재일 조선불교유학생들의 활동

조아담(A Dam Jo) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2008 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.48

1910년대부터 시작된 불교계의 일본유학은 1920년대 이르러 그 수가 급격히 증가했다. 이는 신지식을 수용하고 인재를 양성하려는 불교계의 의식과 더불어 도성 출입 금지 해제 이후 확산된 일본불교에 대한 호감이 작용한 것으로 보인다. 또한 한국인의 자주성을 말살하고 한국불교를 일본불교에 흡수시키려는 일제의 교육정책의 영향도 있었다. 1920년에 창립된 `조선불교유학생학우회`는 이회광에 의한 한국불교의 임제종 연합기도를 저지하는 등의 활동을 펼쳤으나 1년 후 명칭개정을 통해 해체되었다. 이후 1921년 `재일본조선불교청년회`가 결성되어 국내 불교청년운동과 연계하고 국내불교계를 개혁하려는 의지를 드러냈다. 그들은 순회강연을 통해 신지식의 보급과 계몽에 앞장섰으며, 기관지인 금강저를 발간하고 `원효대성찬앙회` 및 `삼장학회` 등을 통한 불교신앙의 대중화를 도모하는 등 다양한 활동으로 그러한 열정을 표면화했다. 1931년 국내 단체인 `조선불교청년회`가 `조선불교청년총동맹`으로 명칭을 변경한데 이어 전국에 산재된 각 불교청년회가 스스로 그 조직을 해체하고 총동맹의 일원인 동맹체로 전환하였다. 그러한 대세에 합류하여 재일본조선불교청년회는 조선불교청년총동맹의 지부동맹인 `동경동맹`으로 변경되었다. 동경동맹은 정기대회, 신입회원 환영 및 졸업회원 송별회를 개최하고, 연구모임 `동맹연구회` 활동, 기관지 금강저 발간을 지속하는 등 자체적 활동과 더불어 국내 불교계와의 긴밀한 유대를 위해 노력하였다. 이를 통해 1930년 초반부터 등장한 종헌실행문제, 사법개정운동, 중앙불전 폐지 문제 등 중요 현안에 대해 그들의 의사를 적극적으로 표출하기도 하였다. 그러나 국내 총동맹 내분 등 불교청년운동 부진의 영향으로 1934년 동경동맹은 해체되었다. 한편, 1930년에 결성된 항일 비밀결사인 만당 역시 동경에 그 지부를 두고 있었다. 만당의 동경지부는 일본에서 대학을 다니며 불교청년운동을 하던 김법린에 의해 1932년경에 조직되었다. 그 당원은 김법린, 허영호, 장도환, 최범술 등으로 당시 국내외 불교청년운동의 핵심인물들이었다. 그들은 유학 이전부터 해방 후에 이르기까지 매우 다양한 활동을 펼친 것으로 알려져 있다. 1936년 결성된 `조선불교동경유학생회`는 이전의 불교유학생 단체의 전통을 계승하고, 국내 불교계의 후원으로 회관을 만드는 등의 활동을 하였다. 그러나 1940년대에 들어서면서 일제의 침략전쟁에 동조하는 모습을 보이기도 하였다. 대부분 승려의 신분이었던 일본 유학생들은 귀국 후 환속하거나 일본불교의 영향으로 결혼을 하는 등, 이른 바 승려의 대처식육 논란의 중심에 서기도 했으며, 유학파들 가운데 상당수가 중앙교무원의 간부직이나 주지를 맡으면서 일제의 정책에 타협하는 모습을 보이기도 했다. 그러나 유학중 불교를 전공하고 뛰어난 학문적 재능을 드러낸 이들은 강원이나 혜화전문·중앙불교전문학교 등에서 강의와 연구에 몰두하여 해방 후까지도 활발한 학술활동을 펼쳤다. The first Korean Buddhist students studying abroad are known to be Kim Beop-ryong and Kim Seung-beop, who started their studies in 1910s. The number of Korean Buddhist students in Japan increased in 1920s and it seems to be caused by an awakening to the need of learning `new knowledge` in stimulating the Korean Buddhism and a growing favor to the Japanese Buddhism after the lifting of entrance ban to the monks. The Japanese intriguing policy, to abolish independent spirit of Korean people and to merge Korean Buddhism into Japanese Buddhism, also contributed to the increase of the Korean Buddhist students in Japan. The association of Jo-seon Buddhist Students in Japan, founded in 1920, took part in activities like the prevention of trying to unite the order Korean order to Rinzai, the Korean Buddhists led by Yi Hwoi-guang. However, it was dissolved as it changed its name. The Jo-seon Buddhist Youth Association in Japan was founded in 1921 and showed a strong will to join with the Buddhist youth movement in Korean in order to reform the Korean Buddhism. Its passion came to take shape through various activities so it took the initiative in spreading new knowledge and in enlightening