義安大君 李和의 功臣歷에 대한 고찰

천성래 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2014 동방학 Vol.30 No.-

본 논문은 ‘여말 선초 의안대군 이화의 공신력’에 대한 고찰로서, 고려 말에서 조선 초기는 왕조의 폐망과 개국으로의 변화가 극심했던 시기로서 공신 의안대군 이화의 활동을 중심으로 공신력을 살펴 본 것이다. 여말선초 위화도 회군과 조선의 개국, 제1차, 제2차 왕자의 난으로 국내외적으로 위기 상황에서 이화는 결정적인 공을 세웠고 그것은 그가 여말선초 4대공신이라는 기록적인 의미로 남게 되었다. 고려의 멸망과 조선의 건국이라는 미명아래 많은 공신들이 탄생할 수밖에 없었고 공신도감을 설치하여 공신에 대한 업무를 관장하게 하였을 정도이다. 여말 선초의 최대 공신인 이화는 태조 이성계의 이복동생으로서 회군공신, 개국공신, 정사공신, 좌명공신 등 4대 공신에 책봉되며, 당대 최대의 특혜를 누린 인물이다. 그는 이성계의 최측근에서 여러 환난을 슬기롭게 극복하고 행동하는 왕족으로서 고려 말 조선 초기의 실제적 힘이 되었다. 그는 영삼사사를 지내고 마침내 영의정이 되었으나 그에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 의안대군 이화의 행적을 통해 여말선초의 공신에 대해 살펴보고, 공신에 대한 특혜와 공신의 위차 등에 대한 차이를 살펴보는데 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 이를 통해 우리 역사 속에 숨어 드러나지 않았던 태조 이성계의 이복동생 의안대군 이화에 대한 생애를 더듬어 보고, 왕족으로서 위기의 순간에 역동적인 행동을 통해 성리학으로 무장한 신흥사대부와 더불어 조선의 정통성 확립을 이룩한 이면의 무인정신을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. As a part of examination into vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, this study sought to investigate history about vassals of merit primarily in terms of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa's meritorious activities during such period of transition where extreme changes occurred with collapse of former dynasty as well as foundation of new dynasty. Yi Hwa rendered his distinguished services even under critical situations - whether national or international - accompanied with troop withdrawal at Wihwado, foundation of Joseon dynasty and two prince revolts (1st and 2nd). And his services gave a historical implication that he was one of 4 great vassals of merit during such a period of transition in Korean history. Under the guise of Goryeo Dynasty's collapse and Joseon Dynasty's foundation, it was inevitable that there were many vassals of merit produced during this critical period, and royal family granted proper favors to those vassals with stipend for vassals of merit. In particular, Joseon Dynasty installed even a governmental office for vassals of merit to supervise general affairs about vassals of merit. It may be definitely to say that Euian Daegun Yi Hwa was the greatest vassal of merit during the period of transition from Goryeo to Joseon. He was a half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye, the founder of Joseon Dynasty. Yi Hwa was invested as the vassal of 4 great merits in contribution to troop withdrawal, new dynasty foundation, affairs of state and assistance in making Yi Seong-gye the first king of Joseon dynasty, so he could enjoy the greatest favor granted by the governmental authority of his contemporary dynasty. Yi Hwa was a royal family member who stood nearest by Yi Seong-gye and got over a series of hardships wisely with bold actions, so he could play a role as real contributor to founding Joseon Dynasty after collapse of Goryeo Dynasty. According to historical documents, he took up Yeongsamsasa and was finally appointed as Yeong-euijeong, the prime minister of Joseon Dynasty, but there was very few studies focusing on his presence in the history. Therefore, this study has its implications in that it addresses the historical activities of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa to examine vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, and determine any differences in special favors and order of ranks for the vassal of merit. Thus, it is expected that we will be able to explore the lifetime of Yi Hwa, a covered half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye in Korean history, and will be able to examine Yi Hwa's dynamic actions as royal family at critical moments of historical transition, so that we may find out the military spirit of a vassal behind his meritorious contribution to establishing the legitimacy of Joseon Dynasty in collaboration with emerging gentry armed with the philosophy of Neo-confucianism.

일반논문 : 의안대군이화(義安大君李和)의 공신력(功臣歷)에 대한 고찰

천성래 ( Seong Rai Cheon ) 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2014 동방학 Vol.30 No.-

