口誦되던 향가의 記錄과 그 변모에 대하여

박재민 한국어문교육연구회 2022 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.50 No.4

This paper examined how hyangga as transcribed in Samguk yusa in the late 13th century differed from the original songs that were performed orally in the Silla Kingdom. Hyangga recorded in Samguk yusa contain not only the voices of the people of Silla, but also the language of the Goryeo people. In several works, written elements from Goryeo instead of Silla are found. Uido (矣徒) in “Pungyo,” gyogyeon (敎遣) in “Heonhwaga,” yeoha (如可) in “Cheoyongga,” and baekhoeun (白乎隱) in “Dosolga” are a few examples. In addition, this study investigated the oral and literal characteristics of extant hyangga songs in Samguk yusa. As hyangga songs were incorporated into the text, editorial intervention filled the gap between the original songs and the transcription. Editors inserted comments into the songs or removed exclamations and expressed them through special phrases, such as hugu (後句), or erroneously altered certain characters during transcription 박재민, 2022, 구송되던 향가의 기록과 그 변모에 대하여, 어문연구, 196 : 111~146 본고는 13세기 후반 편찬된 三國遺事 에 ‘記錄’된 鄕歌와 원래 신라에서 ‘口誦’되던 향가의 차이를 고찰한 결과물이다. 시간적 거리 측면에서 살필 때, 삼국유사에 기록된 향가는 신라인의 목소리만을 담고 있는 것이 아니라 고려인의 어법도 섞인 것으로 판단되었다. 적지 않은 작품들에서 신라가 아닌 고려의 借字表記 요소들을 발견할 수 있었다. 「風謠」의 ‘矣徒’, 「獻花歌」의 ‘敎遣’, 「處容歌」의 ‘如可’, 「兜率歌」의 ‘白乎隱’ 등이 본고가 지목한 고려 기록의 흔적들이다. 삼국유사 향가에 남아 있는 口述的 특성과 文字的 특성에 대한 고찰도 진행하였다. 구술이 문자로 정착되면서 작품과 정착 사이에는 거리가 생기게 되는데 그 틈에 편집자적 개입이 생겨남을 보았다. 그 개입은 노래 속에 주석을 넣는다거나, 감탄사를 없애고 後句 등으로 표현하는 방식으로 실행되었다. 또 기록 과정에서 문자들이 잘못 변질되기도 함을 확인하였다.

