http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
강종원 호서사학회 2022 역사와 담론 Vol.- No.103
This paper puts an in-depth study on the characteristics of the local society in the Daejeon region, the penetration process of the central power of Baekje, and the background of the transformation into gun(prefecture) and fortress(hyun) system through a review of the archaeological materials and records. Firstly, the changes in the local society were identified through archaeological traits found in the Daejeon area. Mahan’s cultural tradition seemed to be preserved. The existence of solid ruling forces or political relations with the central government was not confirmed despite the influx of central culture from Baekje. After Woongjincheondo, a fortress was built because it emerged as a geographical location in terms of military strategy without significant changes in the local society. The characteristics of tombs had been changed from the ditch-pit graves to the stone-lined tombs and stone chamber tombs in the period of Sabi but how the residential areas had been changed remains unclear. These archaeological features imply that the growth of the local society had been restrained, and the political status of the local government got weakened in the process of penetration of the central power. In addition, many fortresses implying Baekje having a crucial role indicate that the Daejeon area had emerged as a strategic spot of government office from a specific point in time. However, few weapons were excavated from the tombs during the Sabi period, and this suggests that the role of the local society in the Daejeon area was not significant even though it was a geological location. As the Daejeon area emerged as a military hub after Woongjincheondo, it had affected the organization of gun and fortress during the Sabi period. As a result, Usul-gun was established in the northeastern region, not in the Yuseong and Jinjam area, which had the highest density of relics. The Jinjam area was organized as Yeonghyeon to connect with the official system of Hwangdeungyasan-gun. This implies that they tried to establish an efficient government defense system. Besides, the administrative fortresses of gun and fortress in Daejeon area were designated Gyejoksan fortress in Usul-gun, Wolpyeongdong fortress in Nosaji-hyun, Jeoko fortress in Sobipo-hyun, and Heukseokdong fortress in Jinhyun-hyun. The fact that Baekje troops held and defended their territory in the Usul fortress, Jinhyeon fortress, and Naesaji fortress during the war revival period can be comprehended as proving the military features of these administrative fortresses along with its status as administrative fortress.
퇴행성 요추 질환으로 단분절 척추 유합술 및 척추경 나사못 고정술을 시행한 환자에서 나사못 기기의 금속 실패 단축과 다축 나사못 비교
강종원,김환정,성환일,박재국,박건영,김용인,최원식 대한척추외과학회 2008 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.15 No.4
Study Design: Retrospective study Objective: To evaluate the factors affecting metal failure and screw loosening of short-segmental (1- or 2-segmental) monoaxial or polyaxial screw fixation for degenerative lumbar disease. Summary of Literature Review: There was a report on metal failure and screw loosening in short-segmental monoaxial and polyaxial screw fixation in degenerative lumbar disease. Materials and Methods: This study examined 227 cases who underwent short-segmental transpedicular screw fixation and vertebral fusion for a degenerative lumbar. Results: Metal failure of transpedicular screws was detected in 6 cases, 3 each in groups A and B. Screw loosening occurred in 16 and 43 cases in group A and B, respectively. Both groups had a similar incidence of spinal stenosis with instability and spondylolisthesis. The failure rate and screw loosening according to the fusion level was also similar. The failure and screw loosening rates was higher in the cases who did not undergo PLIF than in the cases who underwent PLIF but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The metal failure and screw loosening rates after transpedicular screw fixation and spinal fusion procedures for degenerative lumbar diseases using monoaxial screws and polyaxial screws were similar.
강종원 세계기독교통일신령협회 2001 統一世界 Vol.- No.7
이스라엘이 언약궤를 메고 여러 고성을 돌며 나팔 불고 외쳤듯이, 참부모님(존영)을 모시고 말씀(말씀선집, 원리) 훈독회를 통해 한사람을 만나던 백 사람을 만나던 남녀노소 가릴 것 없이 확신에 찬 신념과 참사랑 심정으로 기도하고 찾아다니고 만나고 외칠 때, 여러 고성도 무너질 것이며 통반격파도 성취될 것으로 믿는다.
강종원 세계기독교통일신령협회 2003 統一世界 Vol.- No.6
선악분립시대의 가치관을 갖고 하늘편이냐, 사탄편이냐, 가인편이냐, 아벨편이냐를 나누어 이해하고 생활하던 의식에서 벗어나 오직 하나님과 참부모님을 중심한 참사랑의 가치관으로 이해하고 생활하는 의식으로 바뀌어야 한다. 선악의 눈으로 보던 것을 참사랑의 눈으로 모든 것을 보고 위해줘야 한다.