본 논문은 "여말 선초 의안대군 이화의 공신력"에 대한 고찰로서, 고려 말에서 조선 초기는 왕조의 폐망과 개국으로의 변화가 극심했던 시기로서 공신 의안대군 이화의 활동을 중심으로 공신력을 살펴 본 것이다. 여말선초 위화도 회군과 조선의 개국, 제1차, 제2차 왕자의 난으로 국내외적으로 위기 상황에서 이화는 결정적인 공을 세웠고 그것은 그가 여말선초 4대공신이라는 기록적인 의미로 남게 되었다. 고려의 멸망과 조선의 건국이라는 미명아래 많은 공신들이 탄생할 수밖에 없었고 공신도감을 설치하여 공신에 대한 업무를 관장하게 하였을 정도이다. 여말 선초의 최대 공신인 이화는 태조 이성계의 이복동생으로서 회군공신, 개국공신, 정사공신, 좌명공신 등 4대 공신에 책봉되며, 당대 최대의 특혜를 누린 인물이다. 그는 이성계의 최측근에서 여러 환난을 슬기롭게 극복하고 행동하는 왕족으로서 고려 말 조선 초기의 실제적 힘이 되었다. 그는 영삼사사를 지내고 마침내 영의정이 되었으나 그에 대한연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 의안대군 이화의 행적을 통해 여말선초의 공신에 대해 살펴보고, 공신에 대한 특혜와 공신의 위차 등에 대한 차이를 살펴보는데 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 이를 통해 우리 역사 속에 숨어 드러나지 않았던 태조 이성계의 이복동생 의안대군 이화에 대한 생애를 더듬어보고, 왕족으로서 위기의 순간에 역동적인 행동을 통해 성리학으로 무장한 신흥사대부와 더불어 조선의 정통성 확립을 이룩한 이면의 무인정신을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. As a part of examination into vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, this study sought to investigate history about vassals of merit primarily in terms of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa`s meritorious activities during such period of transition where extreme changes occurred with collapse of former dynasty as well as foundation of new dynasty. Yi Hwa rendered his distinguished services even under critical situations-whether national or international-accompanied with troop withdrawal at Wihwado, foundation of Joseon dynasty and two prince revolts(1st and 2nd). And his services gave a historical implication that he was one of 4 great vassals of merit during such a period of transition in Korean history. Under the guise of Goryeo Dynasty`s collapse and Joseon Dynasty`s foundation, it was inevitable that there were many vassals of merit produced during this critical period, and royal family granted proper favors to those vassals with stipend for vassals of merit. In particular, Joseon Dynasty installed even a governmental office for vassals of merit to supervise general affairs about vassals of merit. It may be definitely to say that Euian Daegun Yi Hwa was the greatest vassal of merit during the period of transition from Goryeo to Joseon. He was a half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye, the founder of Joseon Dynasty. Yi Hwa was invested as the vassal of 4 great merits in contribution to troop withdrawal, new dynasty foundation, affairs of state and assistance in making Yi Seong-gye the first king of Joseon dynasty, so he could enjoy the greatest favor granted by the governmental authority of his contemporary dynasty. Yi Hwa was a royal family member who stood nearest by Yi Seong-gye and got over a series of hardships wisely with bold actions, so he could play a role as real contributor to founding Joseon Dynasty after collapse of Goryeo Dynasty. According to historical documents, he took up Yeongsamsasa and was finally appointed as Yeong-euijeong, the prime minister of Joseon Dynasty, but there was very few studies focusing on his presence in the history. Therefore, this study has its implications in that it addresses the historical activities of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa to examine vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, and determine any differences in special favors and order of ranks for the vassal of merit. Thus, it is expected that we will be able to explore the lifetime of Yi Hwa, a covered half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye in Korean history, and will be able to examine Yi Hwa``s dynamic actions as royal family at critical moments of historical transition, so that we may find out the military spirit of a vassal behind his meritorious contribution to establishing the legitimacy of Joseon Dynasty in collaboration with emerging gentry armed with the philosophy of Neo-confucianism.