<정석가> 발생시기 再考

박재민 한국시가학회 2003 韓國 詩歌硏究 Vol.14 No.-

본 논문은 고려가요로 알려진 〈정석가〉를 악곡분석과 문헌 수록 상태를 통하여 조선성종조의 노래로 추정해본 결과물이다. 우선, 그간 별개의 악곡으로 알려져 있던 〈정석가〉와 〈서경별곡〉의 악곡을 선율 비교를 통하여 유사 악곡임을 밝힌 후, 이 중, 〈정석가〉와 〈서경별곡〉에 후행하였음을 입증하엿다. 후, 조선 세종조에 창작된 〈화태〉의 악곡이 〈서경별곡〉을 모태로 하고 있다는 점, 그 〈화태〉의 일부가 다시 〈정석가〉에서 발견된다는 점을 들어 〈서경별곡〉→〈화태〉→〈정석가〉의 영향관계를 추론하였다. 문헌 수록 정황으로 살펴서는 세종조의 『대악후보』와 성종대 이후의 악서들이 참조가 되었다. 〈정석가〉는 세조대의 악곡적 상황을 비교적 상세히 보여주는 『대악후보』에서는 보이지 않는 반면, 성종이후의 기록인 『악장가사』, 『시용향악보』, 『금합자보』『악학편고』등에서야 비로소 다량 분포되어 나타나는데, 이로 성종시대를 기점으로 〈정석가〉가 발생하였음을 재추론하였다. 『대악후보』에 〈정석가〉가 수록되어 있지 않은 것은 세조 당시에는 〈정석가〉가 존재하지 않았기에 생긴 현상으로 풀이된다. 성종때 있었던 〈서경별곡〉의 改詞논란도 살폈다. 〈서경별곡〉은 가사의 불건전성으로 인해 성종이 그의 신하들에게 가사를 고치도록 명령한 사실이 있는데, 악곡을 이어받은 것으로 믿어지는 〈정석가〉에 그 〈서경별곡〉노랫말의 일부가 나타난다. 이 때, 사용된 어휘, 통사는 〈서경별곡〉의 그것을 그대로 차용하였음을 짐작케 하는 강한 흡사성이 나타나고 있다. 이상, 〈정석가〉는 성종조에 〈서경별곡〉을 rocks하는 과정에서 생겨난 노래로 추정된다. This thesis is based on a hypothesis assuming that Cheongsokka, a piece of Koryo Kayo, which is a pattern of lyrics from Koryo Dynasty, originated from the Seong Jong reign of Chosun Dynasty drawing upon the analysis of the lyrics and study of a canon of literature. Based on a comparative analysis between the lyrics of Cheongsokka and Seokyung Byulkok, it was verified that Seokyong Byulkok had preceded Cheongsokka chronologically. In addition, the fact that Hwatae, originating from the Se Jong reign of Chosun Dynasty, is the one evolving from Seokyung Byulkok provided evidence for the hypothesis that Seokyung Byulkok had affected Hwatae and Hwatae affected Cheongsokka. For the study on relevant literature. Taeak Hubo from the Se Jong reign and other musical archives after the Seong Jong reign were extensively reference. Cheongsokka was not mentioned in Taeak Hubo whereas extensively referred in such archives as Akjang Kasa. Shiyoung Hyanakbo. Koumhab Jabo and Akhak Pyungo, which again supports the hypothesis Cheongsokka originated from the Seong Jong reign. In Taeak Hubo, the lyrics of Tong Tong, Jeongubas, Cheongkwacheong and Seokyung Byulkok, which are no better than Cheongsokka in terms of the organization of the work and the order of lyrics, are referred. The reason might be that Cheongsokka had not existed during the Se Jo reign. This study also probed the argument that Seokyung Byulkok had been revised during the Seong Jong reign. This work had been ordered to be revised once by Seong Jong due to its vulgar lyrics of which part is referenced in Cheongsokka. The vocabulary and grammar of the work are also highly similar with those from Seokyung Byulkok. In summary, this study is based on a hypothesis that Cheongsokka is a piece of lyrics that originated from a course of absorbing the notes and lyrics of Seokyung Byulkok in the wake of being revised during the Seong Jong reign.

위천에 서식하는 밀어(Rhinogobius brunneus)의 초기생활사

박재민,한경호 한국수산과학회 2023 한국수산과학회지 Vol.56 No.1

In this study, the morphological development and early life cycle of larvae and juvenile Rhinogobius brunneus found in Wicheon, Nakdong River, Korea, were investigated. The fertilized eggs were 2.20×0.68 mm (long×short) in diameter. The eggs began hatching approximately 104 h after fertilization at water temperatures of 17.3–20.5°C (mean 18.9±1.6°C). The newly hatched yolk-sac larvae were 3.71±0.06 mm in total length (TL), with an unopened anus. Three days after hatching, the preflexion larvae were 4.37±0.16 mm in TL with yolk absorption. Twenty days after hatching, the flexion larvae were 6.50±0.22 mm in TL and the tip of the notochord was bent upward. Twenty-seven days after hatching, the postflexion larvae were 11.8±0.63 mm in TL, and the tip of the urostyle was bent at 45°. Forty days after hatching, individuals measured 18.5±0.93 mm in TL and were considered as juveniles as the number of fins became constant for each part. All the postflexion larvae had detached fins. Additionally, the melanophore was observed to be distributed on the head, centrum of the body, and dorsal fin, and there was a difference in the morphology from the water stream.

