Oak’s conversion to social conventions (due to his life problems and change in reader group). Nor does it argue for his literary degeneration as some previous studies have. The initial step for the review is to explore the conditions of the late 1960s that elicited an end to Kim’s “methodological skepticism” and his conversion to conventions/realism. The next part attempts look into the way Kim interprets the division of the late 1960s, when “the era of the nation” and “the era of the weekly magazine” had been articulated, and the meaning behind his interpretations. This is done by examining his “weekly-magazine like (conventional) manner,” and thus the social standpoints (視座) of “stroll” (漫步), “lust” (private desire), and the “female.”

한국 근대기 미술 유학을 통한 ‘동양화’의 추구

김소연(Kim So-yeon) 한국근현대미술사학회 2014 한국근현대미술사학 Vol.27 No.-

In line with the further development of the idea of art education in the modern period, changes in the traditional painters were from not only inside but also from their interaction with the outside world. In the latter perspective, painters’ external experiences changed from touring to a more specific purpose of studying abroad. Such a phenomenon became more noticeable around the hosting of Joseon Art Exhibition where the transition to the Oriental painting settled officially. As more painters went to Japan for study, painting styles were directly passed down through the student-instructor relationships, affecting a huge impact on Joseon traditional painting restructure. Around 1920, Joseon students entered some famous hwasuks (small-scale private painting school) including Dyenshindo whasuk. This article focused on Dyenshindo hwasuk and a main painter Yeongil Lee of the modern colored painters to look at his study in Japan and roles in the domestic colored painting. Based on Changwhan Kim’s research on Japanese paintings in Takinogawa in the countryside of Tokyo, this article traced his path from the training period, to return to Korea to work as the first Joseon newspaper illustrator. Other than hwasuks, art schools and art institutions were possible places to learn Japanese paintings. This study also noted main color painters including Hanbok Lee, a governmentsponsored student at the Tokyo Art School, Eunho Kim and Wuseok Choi for their study-abroad period, painting style experiments right after their overseas study, and diverse theme changes by using new materials. In addition, this article identifies the characteristics and case examples after the 1930s when the scope of art study abroad expanded in terms of the number of engaged students and regions. Including the art area, the entire academic areas had increasing number of students going to Japan for study and schools and art institutions with lower admission thresholds opened up their doors, forming a favorable environment for study in Japan. In line with the trend in the Japanese local painters, some Joseon painters such as Geunbae Choi, studied Western paintings along with Japanese paintings and pursue multiple experiences in diverse organizations including hwasuks, art schools, etc. As second generational students studying in Japan appeared, Eunho Kim’s experience in Japan was applied to his students completing a certain period of study, leading to their study in Japan, in turn. Also, study destinations were expanded outside Tokyo or study period grew longer. One good example examined herein is Maljo Jeong who graduated from the Kyoto Municipal Painting School and settled in Kyoto. Especially This article, in order to understand better the trend of the color painters, introduced the color-printed pictorial with some of the works in the Joseon Art Exhibition of which the original was lost and only black-and-white illustrations are passed down.