people, published its own journal, the Geumgangjeo(which means Diamond Mace) and worked for spreading Buddhism by establishing organizations like the Association in Commemoration of Great Master Wonhyo and the Association for Tipitaka Studies. In 1931, the Jo-seon Buddhist Youth Association in Korea changed its name to General Association of the Jo-seon Buddhist Youth. Accordingly, each of the Buddhist youth associations, scattered over the country, dissolved its organization and became an affiliate of the General Association. Following the general trend, the Jo-seon Buddhist Youth Association in Japan became a member of the General Association, as Tokyo affiliate. The Tokyo affiliate carried its own undertakings, so it held meetings like regular assembly, welcoming and farewell parties, organized the Research Group to study Buddhist teachings and continued to publish its journal, the Geumgangjeo. It also worked for maintaining close relation with the Buddhist movements in Korea, so it actively conveyed their words when important matters became issues since the early 1930s, matters like the execution of the Constitution of the Jo-gye Order, the amendment of Temple Laws, an oppressive measure by Japanese and the abolition of the Jung-ang Buddhist College. However, the Tokyo affiliate was dissolved in 1934 due to the inactivity of the Buddhist youth movement, caused by problems like internal conflicts in the General Association. The Man-dang, a secret anti-Japanese Buddhist organization founded in 1930, had also an affiliate in Tokyo. The Tokyo affiliate of the Man-dang was organized in 1932 by Kim Beop-lin, a student who was actively taking part in the Buddhist youth movement. They played an essential role in the Buddhist youth movement and was known to be dedicated to various activities from the years before studying in Japan to the troubled times after the Liberation. The Association of the Jo-seon Buddhist Students Studying in Tokyo upheld the traditions of the early Buddhist students associations in Japan and built its own hall, supported by the Buddhists organizations in Korea. However, it showed sympathy with Japanese policy of aggression in 1940s. Most of the students, who studied in Japan, were monks and some returned to the laity after their returning to Korea, or married according to the Japanese Buddhist tradition. They were also involved in the vehement discussion on the matter of having a wife and eating meats. Many of them became the leading members of the Business Affairs of the Order or a chief monk of a temple and showed compromising attitudes with the Japanese policy. However, those monks, who distinguished themselves in Buddhist studies with outstanding academic abilities, dedicated themselves to teaching and research at monasteries