강종원 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 2005 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.15 No.1
Purpose: To evaluate the time serial change of smoking attributable morality of Korean male population, male smoking attributable mortalities were calculated by applying mortality statistics and smoking rate from 1991 to 2003, Materials and Methods: Seventeen smoking-related diseases and there relative risks were selected. Smoking rates and mortality statistics were cited from Korean National Statistical Office from 1991 to 2003. Smoking attributable mortalities were calculated by applying smoking rate and relative risk to the number of mortality from 1991 to 2003. Results: Smoking rate showed decreasing pattern and ex-smoking rate showed increasing pattern. The number of smoking attributable mortalities were 28,684 in 1991, 35,723 in 1995, 35,764 in 1999 and 39,123 in 2003. The proportions of smoking attributable mortality among total mortality were 30.1% in 1991, 31.9% in 1995, 29.9% in 1999 and 32.0% in 2003. Conclusion'- Though the smoking rate of Korean male is slightly diminishing, the smoking attributable mortality markedly increased from 1991 to 2003. This trend is expected to continue for some decades. 연구목적: 사망원인 통계와 흡현율 자료를 이용하여 남성의 흡연귀속사망이 1991년부터 2003년까지 12년간 변화하는 양상을 분석하고 향후 변화양상을 예측하기 위해 수행되었다. 대상 및 방법: 흡연과 일반적으로 원인적 인과관계가 인정되면서 우리 나라 사망원인통계에 중분류로 분류되는 질환인 18개 질환군을 흡현관련질환군으로 선정하였다. WHO 자료에서 이들 질환에 의한 사망과 흡연과의 관련성(비교위험도)를 구하였다. 정부에서 발표하는 1989년, 199년, 2003년 남성 흡현 자료를 통해 10대 간격으로 현재 흡연자, 과거 흡연자, 비흡현자의 분율을 구하였다. 비교위험도와 흡연율을 사망원인통계에 적용하여 4개 연도에 대해 17개 질환군별, 연령별 흡연귀속사망수를 산출하였고, 흡연귀속사망이 40대 이상 남성 사망중에 차지하는 점유율을 산출하였다. 결과: 흡연율은 감소하는 추세를 보였고 과거흡연율은 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 총 흡연귀속사망자수는 1991년에 28,684명, 1995년 35,723명, 1999년 35,764명 2003년 39,123명으로 추산되어 시간경과에 따라 점차 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 총 40세 이상 남성 사망자 중에서 흡연귀속사망자가 차지하는 점유율은 1991년 30.1% 1995년 31.9%, 199년 29.9%, 2003년 32.0%로 약간의 변동을 보이기는 하지만 점차 증가하였다. 결론: 흡연율은 최근 약간의 감소추세로 돌아섰지만 최근 12년간 흡연귀속사망은 크게 증가하였고 전체 사망중에서 흡연귀속사망이 차지하는 점유율도 약간씩 증가하는 경향을 보여 흡연율이 지속적으로 감소하더라도 상당기간 흡연귀속사망은 증가할 것으로 예상된다.
다환성 방향족 탄화수소 노출지표로서 요중 1-hydroxypyrene의 정상 범위
강종원 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 1999 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.9 No.2
연구목적: 다환성 방향족 탄화수소의 생물학적 노출지표인 요중 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP)에 대해서 직업적 노출과 흡연에 의한 다량 노출을 배제할 수 있는 인구집단을 대상으로 하여 우리 나라 일반 인구집단의 표준적인 요중 1-hydroxypyrene 의 정상 분포를 추정하고자 수행되었다. 대상 및 방법: 서울 3개, 지방 1개 중학교의 1학년 학생 각 40명씩을 대상으로 설문조사와 채뇨를 하였다. 설문조사를 통해 간접흡연과 식이력을 조사하였고, 소변에서 creatinine을 측정하였고 고압 액체 크로마토그래피와 형광검출기를 사용하여 1-hydroxypyrene을 측정하였다. 결과: 전체 대상자 137명의 요중 1-OHP/creatinine 농도는 산술평균이 136.21 nmol/mol creatinine, 산술 표준편차가 149.92 nmol/mole creatinine 이었고, 기하평균이 73.26 nmol/mol creatinine 이었다. 기하평균과 기하표준편차를 통해 산출된 95% 신뢰구간은 6.05 ∼ 887.86 ng/g creatinine 이었다. 식이요인과 간접흡연은 요중 1-OHP 농도와 관련성이 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: 본 연구 결과는 직업적 폭로와 흡연의 영향을 배제할 수 있는 대상자를 선정하여 수행되어 우리 나라 일반인구집단의 기준값으로 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. Purpose: Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP) has been used as a biological marker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) exposure. The baseline level of urinary 1-OHP is indispensable to apply this biological makers as a surrogate measurement of PAH exposure. This study was performed to estimate the baseline level of urinary 1-OHP in general Korean population. Materials and Methods: 137 middle school student in four middle school were included in this study. Passive smoking and PAHs containing diet history were obtained by self administered questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and urinary creatinine were measured. Urinary 1-OHP were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The arithmetic mean of urinary 1-OHP was 136.21 nmol/mol creatinine and the arithmetic standard deviation was 149.92 nmol/mol creatinine. The geometric mean was 73.26 nmol/mol creatinine. The 95% range estimated by using geometric mean and geometric standard deviation was from 6.05 to 887.86 nmol/mol creatinine. Dietary factors and passive smoking were not statistically significantly related with urinary 1-OHP concentration. Conclusion: The result of this study can be applied as a baseline level or reference level of urinary 1-OHP concentration of general population in Korea.