義安大君李和의 功臣歷에 대한 고찰

천성래 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2014 동방학 Vol.31 No.-

본 논문은 ‘여말 선초 의안대군 이화의 공신력’에 대한 고찰로서, 고 려 말에서 조선 초기는 왕조의 폐망과 개국으로의 변화가 극심했던 시 기로서 공신 의안대군 이화의 활동을 중심으로 공신력을 살펴 본 것이 다. 여말선초 위화도 회군과 조선의 개국, 제1차, 제2차 왕자의 난으로 국내외적으로 위기 상황에서 이화는 결정적인 공을 세웠고 그것은 그가 여말선초 4대공신이라는 기록적인 의미로 남게 되었다. 고려의 멸망과 조선의 건국이라는 미명아래 많은 공신들이 탄생할 수밖에 없었고 공신 도감을 설치하여 공신에 대한 업무를 관장하게 하였을 정도이다. 여말 선초의 최대 공신인 이화는 태조 이성계의 이복동생으로서 회군 공신, 개국공신, 정사공신, 좌명공신 등 4대 공신에 책봉되며, 당대 최대 의 특혜를 누린 인물이다. 그는 이성계의 최측근에서 여러 환난을 슬기 롭게 극복하고 행동하는 왕족으로서 고려 말 조선 초기의 실제적 힘이 되었다. 그는 영삼사사를 지내고 마침내 영의정이 되었으나 그에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 의안대군 이화의 행적을 통해 여말선초의 공신에 대해 살펴보고, 공신에 대한 특혜와 공신의 위차 등에 대한 차이를 살펴 보는데 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 이를 통해 우리 역사 속에 숨어 드러나지 않았던 태조 이성계의 이복동생 의안대군 이화에 대한 생애를 더듬어 보고, 왕족으로서 위기의 순간에 역동적인 행동을 통해 성리학으로 무 장한 신흥사대부와 더불어 조선의 정통성 확립을 이룩한 이면의 무인정 신을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. As a part of examination into vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, this study sought to investigate history about vassals of merit primarily in terms of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa's meritorious activities during such period of transition where extreme changes occurred with collapse of former dynasty as well as foundation of new dynasty. Yi Hwa rendered his distinguished services even under critical situations - whether national or international - accompanied with troop withdrawal at Wihwado, foundation of Joseon dynasty and two prince revolts (1st and 2nd). And his services gave a historical implication that he was one of 4 great vassals of merit during such a period of transition in Korean history. Under the guise of Goryeo Dynasty's collapse and Joseon Dynasty's foundation, it was inevitable that there were many vassals of merit produced during this critical period, and royal family granted proper favors to those vassals with stipend for vassals of merit. In particular, Joseon Dynasty installed even a governmental office for vassals of merit to supervise general affairs about vassals of merit. It may be definitely to say that Euian Daegun Yi Hwa was the greatest vassal of merit during the period of transition from Goryeo to Joseon. He was a half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye, the founder of Joseon Dynasty. Yi Hwa was invested as the vassal of 4 great merits in contribution to troop withdrawal, new dynasty foundation, affairs of state and assistance in making Yi Seong-gye the first king of Joseon dynasty, so he could enjoy the greatest favor granted by the governmental authority of his contemporary dynasty. Yi Hwa was a royal family member who stood nearest by Yi Seong-gye and got over a series of hardships wisely with bold actions, so he could play a role as real contributor to founding Joseon Dynasty after collapse of Goryeo Dynasty. According to historical documents, he took up Yeongsamsasa and was finally appointed as Yeong-euijeong, the prime minister of Joseon Dynasty, but there was very few studies focusing on his presence in the history. Therefore, this study has its implications in that it addresses the historical activities of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa to examine vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, and determine any differences in special favors and order of ranks for the vassal of merit. Thus, it is expected that we will be able to explore the lifetime of Yi Hwa, a covered half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye in Korean history, and will be able to examine Yi Hwa's dynamic actions as royal family at critical moments of historical transition, so that we may find out the military spirit of a vassal behind his meritorious contribution to establishing the legitimacy of Joseon Dynasty in collaboration with emerging gentry armed with the philosophy of Neo-confucianism.