栗谷 『醇言』의 한국철학사적 位相에 관한 연구

조민환(Jo Min-Hwan) 한국동양철학회 2009 동양철학 Vol.0 No.32

조선조에서 開明성과 聰明성을 통하여 전체를 통관해야만 보이는 物極必返의 진리가 우주론 뿐만 아니라 인간에게도 적용된다는 것을 체득하라고 한 것은 사실 율곡이었다. 이러한 물극필반의 원리를 이기론에 적용하여 이해한다면 物極으로서의 퇴계의 主理論이 必返의 원리를 담고 있는 율곡의 理氣之妙적 사유로 나타났다고 본다. 즉 조선조 이기론의 변천을 중심으로 볼 때 이같은 물극필반의 원리를 알게 되면 조선조초기부터 이어져왔던 주리적 경향 혹은 주리파가 가치를 낮게 평가한 이 세계를 이루는 또 하나의 요소인 氣의 중요성이 대두됨을 알 수 있다. 이런 경향을 가장 잘 담아내고 있는 가운데 대표적인 인물이 율곡이다. 율곡은 그런 기운을 놓치지 않고 변화된 상황에 맞는 適宜한 權道 실천으로서 『노자』 주해서인 『醇言』을 주해했다고 본다. 율곡은 화담과 같이 唯氣論을 주장하지도 않고, 이기묘합적인 사유를 통하여 두 사상을 종합적으로 묘합시키되, 退溪에 비해 상대적으로 기를 중시함으로써 物極必返의 원리를 그 시대에 맞게 보다 자연스럽게 적용하고 있다. 유가의 體用一源의 원리를 그 시대에 맞게 보다 자연스럽게 적용하고 있다. 유가의 體用一源과 ‘下學而上遠’ 및 修己治人의 입장에서 이해된 『순언』은 理氣論에서 尊理적 사유 혹은 主理적 사유가 윤리적인 인간을 형성하게 하는 많은 장점이 있음에도 불구하고 야기시킬 수 있는 사유의 절대성, 경직성, 편협성을 극복할 수 있는 점을 보여주었다. 이런 점에서 볼 때 『순언』에는 이단을 무조건 배척하는 입장이 아닌 상호 의사소통을 통한 통합과 공존의 논리, 포용의 입장이 담겨 있다. 진리에 대한 공명정대한 입장에서 출발한 율곡의 『순언』 주해는 이후 진리에 대한, 현실 인식에 대한 새로운 장을 열어주어 한국사상이 보다 다양한 측면에서 논의될 수 있게 하였다. 이처럼 理 불변적 사유에 입각한 주리적인 입장에 비해 상대적으로 변화를 중시하는 氣 중시적 사유에서 나올 수 있는 물극필반의 논리는 이전과 변화된 상황에 대한 정확한 인식과 이전과 다른 새로운 차원에로의 전환점을 제공하였고, 이에 『순언』이 한국철학사에서 차지하는 위상을 알 수 있다. This Study is focus on the Yul-Gok's Lao Tsu commentary 『SunEon』 and Korean Philosophical phase. There are many commentary on Lao-Tsu in china Jo-Sun Dynasty. Why is it do difficult to search for common understandings in the history of commentaries on Lao-Tsu. All of them may reveal the commentator's thoughts of intellectual of his period rather than the original meanings of Lao-Tsu commentary 『SunEon』 is one of them. the Lao-Tsu commentaries have diverged and coexisted in the history of Korea culture and philosophical thought, especially Jo-Sun Dynasty. Yul-Gok's the Lao-Tsu in Jo-Sun Dynasty. Especially this commentary focus on the re-establishment of taoist tao's originality and Lao-Tzu's original thought through confucious viewpoint. An ordinary confucianist regard Lao-Tzu as heretic. But Yul-Gok did not think alike. Yul-Gok regard Lao-Tzu have an eternal truth upon comparison with confucious viewpoint, such as thought is reflected philosophical change in Jo-Sun Dynasty. In correct term, all kinds of things reach limit it always return counterforce. For this reason, Yul-Gok regard Lao-Tzu have an eternal truth through confucious viewpoint and as such his thought make a turning-point in Korean philosophical thought.

밤나무 교잡종 과실의 질적 특성

이욱(Uk Lee),김만조(Mahn-Jo Kim),김선창(Sun-Chang Kim),이문호(Moon-Ho Lee),장용석(Yong-Seok Jang) 한국원예학회 2005 원예과학기술지 Vol.23 No.1

This study was aimed to applicate as the basic data for the presentation of International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) guideline and for breeding new cultivars through qualitative characteristics of nut in chestnut hybrids. In nut shape, oval type, 85.30%, could be observed in all combinations, and triangle type, 3.78%, in K×R, K×O, E×R, I×R, J×O, and oblong type, 5.46%, in R×O, I×O, E×O, I×R, respectively. Both dark and reddish brown, 49.16% and 38.24%, in nut color were observed in all combinations, and nut pericarp hairs in only K×R, R×K could be observed in whole part. The density of its hair showed above middle rank (92.86%) in most of combinations, and the size of hilum area showed above middle rank in only E×O, K×O and E×R. Ten combinations except K×O showed a good condition in nut luster, and two or three types of three split type could be observed in all combinations, simultaneously. Superior individuals, RO-22 and RO-25, showed oblong and dark brown, but others except OK-2 showed oval and reddish brown in nut shape and nut color, respectively. In position of nut pericarp hair, only OK-2 showed stigma part, but all of superior individuals except IO-15 showed thickness in its density. Only JO-7 and RO-25 were smaller than others in size of hilum area, and JO-7, OK-4, OK-15, RO-22 and RO-25 had nuts with excellent luster. Most of individuals had nuts with two or three types in type of nut split, and JO-7, JO-12, IO-15 and OK-15 showed only single type. In peeling rate, OK-2, OK-4 and OK-15 showed around 20% while RO-25 and JO-12 showed 78.6% and 72.4% being considered as superior individuals for roasted chestnuts.