북한의 대내․대남정책 평가

김연수(金蓮洙, KIM Yeon-su) 신아시아연구소(구 신아세아질서연구회) 2010 신아세아 Vol.17 No.2

North Korea has continued its hard-line domestic and South Korea policy since later in 2008. North Korean leader Kim Jong-il’s health problem has triggered succession politics in Pyongyang since the middle of 2008. The determinant factor that has decided North Korea’s internal and external policy since then is the politics of succession. The Success of succession politics in North Korea depends on both ideological and pragmatical legitimacy. Ideological legitimacy is more important in political process of succession to establish the succession system in North Korean political system. The essential issue of ideological legitimacy is to succeed Kim Jong-il’s nuclear capability-Military-First policy which contains fundamentally hard-line and belligerent stance in dealing with internal and external problems. In other words, the successor to Kim Jong-il inevitably has to continue socialist economic system and confrontational stance against Seoul. In this context, the future of post-Kim Jong-il era is very gloomy. The appearance of three generations of hereditary succession is the symptom of the demise of the Kim’s crumbling dynasty. Therefore, Seoul has to maintain a strategic North Korea policy stance in order to prepare for emergency situation in North Korea and achieve reunification of two Koreas in the end. 지난 2년 동안 북한의 대내 ․대남정책을 결정해온 것은 북한의 후계계승 정치였다. 북한의 대내 선군노선과 동원정치 강화, 그리고 대남강경정책의 결정배경에는 김정일 후계계승의정통성 구축이라고 하는 북한의 대내 정치수요가 자리잡고 있었다. 김정일의 건강이상으로다급해진 조기 후계체제 구축 필요는 조급한 후계자의 정통성 구축 등 후계계승의 정치과정을 재촉했다. 그 결과로 북한당국은 대내적으로는 정치군사적 강경자세를 취해왔으며, 대남정책에 있어서도 강경을 기조로 하는 이중적 대남정책의 특이성을 보여왔다. 이러한 북한의안팎의 강경정책 기조는 후계계승 정치과정의 정통성 구축 노력에 적잖은 부담을 가중시킨것으로 평가된다. 대내정책과 대남정책 차원 모두에서 후계계승의 정치는 중대한 ‘신뢰의 위기’에 봉착해 있다. 때문에 지금 북한은 포스트 김정일체제의 후계계승의 정치적 과정이 대내 ․대남정책 모두에서 앞으로 더 큰 ‘신뢰의 위기’의 악화로 나아가게 될 것인지를 가늠할수 있는 주요한 시험대에 서 있으나, 핵 보유의 선군노선과 ‘우리식 사회주의 고수’가 김정일 후계체제 대내외정책 추진방향의 기조로 자리잡혀가고 있는 상황이다. 3대 세습체제의등장은 북한체제의 조종을 알려는 전령이다. 한 체제의 등장과 소멸이 역사성을 갖는 것이라 면 더욱 그러하다. 북한체제의 종말적 상황에 대비한 정책적 대응능력을 보다 내실 있게 마련해야한다. 한국의 통일주도 능력을 키워나가야 한다.

Distribution of Aquaporins (Water Channels) in the Rat Salivary Glands

정지연(Ji-Yeon Jung),한창룡(Chang-Ryoung Han),정연진(Yeon-Jin Jeong),오원만(Won-Mann Oh),김미원(Mi-Won Kim1),김선헌(Sun-Hun Kim),김옥준(Ok-Joon Kim),김현진(Huyn-Jin Kim),고정태(Jeong-Tae Koh),최홍란(Hong-Ran Choi),김원재(Won-Jae Kim) 대한해부학회 2002 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.35 No.3

침샘은 하루 1.5 l의 침을 분비하며, 일반적으로 침샘에서 수분이동은 능동적 염분 이동에 따른 삼투현상에 의해 일어난다. 따라서 침샘에서 높은 수분투과성으로 인해 수분통로 단백인 aquaporin (AQP)들이 풍부하게 존재할 수 있다. 지금까지침샘에 4가지 형태의 AQP이 존재한다고 알려져 있지만 침샘에서 정확한 위치와 수분 이동에 대한 각 AQP들의 역할은 아직 확실치 않다. 본 연구는 300 g 정도의 흰쥐를 pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg, IP) 마취하에서 carbarchol (10 μg/kg)을 복강 내 투여한 후 AQP들의 역할과 분포를 면역조직화학방법으로 조사하였다. AQP1은 침샘의 미세혈관의 내피세포와 샘세포와 샘관 주위에 존재하는 근육상피세포에 존재하였다. AQP4는 침샘관의 마지막 부위인 배출관에 존재하였다. AQP5는 주로 장액세포의 바닥가쪽과 세포사이 분비소관을 포함한 세포꼭대기쪽막 에 존재하였으며 콜린성 분비 자극으로 세포꼭대기쪽막으로 이동되어 밀집되었다. AQP5는 모든 침샘의 사이관과 줄무늬 관에도 존재하였으며 점액세포는 약하게 존재하였다. AQP8은 AQP5처럼 장액세포의 바닥쪽막과 세포사이 분비소관을 포함한 세포꼭대기쪽막에 존재하였으며 콜린성 침분비 자극으로 세포꼭대기쪽막쪽으로 이동되어 밀집되었다. 이상의 실험결과는 AQP5와 AQP8이 장액세포에서 일차 침 형성시 일어나는 수분이동의 주된 통로임을 시사하였다. The salivary glands produce 1.5 l of fluid per day. As in other organs, the general paradigm in the salivary glands is that water movement occurs secondary to osmotic driving forces created by active salt transport. Therefore, high water permeability in salivary glands is expected to need a variety of aquaporin (AQP), a water channel. Although four AQPs have been known to reside in salivary glands, the precise location and roles of AQPs have been not well examined. This study is aimed to investigate the distribution of AQPs in 3 major salivary glands and their changes after cholinergic stimulation using immunohistochemical study in Sprague Dawley rats weighing 300 g under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. AQP1 was localized in the endothelial cells of all salivary capillary vessels and the myoepithelial cells. AQP4 was demonstrated in the epithelium of the excretory ductal cells of all salivary glands. AQP5 and 8 were abundantly present in the basolateral membrane and apical membranes of the serous acini including intercellular secretory canaliculi, whereas AQP5 was weakly present in mucous acini. In addition, AQP5 was found in the epithelium of the intercalated and striated ducts. Upon stimulation of carbachol (10 μg/kg, I.P). AQP5 and 8 tended to translocate from basolateral membrane to the apical membrane, appearing as clusters of dots. These results suggest that AQP5 and 8 are the candidate molecules responsible for the water movement in salivary acinar cells.