손소(孫昭) 적개공신화상(敵愾功臣畫像)의특징과 사료적 가치

윤진영 단국대학교 석주선기념박물관 2019 한국 복식 Vol.- No.42

1476년(성종 7)에 그린 <손소 적개공신화상>은 조선초기 공신화상의 주요 특징을 전해주는 자료이다. 반측면의 얼굴 방향을 취한 형식은 <손소 공신화상>에서부터 시작되었고, 형태감과 세부 묘사에는 15세기 초상화로서의 높은 완성도가 잘 나타나 있다. 1476년 세조어진(世祖御眞)을 모사할 때참여한 최경(崔涇), 안귀생(安貴生), 배련(裵連) 등의 화원이 적개공신화상 제작에 참여하였을 가능성을 짚어보았다. 손소가 1467년 적개공신에 녹훈된 지 10년이 지난 시점에 공신화상이 제작된 것은 연이은 국장(國葬)과 정희왕후(貞熹王后)의 섭정기(攝政期) 등 매우 혼란한 시기를 거쳤기 때문으로 보았다. 1476년 성종이 친정(親政)을 강화하면서 공신의 예우에 관심을 가진 것이 10년 전 중단된 적개공신화상의 제작 배경이 되었던 것으로 추측하였다. 공신상은 입각도형(立閣圖形)이라 하여 충훈부(忠勳府)에 한 본을 보관하는 것이 공신교서(功臣校書)에 기록되었으나 태종이 이를 시행하지 않은 정황을 살펴보았다. 따라서 <손소 공신화상>은 당시한 본만이 제작되었음을 확인하였다. <손소 공신화상>은 1795년 이명기(李命基, 1756∼1802 이후)에 의해 이모본(移模本) 한 본이 그려졌다. 손소의 후손인 손국제(孫國濟, 1719∼1795)가 당시 장수찰방(長水察訪)인 이명기에게 부탁하여 그린 것이다. 이명기와 주고받은 세 통의 간찰이 전하고 있다. <손소 공신화상>은 15세기 공신복식의 전형을 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 매우 중요하다. 첩리(帖裏)와 답호(褡穫)의 묘사, 직금흉배(織金胸背)와 품계의 관계, 오사모(烏紗帽)와 각의 표현, 협금화(挾金靴)의 착용, 그리고 1936년에 촬영한 사진 속에 나타난 1735년의 이모본 세조어진의 대략적인형상을 통해 특징을 살펴보았다. <손소 공신화상>은 복식의 시대성을 담고 있는 자료이며, 조선초기공신화상이 지닌 다양한 시사점을 살필 수 있는 사례로서 공신화상의 연구 범위를 확충해주는 자료라는 데 의미가 있다. The Portrait of Son So, a Jeokgae Merit Vassal (1476, Year 7 of the reign of KingSungjong of Joseon Dynasty) is a historical art piece exemplifying the characteristics ofearly Joseon dynasty vassal portraits. The art form of displaying the model’s face froma slightly horizontal angle started from this piece, complete with the model’s form anddetails shown clearly for a 15th century portrait. From these information, we canspeculate that the same court painters who participated in the creation of Sejo Eojin (世祖御眞, Portrait of King Sejo), three of whom being Choi Kyeong(崔涇), Ahn Guisaeng(安貴生), and Bae Ryeon(裵連), also had a part or influence in the making of this portraitas well. The portrait of Son So was created 10 years after Son was appointed Jeokgae MeritVassal (敵愾功臣). My personnel opinion regarding the delay is pointed to the fact thatin the following years, series of kings’ deaths, subsequent mourning periods, andregency of Queen JeongHee(貞熹王后, the king’s grandmother) in stead of the youngking took place. It was only in 1476, when the king personally took control of hispowers, did any project on honoring the merit vassals resumed, along with The Portraitof Son So. The vassal portraits were called Ipgakdohyeong and by rule a copy is stored inChunghun-bu (an early Joseon ministerial branch in charge of works on vassals ofmerit). However a record exists of King Taejong inquiring of this procedure not beingcarried out at the time. Therefore we can speculate that The Portrait of Son So, aJeokgae Merit Vassal is the only vassal portrait of Son remaining. A replica art of ThePortrait of Son So was painted in 1795 by one Myeonggi Lee, a Jangsu Chalbang(長水察訪, a minor official in charge of messenger stables in Jangsu region) by request ofKookje Son, Son So’s descendant. Three letters between the two regarding thecommissioning of The Portrait, remain to this day. The Portrait of Son So, a Jeokgae Merit Vassal is the epitome of 15th centuryportraits of vassals of merit. Its importance is highlighted by depictions of Cheomni (帖裏, Man’s coat) and Da-po (褡穫, Man’s coat with half sleeves), Ji-ggeum Hyungbae (織金胸背, Insignia made from embroidered silk with supplementary gold wefts) and itscorrelation to Pumgye, expressions of O-sa-mo (烏紗帽, Official’s coronet) and Gak (角,the ‘prongs’ on the o-sa-mo), and Hyeopgeumhwa (挾金靴, officials’ boots), all ofwhich are cross-referenced with the 1936 photograph of 1735 art replica of Sejo Eojin(Portrait of King Sejo). The Portrait of Son So captures the artistic character of thetimes. Various implications that early Joseon Dynasty merit vassals portraits possesscan be explored, further expanding the range of related research.

서거정의 시선 속 15세기 공신의 삶 -묘도문자의 특징적 면모를 중심으로-

구슬아 ( Koo Seul-ah ) 한국고전문학회 2021 古典文學硏究 Vol.59 No.-

이 글은 서거정이 찬술한 묘도문자 25편 가운데 공신을 대상으로 한 작품을 분석하여 그의 정치의식을 유추한 것이다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서거정은 세조의 치세를 태평성대로 규정하고 있다. 그는 뛰어난 능력을 지닌 인재들을 알아보는 세조의 知人之鑑과 거기에 부응하는 공신들의 정치적 활약상을 묘사하는 일화를 통해 君臣共治의 이상을 형상화하였다. 둘째, 서거정은 정치인들의 원칙적 삶과 ‘청렴’을 중시하는 면모를 드러냈다. 나아가 『필원잡기』에 관련 일화를 재수록함으로써 후대의 정치인들에게 공적ㆍ원칙적 자세를 견지하라는 메시지를 전달하는 교육적 효과를 달성하였다. 셋째, 서거정은 관각문인들에 대한 남다른 우호를 드러내며 문장의 정치적 기능과 역할을 강조하였다. 정치적 업적 대신 이들이 편찬에 관여한 관찬 서명을 열거하여, 이들이 조선의 융성한 문운을 창도한 주인공임을 드러냈다. 이처럼 서거정은 공신을 대상으로 한 묘도문자를 통해 조선의 태평성대를 함께 견인한 동료들과 자신의 정치적 영광을 회고하고 있다. This paper was written with the intention of inferring his political views through the epitaph written by Seo Geo-Jung for vassal of merits. Among them, the epitaphs created for vassal of merits shows the following three views of politics. First, Seo Geo-Jung defines King Sejo's reign as peaceful reign. He praised King Sejo's eye for recognizing talented people. It also included anecdotes and arguments describing the political activities of vassal of merits who lived up to King Sejo. Second, Seo Geo-Jung repeatedly emphasized that the contributors lived a life of principleism. In particular, he valued ‘integrity.’ And He re-recorded this in his writings Pilone-japgi(筆苑雜記), and achieved the effect of educating future politicians about what they should have as a politician. Third, Seo Geo-Jung showed exceptional friendship among the vassal of merit, especially to the literary person. Instead of their political achievements, he listed the names of the books they compiled, emphasizing that they were the protagonists of Joseon's prosperous literature. Seo Geo-Jung recalls the political glory of himself and his colleagues who have lived in the same period.