『及幼方』에 대한 연구

조미숙(Jo Mi-Sook),차웅석(Cha Wung Seok),김남일(Kim Nam il) 한국의사학회 2002 한국의사학회지 Vol.15 No.2

『Gup Yu Bang 』is the first Korean book that specialized in pediatrics. It was written by Jo Jeong-jun on the 25th year of King Young Jo in the Choson dynasty. He quoted a lot of information from 『Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun』 by Yi-cheon in the Myung dynasty and 『Xiao Er Yao Zheag Zhi Jue』 by Qian Yi in the Song dynasty, but he added his own opinions and clinical experiences to the book. In addition to that, the book explains not only symptoms and prescriptions but also the etiology and pathology of children’s diseases. In particular, he showed a great deal of creativity in his book called 「Dong Bang Six Fu’s Qi Principle」 After studying 『Gup Yu Bang』, I have drawn the following conclusions. 1. Prevention is more important than treatment in pediatrics. 2. When we make a diagnosis, facial inspection has priority. 3. In terms of treatmemt, Wu zang is a general rule. Therefore, we should focus on Wu zang and Pi Wei. 4. The following terms definition symptom cause prescription clinical example prevention are to be explained with reference to the nature or symptoms of the disease. 5. We can see that smallpox was more widspread than the measles in the period of King Young Jo. 6. Even though he was influenced by 『Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun』, 『Xiao Er Yao Zheag Zhi Jue』, and 『Dong eui bo gam』, his own explanation is clearer in his book called 『Gup Yu Bang』 which is based on his own clinical experiences. 7.『Gup Yu Bang』 is a practical and experiential book.

Príncipes encobertos e princesas enamoradas: do disfarce por amor no teatro de Gil Vicente

Maria João Pais do Amaral 한국 포르투갈-브라질 학회 2008 포르투갈-브라질 연구 Vol.5 No.1

The main object of this essay is love disguise in two plays of Gil Vicente, Portuguese dramatist who developed his theatrical activity between 1502 and 1536 under the patronage of the monarchs Manuel I and João III. Widely spread in 16th century European literature, the motif of love disguise has its origins in chivalry romances, which are one of the many diverse sources of Gil Vicente's court theatre and also one of the dramatist's first spectators' favourite kind of books. I analyse it in Comédia do Viúvo and Tragicomédia de D. Duardos, where the protagonists, princes Rosvel and Duardos, hide their true identity and social rank from their beloved in order to prove the authenticity of their affection. In a first moment, I compare the way each of these two princes uses love disguise, reflecting on the function and meaning of the obvious differences this comparative analysis brings into light. In a second moment, I relate those differences with both the dramatic genre each of these two plays belongs and the conception of love that is on the basis of the stories enacted in Viúvo and Duardos, which, although originating in courtly love conventions, goes far beyond it. Finally, and because Gil Vicente's theatre is an art that strongly depends on circumstances, the date on which these spectacles were presented for the first time before the Portuguese king and court, as well as the purposes they were meant to fulfil, are also taken into consideration in this reflection on the innovative use of love disguise motif by one of the most important Portuguese dramatists of all times. The main object of this essay is love disguise in two plays of Gil Vicente, Portuguese dramatist who developed his theatrical activity between 1502 and 1536 under the patronage of the monarchs Manuel I and João III. Widely spread in 16th century European literature, the motif of love disguise has its origins in chivalry romances, which are one of the many diverse sources of Gil Vicente's court theatre and also one of the dramatist's first spectators' favourite kind of books. I analyse it in Comédia do Viúvo and Tragicomédia de D. Duardos, where the protagonists, princes Rosvel and Duardos, hide their true identity and social rank from their beloved in order to prove the authenticity of their affection. In a first moment, I compare the way each of these two princes uses love disguise, reflecting on the function and meaning of the obvious differences this comparative analysis brings into light. In a second moment, I relate those differences with both the dramatic genre each of these two plays belongs and the conception of love that is on the basis of the stories enacted in Viúvo and Duardos, which, although originating in courtly love conventions, goes far beyond it. Finally, and because Gil Vicente's theatre is an art that strongly depends on circumstances, the date on which these spectacles were presented for the first time before the Portuguese king and court, as well as the purposes they were meant to fulfil, are also taken into consideration in this reflection on the innovative use of love disguise motif by one of the most important Portuguese dramatists of all times.

