현대중국어 부정시비의문문 ‘不是VP嗎’와 ‘不VP嗎’의 대조적 이해

임정현 한국중국학회 2019 중국학보 Vol.89 No.-

Mandarin negative polar questions ‘Bu shi VP ma(不是VP嗎)' and ‘Bu VP ma(不VP嗎)’ are distinguished according to syntactic distribution and scopal interpretation of the negation. Outer negation in the former type of question is located high enough not to affect the propositional meaning of the question; inner negation in the latter type is positioned low inside the proposition, hence directly negates the predicate of the question. In terms of speaker's bias, while outer negation can exclusively deliver epistemic bias, inner negation can both imply evidential and epistemic bias, which triggers a kind of negative neutralization in answering questions. Based on Wiltschko(2014, 2017)'s discourse-related grounding layer in syntactic structure, this paper proposes that speaker's bias is encoded as formal features in grammar, and the latent negative meaning of ‘ma(嗎)’ is sensitive to this feature valuation. Our proposal combined with Holmberg(2016)'s syntax of question can provide explicit derivational process of the two types of negative polar questions, accordingly can effectively explain syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic differences seen between the two. Middle negative question such as ‘Bu keyi VP ma(不可以VP嗎)' is also discussed for in-depth understanding of Mandarin negative polar questions. 현대중국어 부정시비의문문은 부정사의 통사적 출현위치와 의미해석에 따라 크게 두 가지 유형으로 구분된다. ‘不是VP嗎’는 부정사가 명제 밖 상층부에 위치한 외부 부정 형식으로 술어명제 자체의 진리치와 무관하지만, 내부 부정 형식인 ‘不VP嗎’는 직접적으로 술어를 부정함으로써 명제의 진리치에 영향을 미친다. 또한 의미·화용적 해석에 있어서, ‘不是VP嗎’ 의문문은 화자의 인지적 경향성만을 전달하는데 비하여, ‘不VP嗎’ 의문문은 실증적 경향성과 인지적 경향성 두 가지 해석이 모두 가능하므로, 결과적으로 그 응답 형식에 있어서도 부정중성화와 같은 중의적 현상을 초래하게 된다. 본고에서는 화자의 경향성 해석을 Wiltschko(2014, 2017)의 배경 층위구조에 투영하고, 어기조사 ‘嗎’의 잠재적 부정의미가 배경투사의 자질값과의 상호관련 하에 활성화됨을 제안하였다. 덧붙여 이를 Holmberg(2016)의 의문문 통사구조에 접목시킴으로써, 의문문과 그 답변의 도출과정 속에서 ‘不是VP嗎’와 ‘不VP嗎’ 두 유형의 시비의문문의 통사·의미·화용적 차이점을 자연스럽게 설명할 수 있었다. 또한 논의 과정에서 ‘不可以VP嗎’와 같은 중층부정의 유형을 함께 다룸으로써 중국어 부정시비의문문의 특징에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓힐 수 있었다.

Extra-Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Presenting as an Anterior Chest Wall Mass

임정현,조성우,이희성,김형수,김용한,박봉석 대한흉부외과학회 2017 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.50 No.4

A 71-year-old man was referred for an anterior chest wall mass. Chest computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography-CT suggested a malignant tumor. Surgical biopsy through a vertical subxiphoid incision revealed an extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumor (EGIST). En bloc resection of the tumor, including partial resection of the sternum, costal cartilage, pericardium, diaphragm, and peritoneum, was performed. Pathologic evaluation revealed a negative resection margin and confirmed the tumor as an EGIST. On postoperative day 17, the patient was discharged without any complications. At the 2-week follow-up, the patient was doing well and was asymptomatic.