조선시대 공신교서(功臣敎書)연구 -문서식과 발급 과정을 중심으로-

노인환 ( In Hwan Noh ) 한국고문서학회 2011 古文書硏究 Vol.39 No.-

Royal message of investing a vassal of merit in the Joseon period was issued to vassals of merit who rendered distinguished services on certain occasions i.e. the national establishment, a change of regime by later legitimized successful coup d`etas, suppression of treason and revolt, or war. This paper focuses on its documentary form and its process of issue in the aspect of palaeography. Investiture of vassals of merit has taken place 28 times throughout the Joseon period, at first from the National Establishment Meritorious Investiture in the first year of Taejo(1392) until the last Yangmu Meritorious Investiture in the fourth year of Yeongjo(1782), in consequence only twenty-two cases remained in effect, six of which later canceled. 63 royal messages on this affair survive by now, which covers the whole period of Joseon Dynasty from the beginning until the late period. We examined the documentary form of this royal message focusing on its receiver, the main text, the list of vassals and the royal seal. When it comes to its receiver, it varies in the form as the point of time the royal message was issued and whether the concerned receiver still survived. The main text describes its appointee`s distinguished service and the rewarding in the formal style of Byeonryeomun(騈儷文) between the set phrases of ``wang`yak`wal`(王若曰)`` and ``Goja`gyosi sang`euijisil(故玆敎示想宜知悉)``. On the problem of the listing we confirmed the examples of changes in the list by the time of issuing, sometimes omitting some names on the list. Royal seal was changed 6 times, from 『高麗國 王之印(Goryeo Guk`wangjiin, The royal seal of Goryeo King』 to 『施命之寶(Simyeongjibo, The royal seal of commanding)』. We also offer the photography of this change of the seal. Temporary bureau of Dogam(都監) was installed to deal with these meritorious investiture by the order of the king, in the early Joseon period by Gongsin Dogam(功臣都監, Bureau of Vassals of Merit), and in the late Joseon period by Nokhun Dogam(錄勳都監, Bureau of Meritorious Investiture). In both of the Gongsin and Nokhun Dogam the subject and the appellation of vassals of merit was chosen before the issuing the royal message, such procedure later recorded in Euigwe(documentation of rituals and its procedure).