Helicobacter pylori 감염자인 배우자를 둔 혈청항체 음성자의 예후

박재민,이선영,김정환,성인경,박형석 대한상부위장관ㆍ헬리코박터학회 2021 Korean Journal of Helicobacter Upper Gastrointesti Vol.21 No.4

Background/Aims: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can disseminate between couples. The present study compared the findings of gastric cancer screening between seronegative subjects according to the presence of an infected spouse.Materials and Methods: Follow-up data of seronegative subjects were analyzed among married couples who underwent gastric cancer screening via gastroscopy, serum pepsinogen, and anti-H. pylori IgG assays between January 2010 and May 2016. New detection rates of H. pylori infection and gastric neoplasm at the follow-up screening were compared between seronegative subjects according to the H. pylori-infected status of spouse.Results: Among 246 seronegative subjects with an H. pylori-infected spouse, 92 underwent follow-up tests (case group). Among 278 seronegative subjects with seronegative spouse, 94 underwent follow-up tests (control group). The past infection rate was higher in the case group than in the control group (52/92 vs. 34/94; P=0.005). New H. pylori infection was diagnosed in three of the 92 cases and two of the 94 controls (3.2% vs. 2.1%; P=0.681). During the mean follow-up of 67.9±36.0 months, three adenocarcinomas and two adenomas (5/184) were newly detected among the cases and their spouses, whereas none (0/188) were detected among the controls and their spouses (2.7% vs. 0%; P=0.029).Conclusions: Gastric neoplasm occurred more frequently in couples with an H. pylori-infected spouse. Because the past infection rate is higher among seronegative subjects with an infected spouse, gastric cancer screening is recommended in both partners when the spouse is infected.

위천에 서식하는 피라미(Zacco platypus)의 난 발생 및 초기생활사

박재민,한경호,Park, Jae-Min,Han, Kyeong Ho 한국어류학회 2017 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.29 No.3

The egg and larval development of pale chub, Zacco platypus were determined by observation of laboratory reared larvae from hatching. The experimental adult fish were collected in Wicheon of Nakdong river in June 2016, The eggs and larvae were reared in the experimental tanks, and observed their morphological change. The egg diameter ranged from 1.68 to 1.78 mm ($mean{\pm}SD$, $1.73{\pm}0.07mm$, n =30). The eggs were hatch 70 hours after fertilization. The total length (TL) of the newly hatched larvae ranged from 5.39 to 5.42 mm ($5.40{\pm}0.02mm$, n=10). On the 8 days after hatching, 10 fin rays were formed in caudal fin at 7.89~7.93 mm TL ($7.91{\pm}0.02mm$, n=10). On the 44 days after hatching, the juveniles ranged from 16.1~16.5 mm TL ($16.3{\pm}0.28mm$, n=10). 피라미의 수정란을 부화 사육하여 난 발생 및 자치어 형태발달을 관찰하였다. 실험어는 2016년 6월 낙동강 수계인 위천에서 어미를 포획하여 인공수정 하였다. 난의 크기는 1.68~1.78 mm (평균${\pm}$SD, $1.73{\pm}0.07mm$, n=30)였고, 부화 시간은 70시간이 소요되었다. 부화 직후 자어는 전장 5.39~5.42 mm ($5.40{\pm}0.02mm$, n=10)였고, 부화 후 8일째 후기 자어는 전장 7.89~7.93 mm ($7.91{\pm}0.02mm$, n=10)로 꼬리지느러미에 10개의 줄기가 형성되었으며, 부화 후 44일째 치어는 전장 16.1~16.5 mm ($16.3{\pm}0.28mm$, n=10)로 각 부위별 지느러미 줄기수가 정수에 달하였다.

Egg Development and Early Life History of Korean Endemic Species Korean Spotted Sleeper, Odontobutis interrupta (Pisces: Odontobutidae)

박재민,한지형,김나리,윤성민 한국발생생물학회 2014 발생과 생식 Vol.18 No.4

The egg development and early life history of Korean spotted sleeper, Odontobutis interrupta which is Koreanendemic species from Sora-choen was investigated. The Korean spotted sleeper were caught at Sora-myeon, Yeosu-si,Jeollanamdo, from Korea at May in 2014. The fertilized eggs were 4.23 ± 0.05 mm in long diameter and had oil globules. Hatching time of the embryo began about 442 hr 14 min after fertilization under water temperature of 19.5oC. The newlyhatched larvae were 4.27 ± 0.35 mm in total length and their anus were not yet opened. 3 days after hatching postlarvae wasmeasured 6.20 ± 0.11 mm in total length. 10 days after hatching postlarvae was measured 6.69 ± 0.14 mm in total length.

