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임영은,김수현,양대중,김태열,Lim, Young-Eun,Kim, Su-Hyon,Yang, Dae-Jung,Kim, Tae-Youl 대한물리치료학회 2009 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.21 No.4
Purpose: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a useful method for modulating the brain activity. This study compared the effect of continuous and interrupted tDCS using the change in the movement related cortical potential. Methods: Thirty healthy participants (male: 18 and female: 12) were assigned randomly to three groups; sham tDCS, continuous tDCS, which the current continuously flowed for 10 minutes, and interrupted tDCS, which the interrupted current flowed for 10 minutes (repetition: 4sec stimulation and 5sec rest) at an intensity of 1mA with anodal polarity. The effect of tDCS on the right primary motor area was measured from the movement related cortical potential (MRCP) before and after the experiment. MRCP consisted of the bereitshaftspotential (BP) and negative slope potential (NS) at Cz and C4. Results: Continuous and interrupted tDCS showed a significant difference in the changes in the BP, NS at Cz and C4 compared to the sham tDCS. However, there was no significant difference between the continuous tDCS and interrupted tDCS. Conclusion: The change in cortical activity by continuous and interrupted tDCS results from an improvement in the MRCP. An interrupted tDCS may be a safe and useful modality for stimulating the cortical region.
임영은,오인수 고려대학교 교육문제연구소 2019 敎育問題硏究 Vol.32 No.2
This study explored diverse types of relational bullying among female middle school students based on a qualitative analysis. 14 female students in metropolitan areas were selected as participants for indepth interview and it was analyzed by open coding method, thereby yielding 7 themes and 18 subthemes. First, ‘A way to shrink ones mind by verbal attacks and threats’ means that the bully directly expresses discontent to the victim through strategies such as ‘swearing’ or ‘threatening’. Second, ‘A way to provoke anger by slander’ is a way to create an insulting situation in which the victim knows that the topic of the conversation is the victim herself through ‘talking behind the victim’s back’ or ‘talking in the foreground’. Third, ‘A way to lower credibility with negative image imprinting’ refers to the act of reducing victims’ personal and social reputation by using strategies such as ‘stigmatizing,’ ‘making a rumor,’ or ‘driving a wedge’. Fourth, ‘A way of damaging one's selfesteem by ignoring’ means neglecting the victim’s selfesteem with strategies such as ‘ignoring’ and ‘looking down’. Fifth, ‘A way to increase isolation by blocking belonging’ can be summarized as a impairing the victim’s social needs by strategies such as ‘distancing’, ‘excluding’, and ‘taking friend away’. Sixth, ‘A way to make you feel shame by insults’ means that negative emotions are caused by strategies such as ‘showing off one’s dislike’, ‘bring to shame’, ‘taking a toll on her’, and ‘express in an ironic way’. Lastly, ‘A way to make a person feel resentment by passing the buck’ seems to be an act of manipulating the psychology or the situation of others with a strategy like ‘blaming’ and ‘framing’. Implications and limitations of the study are also discussed based on the results. 본 연구의 목적은 중학교 여학생들 사이의 관계적 괴롭힘 경험에 관한 질적분석을 통해 관계적 괴롭힘의 다양한 유형을 탐색하고 이를 바탕으로 교육적 시사점을 제시하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 수도권 지역 여자중학생 14명을 대상으로 심층면담을 실시하였고, 질적 자료 분석 방법의 하나인 개방적 코딩방법을 사용하여 총 7개 주제와 18개의 부주제를 도출하였다. 