조선전기의 ‘農莊的 地主制’ - ‘私田型’ · ‘開墾型’ 農莊 形成을 중심으로 -

이세영(Lee, Se-young) 한국외국어대학교 역사문화연구소 2013 역사문화연구 Vol.45 No.-

조선 건국 이래 16세기 후반까지 국왕과 함께 여러 정책을 강구･실시하면서 정치를 주도했던 정치세력의 한 축은 功臣 출신의 宰相그룹인 ‘勳臣勢力’이었다. 조선 전기에 가장 전형적인 훈신세력은 5공신(靖難･佐翼･敵愾･翼戴･佐理 功臣) 출신의 院相들이었다. 그들은 기본적으로 先秦時代 이래의 儒家의 사상과 이념을 수용하면서도 조선봉건사회와 국가의 경영에 있어서 정치사상과 이념, 그 실천방략과 정책에서 결집력을 지닌 정파나 정치세력을 이룬 것은 아니었다. 다만 그들은 전제군주인 왕･왕권과 밀착된 최고위의 관료집단이자 봉건지배층으로서의 권력을 행사하고, 기득권을 유지하려고 했다. 이러한 훈신세력의 ‘豪富論’은 周代의 ‘世祿制’에서 그 정당성을 찾고 있었다. 그들은 魯나라의 정승 公儀子가 ‘拔圓菜 去織婦’한 까닭을 애써 외면하고, 모든‘仕者’들은 ‘世祿’을 보장받아야만 하고, 그의 ‘벼슬이 높아지고 祿도 두터워져서 富者가 되는 것은 天命’이 있기 때문이며, 市井 사람들이 조그만 이익도 계산하여 미치지 못할 세라 낮에도 헤아리고 밤에도 생각하나 ‘가난함을 免하지 못하는 것은 天命이 없기 때문이라’고 생각하고 있었다. 즉, ‘豪富 = 天命’이라는 것이었다. 또 ‘仕者’들이 世祿을 받지 못하거나 그것이 끊길 때 여러 가지 방법으로 ‘殖貨致富’하는 것은 전혀 ‘不義’한 일이 아니며, 家門과 門戶를 유지하고 廉恥와 節義를 키우기 위해서는 도리어 그것이 필요하다고까지 믿고 있었다. 그러나 이러한 훈신세력의 豪富論은 그들로 하여금 이내 ‘貪官･貪墨’이 되게 했고, 당시 財力의 상징인 農莊을 광범위하게 조성하게 함으로써 조선 전기의 전국적인 농장의 발달을 가져왔다. 조선 초기 훈신세력이 고수했던 對私田施策의 핵심은 功臣田･別賜田만은 경기 토지로 折給받아 世傳한다는 것이었다. 봉건지배층은 적어도 前朝의 사전의 폐단을 되풀이하지 않기 위해서는 私田主의 수조권 행사를 감독･관리할 수 있는 경기의 토지로 사전(공신전･별사전･과전･직전)을 분급한다는 것과 경기 밖의 외방은 祿俸田･軍資田 등의 公田으로 확보한다는 대원칙에 동의하고 있었다. 그러나 훈신세력은 稅穀船의 遭難으로 인한 외방의 軍資田租, 즉 軍糧의 손실을 막기 위해 왕과 사림세력이 그 대책으로 제안한 ‘私田外方移給’을 반대했고, 공신전･별사전을 일정하게 확보하기 위해서 전체 과전 액수를 줄이기 위해 과전법을 직전제로 개정하기도 했다(세조 12년, 1466). 또한 그들은 흉년이나 外患 등의 비상시에 國用･軍資 등의 부족분을 채우기 위한 근본적인 대책으로 사림세력이 제안한 ‘私田還收’를 반대했으며, 그러나 늘 田租의 濫收를 지적받아 오던 터에 비상시에 당면해서 공신전･별사전의 전조를 ‘半收’하거나, 職田의 전조를 ‘全收’하는 ‘官收官給制’(성종 9년, 1478)를 마지못해 일시적으로 받아들이기도 했다. 그러나 私田主의 수조권을 일시적으로 제약했던 ‘관수관급제’도 ‘己卯士禍’(중종 14년, 1519) 이후에는 실시되지 못했다. 그리하여 그들은 일시적으로 사전을 外方에서 移給받기도 하고, 수조권 행사에 제약을 받기도 했지만, 조선 전기 내내 공신전･별사전과 과전･직전 등의 사전을 경기 토지로 折給받아 世傳하고 家産化하여 농장을 조성하고 경영할 수 있었다. 그리고 별사전은 亂臣의 籍沒田으로 賜給받기도 했다. 따라서 이처럼 收租地로 이루어지는 ‘私田型 農莊’은 주로 경기도에 있었지만 별사전으로 인해 下三道에도 있었으며, 조선 전기에 발달한 농장의 주축을 이루고 있었다. 조선 정부는 건국 직후부터 陳荒處와 海澤의 開墾을 권농정책의 하나로 수립하고 추진해 갔다. 고려 말기 이래 파괴되어 버린 농업생산기반을 복구하고 확대하는 것은 시급하고도 절박한 과제였던 것이다. 그 개간정책의 하나가 고려시기 의 賜牌를 계승한 立案法이었다. 이는 훈신세력이 그 대부분을 차지하고 있던 豪勢家들이 토지 집적과 겸병의 수단으로 진황처를 廣占하는 것을 금지하고, 民人들에게 입안을 발급해 주어 진황처를 개간하고, 그 개간지의 所有主가 되게 하려 는 것이었다. 그러나 실제로 입안을 적극적으로 발급받아 개간을 주도했던 것은 宮家･勢家･士大夫･豪族 등이었다. 진황처나 해택 개간에는 무엇보다도 많은 노동력과 경영자본이 소요되었기 때문이었다. The vassals of merit, the group of ex-prime ministers were one of the power circles which devised and enforced various policies together with the king ever since the founding of Cho-sun Dynasty up until the later 16th century. The 5 vassals of merit(Jeongnan 靖難, Joaik 佐翼, Jeokgae 敵愾, Ikdae 翼戴, Joali 佐理 功臣) were the most typical circle of the meritorious retainers in the first half of Cho-sun Dynasty. Despite of accepting Confucius' thought, they never comprised a political group coming up with both political ideology and the policies of its execution in the state administration. Being the highest bureaucrats close to the king, they just wanted to execute power and to retain vested rights. They tried to seek the justification their idea of wealth in the salary system of Chou Dynasty. Intentionally denying the reason behind the act of a prime minister of Lu, Gongyizi's "removing the garden vegetables and expelling the spinning wife", they thought that all the officials should be guaranteed with the salary. Moreover, they ascribed it to the Mandate of Heaven that the fortunes on the part of the officials and the deprivation on the part of common peoples. In short, they equalized the fortunes with the Heavenly Mandate. They even thought to the extent that it was not against justice to make fortunes by any means when the salary was not bestowed, which, according to them, was inevitable to support the families and to keep the sense of honor. These ideas were contributed to the genesis and ensuing development of plantations, the symbol of wealth. It, however, led the vassals of merit to become the corrupt officials and greedy scholars. The gist of the private land policy that the vassals of merit stood pat was seeing to it that only lands of vassal of merit and special bestowment be inherited with the land of Gyoung-gi. In order not to repeat the problems involved in the previous dynasty's private lands, the ruling class agreed to the two fundamental principles. One was that the private lands(land of meritorious retainers, land of special bestowment, land for the noble class, and duty land) be distributed with the lands of Gyoung-gi which was convenient for supervising and controlling the rights of the land owners of collecting dues. The other was to secure the public lands such as the salary land and the military aid land in case of provincial lands which was outside of Gyoung-gi. The meritorious powers, however, opposed to "the distribution of the private lands with provincial lands" which was proposed by the king and the Confucian powers to protect the loss of provisions caused by the grounding of the duty grain ships. And they replaced the law of Gwajeon 科田法 with the law of duty lands 職田法 to secure the lands of meritorious retainers and special bestowment and thereby reducing the number of the nobility lands(Sejo 世祖 12th year, 1466). They opposed to "the restitution of the private lands" which was proposed by the Confucian circles as a fundamental countermeasure for making up for the losses both in the government use and military aid caused by the emergencies such as the famine year and external trobles. However, in the wake of the criticism for the abuse of land dues collecting, they reluctantly paid half of the land dues for the lands of vassal merit and special bestowment, and unwillingly accepted "the system of government -collect government-distribution"(Seongjong 世宗 9th year, 1478) according to which they were obliged to pay the whole of dues for the duty lands. However, the system which temporally curbed the rights of dues collection on the part of the private land owners was abolished after Gimyosahwa 己卯士禍(Jungjong 中宗 14th year, 1519).