Extravascular Migration of a Fractured Inferior Vena Cava Filter Strut

임정현,이원용,나용준,정재한,박봉석,고호현 대한흉부외과학회 2017 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.50 No.3

A 20-year-old man presented with a femur fracture and epidural hemorrhage (EDH) following a fall. One month after fracture surgery, swelling developed in both legs, and he was diagnosed as having a deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A retrievable inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) was inserted, because EDH is a contraindication to anticoagulants. Four months later, he complained of abdominal pain, and a computed tomography scan showed a fractured IVCF strut. After percutaneous removal failed 3 times, the IVCF was surgically removed by orthopedists using a portable image intensifier without cardiopulmonary bypass.

Analysis of Risk Factors for Conversion from Off-Pump to On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

임정현,이원용,나용준,정재한,고호현 대한흉부외과학회 2017 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.50 No.1

Background: Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) is performed worldwide, but significant risks are associated with conversion to on-pump surgery. Therefore, we evaluated the composite outcomes between an OPCAB group and a conversion group. Methods: From January 2008 to December 2012, 100 consecutive patients underwent OPCAB at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, of whom 84 underwent OPCAB without adverse events (OPCAB group), and 16 were converted to on-pump surgery (conversion group). Early morbidity, early and long-term mortality, and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) were the primary and long-term composite endpoints. Results: The mean follow-up period was 55±26 months, with 93% of the patients completing follow-up. The composite outcomes in the OPCAB and conversion groups were as follows: early morbidity, 2.3% versus 12.5%; early mortality, 4.7% versus 0%; long-term mortality, 14.3% versus 25.0%; and MACCEs, 14.3% versus 18.8%, respectively. No composite endpoints showed statistically significant differences. Preoperative acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was identified as an independent risk factor for conversion (p=0.025). Conclusion: The conversion group showed no statistically significant differences in early mortality and morbidity, MACCEs, or long-term mortality compared with the OPCAB group. The preoperative diagnosis of AMI was associated with an increased number of conversions to on-pump surgery.

Normobaric hyperoxia re-sensitizes paclitaxel-resistant lung cancer cells

임정현,권희영,김인경,여창동,Kim Sei Won,Lee Heayon,Kang Hye Seon,Lee Sang Haak 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2022 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.18 No.4

Background Chemoresistance is a substantial obstacle in cancer therapy. The microenvironment of solid tumor growth can be hypoxic, which promotes the survival, growth, and progression of cancer cells and reduces the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Hyperoxia treatment has potential to enhance cancer therapies. Objective We evaluated whether normobaric hyperoxia (NBO) therapy has an anticancer effect and can be a strategy for overcoming anticancer drug resistance. Human alveolar adenocarcinoma (A549) and paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant (A549/PR) cell lines were used. Cells were assessed after exposure to room air (RA) or NBO for 48 h with and without PTX application. Results NBO exposure inhibited cell viability, migration abilities, and proliferation in both cell lines. Chemo-resistant cell lines have shown variable viability upon NBO exposure. NBO exposure induced critical cytotoxicity and attenuated the characteristics of cancer in A549/PR cells. NBO induced a decline of chemoresistance in A549/PR cells when co-treated with PTX, consequently increasing cell death. In addition, NBO leads to intracellular reactive oxygen species and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) signaling pathway. Conclusion In summary, NBO increased cell death in lung cancer cells and promoted PTX re-sensitization in A549/PR cells through apoptosis and CHOP-mediated ER stress.

Blood Oxygen Level Sensor를 이용한 대뇌혈류증가 장치

임정현,조인희,김영길,Lim, Jung-hyun,Joh, In-Hee,Kim, Young-kil 한국정보통신학회 2018 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.22 No.8