The role of FGF-2 in smoke-induced emphysema and the therapeutic potential of recombinant FGF-2 in patients with COPD

Kim, You-Sun,Hong, Goohyeon,Kim, Doh Hyung,Kim, Young Min,Kim, Yoon-Keun,Oh, Yeon-Mok,Jee, Young-Koo Nature Publishing Group UK 2018 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.50 No.11

<▼1><P>Although the positive effects of recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 (rFGF-2) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been implicated in previous studies, knowledge of its role in COPD remains limited. The mechanism of FGF2 in a COPD mouse model and the therapeutic potential of rFGF-2 were investigated in COPD. The mechanism and protective effects of rFGF-2 were evaluated in cigarette smoke-exposed or elastase-induced COPD animal models. Inflammation was assessed in alveolar cells and lung tissues from mice. FGF-2 was decreased in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Intranasal use of rFGF-2 significantly reduced macrophage-dominant inflammation and alveolar destruction in the lungs. In the elastase-induced emphysema model, rFGF-2 improved regeneration of the lungs. In humans, plasma FGF-2 was decreased significantly in COPD compared with normal subjects (10 subjects, <I>P</I> <I>=</I> 0.037). The safety and efficacy of inhaled rFGF-2 use was examined in COPD patients, along with changes in respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function. A 2-week treatment with inhaled rFGF-2 in COPD (<I>n</I> = 6) resulted in significantly improved respiratory symptoms compared with baseline levels (<I>P</I> <I><</I> 0.05); however, the results were not significant compared with the placebo. The pulmonary function test results of COPD improved numerically compared with those in the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. No serious adverse events occurred during treatment with inhaled rFGF-2. The loss of FGF-2 production is an important mechanism in the development of COPD. Inhaling rFGF-2 may be a new therapeutic option for patients with COPD because rFGF-2 decreases inflammation in lungs exposed to cigarette smoke.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Lung disease: Inhaling a protein might help</B></P><P>Studies on the role of the protein ‘fibroblast growth factor-2’ (FGF-2) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suggest that inhaled FGF-2 could help treat the emphysema linked to smoking. Researchers in South Korea led by Young-Koo Jee at Dankook University, Cheonan, and Yeon-Mok Oh at the University of Ulsan, Seoul, studied the role of the reduced FGF-2 levels found in mice with lung inflammation caused by exposure to cigarette smoke. They also uncovered details of a protective effect of inhaled FGF-2, identifying specific cellular and lung structure changes attributed to the administered FGF-2. Reduced FGF-2 levels were also found in patients with COPD. Initial trials revealed some improvement in patients treated with FGF-2, but not at a statistically significant level. Nevertheless, the authors suggest their results justify further investigation of the protein’s therapeutic potential.</P></▼2>

국내 HIV 감염자에 있어서 Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)의 치료효과 및 영향분석