포토그래메트리 기술을 이용한 정원 3D 모델링 구현

박재민 청주대학교 산업과학연구소 2020 産業科學硏究 Vol.37 No.2

This study illustrates the 3D modeling of a virtual garden consisted of trees, paving and street furniture using UAVs and photogrammetry technology. As a result, it showed excellent quality in the expression of evergreen shrub with large mass meshes, but there was a limit in the expression of broad-leaved trees which have apart branches. The expression of paving and street furniture was also excellent, however, the expressions at the bottom were limited because of the shooting angle of UAVs. This study would be meaningful for the 3D tree database for BIM and garden database for digital heritage conservation.

각시붕어(Rhodeus uyekii)와 흰줄납줄개(Rhodeus ocellatus) 잡종의 초 기생활사 특징

박재민,한경호 한국수산과학회 2019 한국수산과학회지 Vol.52 No.4

This study was conducted to identify taxonomic differences in the characteristics of Rhodeus uyekii and Rhodeus ocellatus during their initial life history via an interspecific hybridization experiment. Hybrids were compared to their parent species, and the findings were used to inform developmental research in commercially useful aquarium fish. The hatching rates of the cross-bred eggs were 75.9% for cross UO (R. uyekii ♀×R. ocellatus♂) and 71.9% for cross OU (R. ocellatus♀×R. uyekii♂), which did not differ greatly from the hatching rates of the normal cross-bred group. Backcross experiments resulted in 100% egg mortality during development. Newly hatched larvae of the original hybrid crosses were similar to those of the maternal line, and the color of the egg yolk was similar to that of the paternal line; therefore, the respective traits of the interspecific parents were identifiable within the cross-bred offspring.

우리나라 제조업의 내부숙련수요와 숙련부족에 관한 연구 : 사업체 수급실태조사 결과를 바탕으로

박재민,엄미정 한국산업경제학회 2008 산업경제연구 Vol.21 No.2

최근 산업기술인력의 부족이 경제 성장의 걸림돌이 되고 있다는 지적이 많다. 그동안 이문제와 관련해 몇몇 실태조사가 이루어졌다. 그러나 산업기술인력의 부족에 영향을 미치는 요인과 그상대적 중요성에 관한 연구는 드물다. 본 논문은 약 3,600개의 사업체에 대한 수급실태조사 결과를 활용하여 산업기술인력의 부족에 영향을 주는 결정요인을 로짓모형을 바탕으로 분석하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 숙련수요와 산업기술인력의 부족 여부와의 관계에 초점을 두었으며, 산업기술인력의 숙련수준에 따른 편차를 보고자 하였다. 실증분석 결과 대체로 기업규모가 클수록, 연구개발활동이 활발할수록 그리고 보유인력의 생산성이 높을수록 숙련수요를 증대시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사업체의 숙련수요를 나타내는 설명변수들은 모두 산업기술인력의 결원성향에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있으며, 특히 산업기술인력 중 준전문가 이상의 직종에 종사하는 전문기술인력을 구분하여 분석하였을 경우 부족현상을 보다 잘 설명하였다. 더불어 사업체특성, 외부요인 및 산업더미에 대한 분석을 통해 인력부족 양상이 숙련 수준에 따라 다름을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 같은 분석 결과를 감안할 때 향후 고숙련·혁신형 기업이 처한 인력부족 문제의 해소, 양적 공급보다는 숙련된 산업기술인력의 양성 그리고 숙련 수준과 자격에 대한 세분화된 실태조사가 필요함을 제시하고 있다. It has been much reported that the shortage in technology and engineering workforce serves as an obstacle toward industrial growth. With regard to this, a few surveys have been conducted. However, workforce shortage and its relative importance have been very rarely tackled. This paper made use of the recent survey results of about 3,600 businesses and analyzed the determining factors behind the shortage of skilled workers. Particularly, our analysis focuses on the relationship between the workforce shortage and skill demand by these businesses including businesses’ innovative activities. The result of the empirical analysis showed that businesses’ demand for skilled workers significantly influenced the tendency of job vacancies. Especially, the occurrence of shortage was better explained when the analysis was conducted on those occupation requiring higher qualifications and skills. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the shortages in technology and engineering workforce over all and those with higher qualifications are difficult to fill up due to the shortage of specific skills, qualifications, or experience and to be characterized as skill-shortage vacancies. Furthermore, locating in an industrial complex was significant if the overall technology and engineering workforce was taken into account. Inversely, relative wages were shown to be significant only to the more skilled counterpart. Also the higher the number of local small- and medium-sized businesses and the supply of college graduates, the lower the potential shortage.