대뇌혈류를 증가 시키는 수술은 뇌경색의 치료방법중 하나이다. 이러한 침습적인 방법을 보완하기 위해 사람의 혈압을 이용해, 사지에 압박을 가하여 대뇌 혈류를 증가 시키는 비 침습적인 장치도 등장하였다. 그러나 속도와 정확성이 떨어지는 문제점이 제기되었다. 본 논문에서는, 정확한 측정과 측정하는 데에 걸리는 시간을 기존의 장치보다 개선하기 위해, Blood Oxygen Level Sensor를 이용하여, 양팔에 압력을 주면서 각 팔의 Perfusion Index를 측정하여, Perfusion Index가 일정 값 이하로 떨어지는 순간의 75% 압력을 팔에 가하고, 다리에는 팔에서 구해진 압력 값을 이용해 계산하여 얻은 압력을 가한다. 기존의 혈압 측정식 대뇌혈류증가 장치와 같이, 혈류량을 20%이상 증가 시킬 수 있고, 또한 측정 시간도 단축한 결과를 얻어 뇌경색 환자에게 선택적으로 사용할 수 있다. Surgery to increase cerebral blood flow is one of the treatment methods of cerebral infarction. In order to supplement this invasive method, non-invasive devices have been introduced that use human blood pressure to pressurize the extremities to increase cerebral blood flow. However, the problem of poor speed and accuracy was raised. In this paper, the perfusion index of each arm is measured by applying pressure to both arms using Blood Oxygen Level Sensor to improve the accuracy of measurement and measurement time. The pressure applied to the arm is calculated by using the pressure value obtained from the arm. Like the existing blood pressure measuring cerebral blood flow increasing device, the blood flow can be increased by more than 20% and the measurement time can be shortened, so that it can be selectively used for the patient with cerebral infarction.

글로벌 교육 산업을 재편하는 AI학습 솔루션

임정현 한국IT서비스학회 2020 한국IT서비스학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2020 No.-

경사면 가공이 가능한 4축 CNC 시스템 개발

임정현,김범상,백경연,정명진 제어로봇시스템학회 2019 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.5

천연 유래 제초활성 추출물 AN-2064 배양여액에 대한 급성독성평가

임정현,박수진,박혜진,박연기,김민숙,최정섭,김영숙 한국농약과학회 2021 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

국가 간의 활발한 교류가 증가함에 따라 공항이나 부두를 통해 유입되어 도로변, 농경지, 상수원까지 급속히 확산된 가시박 등 다양한 외래 잡초방제는 주로 화학농약 위주였다. 그러나 화학농약 위주의 잡초방제는 지속적인 사용으로 인한 환경오염이나 사람과 가축에 대한 독성 위험의 우려가 있다. 이에 환경오염이나 독성 측면에서 상대적으로 안전한 토양 미생물이나 이들의 대사산물을 이용하는 천연소재 제초제 탐색이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국화학연구원에서 외래 잡초의 친환경적 방제를 위해 선발한 토양 방선균(Streptomyces achromogenes) 유래 추출물 AN-2064 배양여액의 급성독성을 평가하고자 하였다. 랫드를 이용한 급성경구독성시험에서 2000mg/kg 투여 후 14일간 관찰한 결과 치사나 이상증상이 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 랫드를 이용한 급성경피 독성시험에서 2000㎎/㎏ 처리 후 14일간 관찰한 결과 치사나 이상증상이 관찰되지 않았다.

Who Beats Plowshares into Swords? Determinants of Commitment to Ceasefire Agreements

임정현,이근욱 한국국제정치학회 2015 The Korean Journal of International Studies Vol.13 No.3

Although ceasefire agreements end wars, they are not left unthreatened. A number of ceasefire agreements have been threatened or violated in various ways. A ceasefire agreement collapses when at least one adversary fails to comply with the agreement it previously accepted and resumes military conflict against its old enemy. Why do some states break ceasefire agreements while others carry them out? Under what conditions are states less likely to commit to ceasefire agreements? Previous studies on the commitment problem identify regime type, relative capability, and power shift as important variables that affect the ability of states to commit to agreements. Accordingly, this paper examines whether those variables have a significant effect on states’ commitment to ceasefire agreements. To test the effects of those variables, I build a data set using MIDB, COW, NMC, and Polity IV data. To test the effects of those variables, a dataset was constructed using MIDB, COW, NMC, and Polity IV data. A key finding of this paper is that democracies are no more likely to commit to agreements than nondemocracies, while relative power and power shifts have statistically significant effects on commitment to agreements. This paper suggests that democratic advantage on commitment does not exist, at least with regard to ceasefire agreements.