송재松齋 이우李堣의 삶과 시세계

권진호 한국국학진흥원 2018 국학연구 Vol.0 No.37

This study examined the life and poetry world of Woo Lee with pseudonym of Songjae (1469~1517). He served the royal government as an official for 19 years from the late 15th century to the early 16th century. He criticized wrongs done by vassals of merits and even the king's unjust power, and expressed his honest and sincere opinions. After the enthronement of King Jungjong, he gave the king his sin- cere and loyal opinions to correct the maladministration of the time. He was rewarded for good administration as a provincial official while away from the capital. However, in his later years, he was devoted to support- ing his parents and educating his children and nephews. This shows that he inherently had the aspiration and hope to provide the foundation of Toegye Study, the philosophy of the Lee family originating from Jinseong. In short the attitudes and roles that Woo Lee with pseudonym of Songjae showed in his service for the royal government and his family life, and his poetry writing led the way to widening the range of the intellectual history in the Andong region of the 16th century when Neo-Confucianism was not prosperous. Furthermore, they are thought to serve as standards of intellectual life. As for his writing, he was evaluated to write clearly and elegantly, and in particular, he was excellent in writing poems. The number of his poems amounts to 364 with 253 titles. Most of these poems are not philosophical and theoretical. As suggested by the anthology names such as Chronicle of Doings in the Gwandong Region and Records of Returning to Farming, his writings revealed his feelings and thoughts about the landscapes and social conditions that he encountered while inspecting the region of Gwandong as administrator. The poems described elegant landscapes and unaffected daily lives as they were. 본고는 송재松齋 이우李堣(1469~1517)의 삶과 시세계를 조명하였다. 그 는 15세기 후반에서 16세기 초반, 19년간 벼슬에 종사하면서 훈구관료의 비행非行과 임금의 부당한 권력에 대해 직언을 하였고, 중종반정 이후로는 폐정弊政의 개혁을 위해 소신껏 충언을 다하였으며, 외직에 있을 때는 선정을 베풀어 포상을 받기도 하였다. 그러나 만년에는 노모에 대한 봉양과 자질子姪들의 훈육訓育에 더욱 힘을 쏟았는데, 그 이면에는 진성이씨 가학家學, 즉 퇴계학의 초석을 마련하겠다는 포부와 희망이 내재해 있었다. 한편, 송재 이우는 문장이 맑고 전아 典 雅 하다는 평을 받아왔으며, 특히 시에 뛰어났다. 그가 추구한 253제題 364수에 이르는 시문학은 철학적 함의를 담고 있는 철리시哲理詩 계통의 시는 거의 없고, 시문을 묶어 놓은 「관동행록關東行錄」과 「귀전록歸田錄」의 명칭이 암시하듯, 관찰사로서 관동지방을 순 시하며 그곳의 산수풍광과 인정세태에 대해 느끼는 심사를 형상화하거나, 고향주변 산수의 흥취와 소탈한 일상을 사실적으로 묘사하였다. 요컨대, 송재 이우가 보여준 조정에서의 모습과 가정에서의 역할, 그리고 그가 추구한 시문학은 성리학이 꽃을 피우기 전인 16세기 안동지역 지성사 의 지평을 넓혀주는 계기가 될 뿐만 아니라, 하나의 기준으로서의 역할을 할 것으로 생각한다.