심장수술시 저체온 체외순환과 정상체온 체외순환의 전신 효과에 관한 연구

박재민,조용길,조광현,황윤호,이양행,윤영철,전희재,한일용,최석철 대한흉부외과학회 2005 Journal of Chest Surgery (J Chest Surg) Vol.38 No.1

Background: This study was prospectively designed to determine the physiologic effects of normothermic CPB and to compare its influences with hypothermic CPB. Material and Method: Thirty-six adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to moderate hypothermic (hypothermic group nasopharyngeal temperature 26~28oC, n=18) or normothermic (normothermic group, nasopharyngeal temperature>35.5oC, n=18) CPB. Arterial blood samples were taken before CPB (Pre-CPB), 10 minutes after the start of CPB (CPB-10), and immediately after CPB stop (CPB-off) for determining total leukocyte counts, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), interleukin-6 (IL-6), endothelin-1 (ET-1), cortisol, troponin I (TNI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and the pulmonary index (PI, PaO2/FiO2). Other parameters such as urine output, mechanical ventilating period, ICU-staying period, postoperative complications and hospitalized days were also evaluated. Result: Total leukocyte counts, increased rate in NSE, in IL-6 and in cortisol at CPB-10 and CPB-off were significantly higher in normothermic group than in hyphothermic group. Urine output during CPB was lower in normothermic group than in hyphothermic group. The duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU-stay, and hospitalization were longer in normothermic group than in hyphothermic group. Conclusion: These findings suggested that normothermic CPB caused higher inflammatory and stress responses than hypothermic CPB during cardiac surgery using cold crystalloid cardioplegia. However, further studies with large number of cases should be carried out to validate this hypothesis. 배경: 저자들은 최근 논의되고 있는 정상체온 체외순환의 임상적 유용성과 생리학적 영향을 규명하기 위해 저체온 체외순환과의 비교 연구를 시행하게 되었다. 대상 및 방법: 심장수술이 계획된 36명의 성인 환자들을 연구목적에 따라 무작위로 중등도 저 체온 체외순환군(이하 저체온군, 비인두 온도 26∼28oC, n=18)과 정상체온 체외순환군(이하 정상체온군, 비인두 온도>35.5oC, n=18)으로 나누었다. 전체 환자들로부터 체외순환 전, 체외순환 중, 체외순환 종료 직후에 각각 혈액을 채취하여 총 백혈구 수, neuron-specific enolase 증가율(NSE), interleukin-6 증가율(IL-6), endothelin-1 (ET-1), cortisol 증가율, troponin I (TNI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN)을 측정하였다. 그 외 수술 중 소변 배출량, 수술 후 폐지수(PaO2/FiO2), 기계호흡 보조시간, 중환자실 치료기간, 합병증, 재원일수 등을 조사하여 양 군 간에 비교 평가하였다. 결과: 정상체온군이 저체온군에 비해 심장수술 동안 총 백혈구 수, NSE 증가율, IL-6 증가율, cortisol 증가율은 유의하게 더 높았으나 소변 배출량은 더 낮았다. 또한 기계 호흡 보조 시간, 중환자실 치료기간, 재원일수 역시 정상체온군이 저체온군보다 유의하게 더 길었다. 결론: 저자들의 연구 결과를 볼 때 정질 냉각 심정지액을 이용한 심장 수술 동안 정상체온 체외순환은 중등도저체온 체외순환보다 더 높은 염증 및 스트레스 반응을 유도하여 생리학적으로 유해할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 좀더 많은 환자 수를 대상으로 한 추가적 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.