김명수,신소연,박윤선,김연아,구남수,김준형,김영근,최준용,송영구,김준명 대한감염학회 2007 감염과 화학요법 Vol.39 No.3

목적 : 전 세계적으로 에이즈 감염자가 4,000만명을 넘고 우리나라에서도 최근 하루에 2.1명의 신규 감염자가 발생하며 2006년까지 누적 감염자가 4,500명을 넘고 있다. 여러 가지 항레트로바이러스제가 개발된 이후 우리나라에서는 1997년부터 HIV 감염자에 대한 3제 병합요법이 시작되었으나 그 효과에 대한 우리나라의 연구는 미미한 실정으로 이에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 연세대학교 의과대학 세브란스병원에서 2005년 12월까지 진료한 HIV 감염자 중 1997년 10월이후 항레트로바이러스 치료제를 투여 받은 환자 가운데 이전의 항레트로바이러스에 대한 치료력이 없으면서, 1년 이상 HIV-RNA 및 CD4+ T 림프구 수의 정기적인 측정인 가능한 141명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 의무기록 분석을 통해 임상적인 특징과 6개월과 12개월째 HAART에 대한 치료효과를 분석하고 이와 관련된 요인을 찾고자 하였다. 결과 : 세브란스병원에서 2005년 12월까지 451명이 에이즈로 진료를 받았고, 1997년 이후 HAART를 시행받으면서 1년 이상 HIV RNA 및 CD4+ T 림프구수의 정기적인 측정이 가능한 환자는 141명으로 127명(90.1%)이 남자였다. 연령별 분포를 보면 30대가 50명(35.5%), 40대가 50명(35.5%)로 가장 많았다. HAART 시작 당시에 28명(19.9%)이 에이즈 정의질환을 동반하고 있었고, 74명(52.5%)은 에이즈 정의질환은 아니지만 기회감염을 동반하고 있었다. 121명(85.8%)의 환자에게 단백분해효소억제제를 기반으로 하는 처방이 이루어졌고, 20명(14.2%)의 환자에게는 비뉴클레오시드 역전사억제제를 기반으로 하는 처방이 이루어졌다. 치료 시작 당시 CD4+ T 림프구수는 평균 207/mm³(IQR 73-299)였고, 평균 HIV RNA는 70,800 copies/mL (4.85 log copies/mL)였다. HAART 시행 12개월 후에 평균 CD4+ T 림프구는 143 cells/mm³증가하였고, 96명(68.1%)에서 100 cells/mm³이상의 증가를 나타냈다. 치료반응에 따라 두 군으로 나누어 분석한 결과 12개월 후 100 cells/mm³이상 증가한 군이 초기 CD4+ T 림프구수가 적었다(P=0.01). HIV RNA 바이러스는 치료 당시보다 6개월후에 1.76 log copies/mL만큼 감소하였고, 12개월 후에는 1.88 log copies/mL만큼 감소한 결과를 보였다. 그리고, HAART 시행 후 HIV RNA는 6개월째 103명(73%)이 400 copies/mL 미만의 결과를 보였고, 12개월 후 90명(63.8%)에서 50 copies/mL 미만으로 측정되지 않는 결과를 나타냈다. HIV RNA를 치료반응에 따라 두 군으로 나누어 비교한 결과 6개월째는 두 군간의 차이가 없었으며, 12개월 후에는 50 copies/mL 미만인 군이 나이가 더 많은것으로 나타났다(P=0.009). 대상 환자 141명 가운데 초기처방을 중간에 변경한 경우가 57명(40.4%)이었고, 처방 변경의 주된 이유는 약제 부작용과 관련된 것이었다. 결론 : 국내에서 에이즈 감염자가 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 상황에서 HAART의 치료효과를 분석한 결과 기존의 치료 결과와 유사한 성적을 보였다. 앞으로 대규모의 코호트 연구를 통해 국내 에이즈 환자들의 특성 규명과 이에 알맞은 치료에 대한 연구가 더 필요하겠다. Background : Recently, 2.1 persons per day are reported to be HIV infected and totally more than 4,500 HIV infected persons have been officially reported until 2006 in Korea. We started highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV patients from 1997. Data on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy are limited in Korea. Materials and Methods : HIV infected patients treated with HAART for more than 1 year were included. We studied the therapeutic response of antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS and without previous antiretroviral therapy who were treated until Dec 2005 in Severance hospital. Results : More than 450 were diagnosed as HIV infected in Severance hospital. Among these HIV infected patients, 141 patients including 14 females were included. 121 of the 141 patients (85.8%) were treated with PI based regimen, and 20(14.2%) were treated with NNRTI based regimen. The initial mean CD4 T cell count was 207/mm³ (IQR 73-299) and the mean HIV RNA level was 70,800 copies/mL. After 6 months of HAART, 103 patients (73%) had fewer than 400 copies of HIV RNA copies/mL. After 12 months of HAART, 90 patients (63.8%) had fewer than 50 copies of HIV RNA copies/mL. The mean increase in the CD4 T cell count from baseline to 12 months was 143 cells/mm³. After 12 months, 96 patients (68.1%) had increased more than 100 cells/mm³. Conclusion : This report the therapeutic response of HAART in Korea which the prevalence of HIV infection is now increasing. Overall, the outcomes are similar to those in other developed countries. Further large scale prospective cohort study is needed.