고려 尹瓘의 墓碑片과 墓所

박종기 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2014 한국학논총 Vol.42 No.-

In 1764(year 40 of King Young-Jo), an epitaph of Yoon Gwan was found in Paju, Gyeonggi-do. He was a prime minister of Goryeo dynasty and well-known as a man who conquered Yeojin Tribe. The epitaph was half-broken when it was found and only 26 words in it could be identified. Contents of it were about the aquisition of a new pen name as the Vassal of Merit with an appointment as the Vassal for King Ye-Jong in 1130, the change of his posthumous name and the fact that his epitaph was re-erected. As the epitaph was found, the government of Joseon Dynasty officially approved that the graveyard in Paju, Gyeonggi-do is the grave of Yoon Gwan. In addition, his descendant believed that this graveyard had built just after his death. However, according to an epitaph of his son, Yoon Eon-ih, the initial graveyard of Yoon Gwan was located around Gaegyeong which was the capital of Goryeo and Yoon Eon-ih was also buried round about his father in 1150. Meanwhile, the present graveyard of Yoon Gwan in Paju was already existed in 1481. Therefore it is not the initial graveyard of him and was moved from Gaeseong in late Goryeo or early days of Joseon Dynasty. 1764년(영조40) 윤관의 묘비가 현재의 경기도 파주시에서 발견되었다. 윤관은 고려의 재상으로서 여진족을 정벌한 사령관으로 알려져 있는 인물이다. 발견된 묘비는 반 이상이 부숴진 상태로, 26자의 글자를 확인할 수 있다. 비문의 내용은 윤관이 1130년, 고려 인종 8년 국왕 예종의 공신으로 책봉되면서 새로 공신호를 받은 사실, 그의 시호가 고쳐진 일, 그의 비석이 다시 세워진 사실이 기록되어 있다. 조선후기의 역사가 안정복은 당시 발견된 윤관의 묘비편에 대해 자세한 주석을 남기고 있다. 한편 파평 윤씨 일족인 윤광소 역시 그의 문집 『소곡유고』에서 관련 자료를 싣고 있다. 이 글은 이러한 자료를 소개하고, 몇 가지 특징적인 사실들을 정리했다. 조선왕조 정부는 이 비석이 발견되자 현재의 경기도 파주에 있는 묘가 윤관의 묘라는 사실을 공인했다. 또한 윤관의 후손들은 현재의 묘가 윤관이 사망한 직후 설치된 것으로 믿고 있다. 그러나 윤관의 아들 윤언이의 묘비에 따르면 최초의 윤관 묘는 고려왕조의 수도인 개경 부근에 있었고, 윤언이 역시 1150년 아버지 윤관의 묘 부근에 묻혔다. 한편 경기도 파주에 있는 현재의 윤관의 묘는 1481년에 이미 존재하고 있었다. 따라서 현재 윤관의 묘는 최초의 묘가 아니며, 고려 후기와 조선 전기에 개성 지역에서 移葬된 것이다.

仁祖妃 仁烈王后의 내조와 실패한 육아

김인숙 한국인물사연구소 2012 한국인물사연구 Vol.18 No.-

This paper focuses on the married life of Queen Inyoul who had married King Injo(仁祖) in 1610. King Injo who was Prince Neungyang(綾陽君) ascended the throne in 1623. Princess Inyoul was a daughter of Han Jun Gyeum(韓浚謙) who had filled high officials during the reign of the King Sunjo(宣祖) and Guang Hae Gun(光海君). After marriage, she met many kinds of crises by political strife. Guang Hae Gun endeavored to strengthen his political standing to eliminate his major political opponents. He regarded political opponents as his brothers and his brother’s sons. The father of Prince Neungyang was Prince Jeongwon(定遠君) who was a brother of Guang Hae Gun. So wife of Prince Neungyang, Princess Inyoul helped families of Prince Neungyang to give many kinds of jewelries as bribe to high officials of Guang Hae Gun. During these dangerous period, Princess Inyoul gave three prince. One of them became a king Hyojong(孝宗). Prince Neungyang seized political power in military coup in 1623. Princess Inyoul not only helped her husband to succeed military coup, but also succeeded to win popularity of new regime. So when Queen Inyoul died, King Injo described merits of his wife as ‘meits of ten vassals(十亂의 功)’ which means ten vassals who advised King Wu(武王) of Zhou dynasty(周王朝) to overthrow Shang dynasty(商王朝). As a Queen, Inyoul had to serve Queen Mother Inmok(仁穆大妃) to achieve a legitimacy of King Seonjo(宣祖), because Queen Mother Inmok represented the legitimacy of King Seonjo. But it was very difficult that Queen Inyoul served Queen Mother Inmok, because Queen Mother Inmok had political power to enhance her political status. During the King Injo reign, Queen Inyoul fled for refuge to avoid the invasion of Qing dynasty(淸朝) and rebel of Yigual(李适). And she must wear mourning dresses for husband’s mother, Queen Mother Inmok. But Queen Inyoul gave five children in these time. One of five children was dead under 6 years old, and other children were dead under one year old. Having five children manifest that Queen Inyoul and her husband had good relationship, and Queen Inyoul deeply influenced on her husband King Injo.