첫 번째, ‘욕설과 협박으로 위축시키는 방식’은 가해자가 ‘욕하기’나 ‘협박하기’와 같은 전략으로 직접적으로 피해자의 심리를 위축시키는 방식을 의미한다. 두 번째, ‘비방하여 분노를 일으키는 방식’은 크게 ‘뒷담하기’와 ‘앞담하기’를 통해 피해자가 자신의 이야기를 하고 있음을 알 수 있도록 상황을 만들어 상대를 공격하는 방식이다. 세 번째, ‘부정적 이미지 각인으로 신뢰도를 떨어뜨리는 방식’은 사이를 멀어지게 하기 위해 중간에서 ‘낙인찍기’, ‘소문내기’, ‘이간질하기’와 같은 전략을 이용해 피해자의 개인적, 사회적 평판을 떨어뜨리는 행위를 말한다. 네 번째, ‘무시하여 자존감을 손상시키는 방식’은 ‘무시하기’와 ‘하대하기’ 같은 전략으로 피해자의 자존감을 손상시키는 것을 의미한다. 다섯 번째, ‘친밀감을 차단하여 고립감을 느끼게 하는 방식’은 상호관계를 기반으로 하는 친구사이에서 ‘거리두기’, ‘제외하기’, ‘친구뺏기’와 같은 전략으로 피해자의 사회적 욕구를 손상시키는 것으로 정리할 수 있다. 여섯 번째, ‘모욕적 행위로 수치심을 느끼게 하는 방식’은 ‘티내기’, ‘창피주기’, ‘피해주기’, ‘반어적 표현하기’와 같은 전략으로 피해자에게 부정적인 감정을 유발하는 것을 의미한다. 일곱 번째, ‘책임전가로 억울함을 느끼게 하는 방식’은 ‘탓하기’와 ‘누명씌우기’ 같은 전략으로 타인의 심리나 상황을 교묘하게 조작하는 행위로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 시사점과 한계점에 대해 논의하였다.
임영은,김인걸,김태열,윤세원,서삼기,이정우,Lim, Young-Eun,Kim, In-Geol,Kim, Tae-Youl,Yoon, Se-Won,Seo, Sam-Ki,Lee, Jeong-Woo The Korean Society of Physical Therapy 2007 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.19 No.6
Purpose: This study examined the correlation between the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and the muscle architecture in the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle during MVIC. Methods: The muscle area, volume were measured using a ultrasound imaging system to obtain the muscle architecture during the MVIC. For the mechanical muscle strength measurements, the MVIC was obtained using a dynamometer. Results: There was a significant correlation between the MVIC and the muscle area (r=0.498, p<0.01) and muscle volume (r=0.602, p<0.001). There was a significant correlation between the MVIC and density (r=-0.429, p<0.05). The area showed significant correlations with the muscle volume (r=0.699, p<0.001) and density (r=-0.429, p<0.05). In addition, there was a correlation between the volume and muscle density (r=0.555, p<0.01). Conclusion: There is close relationship between the MVIC and the muscle architecture in the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle during the MVIC.
Design for additive manufacturing of customized cast with porous shell structures
임영은,김나현,최혜진,박근 대한기계학회 2017 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.31 No.11
Additive manufacturing (AM) recently has been changing from conventional Rapid prototyping (RP) to direct fabrication of functional parts. As a direct fabrication method, a promising application of AM is to make personalized or customized parts; biomedical applications customized to human’s bodies can provide improved functionalities for an example. In this study, a customized plastic cast is developed to replace traditional plaster casts. For customization, its basic shape is defined out of three-dimensional (3d) scan data of a human arm. This cast is designed to have a number of holes for lighter weight and better ventilation, and to be printed using a Material extrusion (ME) type 3d printer that uses thermoplastic polymer filaments. Finite element (FE) analyses are then performed to evaluate the structural safety and stiffness of the printed cast with porosity. Considering that the structural safety and stiffness are degenerated due to the porous structure, design reinforcements are suggested to improve the bending stiffness of the porous cast. FE analyses are then performed with variations of design parameters of the reinforcement structures, from which we obtain the best design candidate that provides higher specific stiffness than the conventional solid structure. A porous-customized cast with lighter weight and better ventilation can thereby be developed successfully.