Identification of a sensitive urinary biomarker, selenium-binding protein 1, for early detection of acute kidney injury

Kim, Kyeong Seok,Yang, Hun Yong,Song, Hosup,Kang, Ye Rim,Kwon, JiHoon,An, JiHye,Son, Ji Yeon,Kwack, Seung Jun,Kim, Young-Mi,Bae, Ok-Nam,Ahn, Mee-Young,Lee, Jaewon,Yoon, Sungpil,Lee, Byung μ,Kim, Hyung TAYLOR & FRANCIS 2017 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Vol.80 No.9

<P>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased mortality rate in patients but clinically available biomarkers for disease detection are currently not available. Recently, a new biomarker, selenium-binding protein 1 (SBP1), was identified for detection of nephrotoxicity using proteomic analysis. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of urinary SBP1 levels as an early detection of AKI using animal models such as cisplatin or ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with cisplatin (6 mg/kg, once i.p.) and sacrificed at 1, 3, or 5 days after treatment. Ischemia was achieved by bilaterally occluding both kidneys with a microvascular clamp for 45 min and verified visually by a change in tissue color. After post-reperfusion, urine samples were collected at 9, 24, and 48 hr intervals. Urinary excretion of protein-based biomarkers was measured by Western blot analysis. In cisplatin-treated rats, mild histopathologic alterations were noted at day 1 which became severe at day 3. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels were significantly increased at day 3. Levels of urinary excretion of SBP1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were markedly elevated at day 3 and 5 following drug treatment. In the vehicle-treated I/R group, serum levels of BUN and SCr and AST activity were significantly increased compared to sham. Urinary excretion of SBP1 and NGAL rose markedly following I/R. The urinary levels of SBP1, NGAL, TIMP-1, and KIM-1 proteins excreted by AKI patients and normal subjects were compared. Among these proteins, a marked rise in SBP1 was observed in urine of patients with AKI compared to normal subjects. Based upon receiver-operator curves (ROC), SBP1 displayed a higher area under the curve (AUC) scores than levels of SCr, BUN, total protein, and glucose. In particular, SBP1 protein was readily detected in small amounts of urine without purification. Data thus indicate that urinary excretion of SBP1 may be useful as a reliable biomarker for early diagnosis of AKI in patients.</P>

Evaluating the effects of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on the expression of insulin sensitivity and inflammation-related genes in co-culture of adipocytes and macrophages

Kim Hee‐Yeon,Jo Min Jeong,Nam So Yung,Kim Kwang Min,Choi Moon Bo,Lee Yong‐Ho 한국곤충학회 2020 Entomological Research Vol.50 No.5

Obese adipose tissue is characterized by adipocyte hypertrophy and a massive macrophage infiltration. The interaction between macrophages with mature adipocytes releases pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chronic inflammatory state can contribute to obesity-related complications, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we can attempt to prevent and treat obesity-related diseases by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and blocking their interaction with adipocytes. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom (BV) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. Although BV is used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, few studies have addressed its use in obesity-associated inflammation. This study examines the inhibitory effects of BV on lipid accumulation in differentiating preadipocytes, inflammation, and insulin resistance in macrophages and adipocyte-macrophage co-culture system. We treated 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes with BV during differentiation. We later measured lipid accumulation and gene expression of master adipogenic transcription factors. After RAW264.7 and 3 T3-L1 cells were pretreated with BV, RAW264.7 cells were activated with LPS or co-cultured with pretreated 3 T3-L1 cells. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and insulin sensitizing genes was measured in these cells. BV inhibited lipid accumulation and C/EBPα and PPARγ gene expression during intermediate and late 3 T3-L1 cell differentiation. BV also suppressed gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, iNOS, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and in co-culture of 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. However, adiponectin and GLUT-4 expression were both significantly increased by BV in co-culture. These findings demonstrate that BV attenuates adipocyte hypertrophy and improves obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance in obese adipose tissue.