A Cognitive Account of Asymmetric Conjunction

( Jo Inhee ) 대한영어영문학회 2007 영어영문학연구 Vol.33 No.4

It has been generally assumed that asymmetric extraction is allowed when the conjuncts can be perceived as expressing a “unitary” event, which renders asymmetric conjunctions systematically immune to Ross’ CSC and the ATB requirement. Yet, the range of semantic relations between the events in asymmetric conjunction is apparently so diverse as to defy a unified semantic account. This paper provides a unique characterization of the event unity along the line of Jo’s (1993, 2007) analysis of serialization: the diverse meaning dependencies (i.e., a causal relation, a causally-involved relation, or a figure-ground relation) that give rise to the perception of unity of the coordinated events are all analyzed as instances of underlyingly the same relation, namely counterfactual dependency. The counterfactual dependency can be safely taken to represent the sense of “inseparable connection” between events that are perceived as forming a complex unitary event. (Sunmoon University)

Master-slave mapping and slave base placement optimization for intuitive and kinematically robust direct teleoperation

Jo?o Rebelo,Andre Schiele 제어로봇시스템학회 2012 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.10

This paper presents a technique to map two dissimilar master-slave devices with similar, human-like workspaces for telemanipulation. The mapping focuses on achieving full geometric pose correspondence between the operator and the slave device while avoiding reaching into areas close to singularities and joint limits. The approach followed can be divided in 4 steps, namely: master workspace offset and scaling adjustment to ensure that the operator always controls the manipulator within reachable areas; optimized mounting of the slave end-effector to eliminate manipulator wrist singularities; redundancy mapping using the arm angle criteria for geometric pose correspondence; slave manipulator base placement optimization to place the task-space area in the zone of highest manipulability. A setup using the EXARM exoskeleton and a virtual model of the Kuka 7-DOF Lightweight Robot is used to show that the proposed method generates geometric correspondence and places the operation within areas far from joint limits and singularities for the human arm workspace, thus ensuring robust tracking of human operators in real-time for arbitrary trajectories inside the task-space.

Studies on the Vegetative Propagation of Korean Ginseng (panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

Jo,Jaeseong 한국작물학회 1982 한국작물학회지 Vol.27 No.1

Clonal villous lymphocytes and plasma cells in splenic marginal zone lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation

João Tadeu Damian Souto Filho,Rodrigo Aires de Morais,Ana Laura Oliveira Silveira,Arthur Pires Lacerda,Isabela Peçanha Bogado Fassbender,João Marcos Marcelino Chaves Ribeiro,Luiza Reis de Sales 대한혈액학회 2018 Blood Research Vol.53 No.4

Barthel’s Index: A Better Predictor for COVID-19 Mortality Than Comorbidities

João Cordeiro da Costa,Manso Maria Conceição,Gregório Susana,Leite Márcia,Pinto João Moreira 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2022 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.85 No.4

Background: The most consistently identified mortality determinants for the new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection are aging, male sex, cardiovascular/respiratory diseases, and cancer. They were determined from heterogeneous cohorts that included patients with different disease severity and previous conditions. The main goal of this study was to determine if activities of daily living (ADL) dependence measured by Barthel’s index could be a predictor for COVID-19 mortality.Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed with a consecutive sample of 340 COVID-19 patients representing patients from all over the northern region of Portugal from October 2020 to March 2021. Mortality risk factors were determined after controlling for demographics, ADL dependence, admission time, comorbidities, clinical manifestations, and delay-time for diagnosis. Central tendency measures were used to analyze continuous variables and absolute numbers (proportions) for categorical variables. For univariable analysis, we used t test, chi-square test, or Fisher exact test as appropriate (α=0.05). Multivariable analysis was performed using logistic regression. IBM SPSS version 27 statistical software was used for data analysis.Results: The cohort included 340 patients (55.3% females) with a mean age of 80.6±11.0 years. The mortality rate was 19.7%. Univariate analysis revealed that aging, ADL dependence, pneumonia, and dementia were associated with mortality and that dyslipidemia and obesity were associated with survival. In multivariable analysis, dyslipidemia (odds ratio [OR], 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17–0.71) was independently associated with survival. Age ≥86 years (pooled OR, 2.239; 95% CI, 1.100–4.559), pneumonia (pooled OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 1.362–6.606), and ADL dependence (pooled OR, 6.296; 95% CI, 1.795–22.088) were significantly related to mortality (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve, 82.1%; p<0.001).Conclusion: ADL dependence, aging, and pneumonia are three main predictors for COVID-19 mortality in an elderly population.