디지털 시대에 있어서 저작권법상 복제개념의 재고찰

박인회 전북대학교 부설법학연구소 2018 法學硏究 Vol.55 No.-

복제권은 앤 여왕법 이래 저작권의 중심이 되는 권리로 존재하다. 그러나 복제권에는 저 작권의 다른 권리들과는 달리 사소한 침해 등에 있어서 적용할 수 있는 다른 고려요소가 존재 하지 않아 복제행위가 이루어지면 정당화사유에 해당하지 않는 한 바로 복제권의 침해가 인정 되게 된다. 저작권자의 지나친 보호를 막기 위하여 또는 다양화된 저작물 이용형태에 적용하기 위하여 복제 개념에 대한 재검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 복제권은 다양한 국가의 입법례나 국제조약에 저작권자의 배타적인 권리로 규정되어 있다. 우리나라의 경우에는 1986년 개정에서 복제에 대한 정의규정이 처음 입법되어 이후 개정에서 ‘유형물에 고정’이라는 요소와 ‘일시적 또는 구적으로’라는 요소가 추가되었다. 일시적 저장의 경우 복제의 정의규정에 ‘구적 또는 일시적으로’이라는 문구를 삽입하여 모든 논쟁을 해결한 것으로 보지만, 기존 논의가 집중된 RAM에 이루어지는 일시적 저장 외 에도 다양한 형태의 일시적 저장이 존재하고, 기존의 논의가 이런 다양한 일시적 저장을 모두 포섭할 수 있는지는 불분명하다. 기존에는 모든 일시적 저장을 복제가 아니라고 하고, 개정 이후에는 모든 일시적 저장을 복제라고 이해하고 있지만, 이렇게 일시적 저장에 관하여 일의적 으로 논의를 진행하는 것은 바람직하지 않아 보인다. 미국이나 일본에서 보는 것처럼 지나치게 짧은 시간 존재하는 경우에는 일시적 저장이 복제가 아니라고 판단할 수 있는 근거규정을 신설 하여 복제 자체의 성립을 부정한다거나 하는 등 일시적 저장에 관한 전반적인 논의가 이루어질 필요가 있다. 또한 복제로 인정되는 일시적 저작의 경우에도 이를 정당한 복제로 정당화할 수 있는 근거규정 및 고려요소에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 현행 저작권법상 복제의 정의규정에는 복제의 개념요소로 ‘유형물에의 고정’과 ‘유형물로 다시 제작’이라는 요소가 존재한다. 이러한 요소만으로 현재의 다양한 형태의 저작물 이용형 태에 있어서 복제 문제를 해결할 수 있을 것으로 판단되지는 않는다. 즉 모든 유형물이 복제에 해당하는 것이 아니라, 저작물과 동일하거나 동일하다고 판단되는 형태로 유형물에 고정하거 나 동일하거나 동일하다고 판단되는 형태로 유형물로 다시 제작하는 경우에만 복제로 인정할 수 있고, 동일하거나 동일하다고 판단하는 기준으로는 미국 저작권법에서 제시하고 있는 ‘인 간의 인지’를 새로 개념요소로 부가할 필요가 있다. 이외에도 복제와 이차적 저작물 작성에 있어서 ‘새로운 창작성의 부가’와 창작과의 관계, ‘복사된 창작성 있는 표현의 양’ 등 여러 경우에 유용하게 사용될 수 있는 판단기준을 복제의 정 의규정에 도입할 것인지에 대한 논의도 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 더 나아가 다양하게 이루어지 는 현대 예술에서 타인의 창작을 ‘부정사용’하는 경우에 이를 ‘복제권’ 침해로 판단하기 위해 서는 지금까지의 기준 외에도 새로운 판단 기준이 요구될 것이다. The right to reproduce has existed as a main right of copyright since Statute of Anne. However, there are no other considerations that can be applied in the case of minor infringement, unlike other rights of copyright, so that the infringement of the right of reproduction is recognized as long as the act of copying does not fall under the ground of justification. In order to prevent excessive protection of copyright holders or to apply them to diversified forms of copyrighted works, it is necessary to review the concept of reproduction. The right to reproduce is defined as the exclusive rights of copyright holders in various countries' legislation or international treaties. In the case of Korea, the definition of copying was first enacted in the 1986 revision, and the elements of “fixed to tangible media” and “temporarily or permanently” were added in the revisions. In the case of temporary copy, it seems to have solved all the controversies by inserting the phrase ‘permanently or temporarily’ in the definition of replication. However, in addition to the temporary copy of RAM in the existing discussion, there are various types of temporary copy, It is unclear whether or not this can accommodate all these various temporary copies. In the past, all temporary copy are not reproduction, and after the revision, it is understood that all temporary storage is reproduction. However, it seems unfavorable to discuss the temporary storage in this way. If there is a short period of time, as in the United States or Japan, there is a need for an overall discussion of temporary copy, such as the creation of a basis for judging that temporary copy is not reproduction, denying the establishment of reproduction itself. In addition, it is necessary to study the ground rules and consideration factors that can legitimate reproduction of temporary works recognized as copying. In the definition of reproduction under the existing copyright law, there are elements such as ‘fixed to tangible media’ and ‘reproduced as tangible media’ as conceptual elements of reproduction. These factors alone do not appear to solve the problem of reproduction in the present various forms of copyrighted works. In other words, not all tangible objects are copies, but they can be recognized as reproduced only if they are fixed to tangible objects in the form that they are considered to be the same or identical to the works, As a criterion to judge, it is necessary to add ‘human perception’ proposed by US copyright law as a new concept factor. In addition, in the case of the reproduction and the secondary works, whether to incorporate the judgment criteria which can be useful in various cases such as ‘the addition of new creativity’ and creation, or ‘the amount of creative expressions copied’. Furthermore, in order to judge the infringement of ‘right of reproduction’ in the case of ‘misappropriation’ of the creation of others in various contemporary arts, new criteria will be needed in addition to the previous criteria.

저작권법 제35조의2에 의한 일시적 복제의 허용범위 - 최근 대법원 판례의 비판적 검토를 포함하여 -

문선영 법무부 2019 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.88

The legal term of temporary reproduction was legislated in Korean Copyright Act(revised Copyright Act of December 2, 2011) under the ‘Free Trade Agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea(KORUS FTA)’. At the time of revision, there was a debate whether temporary reproduction satisfies the ‘fixation’ elements of reproduction that copyright law regulates. There was a skeptical view that revision of temporary reproduction would allow copyright owner to use or access the common works that copyright law does not regulate. And it would also restrict users’ daily use of work including the use of online search through the Internet. Of course, it is necessary to protect author’s copyright by including temporary reproduction as the type of reproduction in certain cases because temporary reproduction could be a main purpose of use of the work or may have important economic value itself in the digital ages. Therefore, legislations and courts in major countries, including South Korea, protect the rights of authors by including temporary reproduction as the type of reproduction. But on the other hand, the court also limits the protection in certain cases to balance the legal interests between authors and users to promote use of works. However, the technical types of temporary reproduction are being diversified with the development of technology so it is difficult to define the definition of temporary replication and it’s scope of permission. It is not clear to allow protection by only searching upon the relevant statutes. Recently, the Supreme Court’s ruling on allowing temporary reproduction in accordance with the execution of a computer program under Article 35-2 of the Copyright Act has been published in a timely manner. Regarding the various types of temporary reproduction, reviewing the elements of temporary reproduction and the extent of its allowance is very important for the both further use of digital works and protection of copyright. This paper will introduce the two recent cases of Supreme Court. Based on these rulings, definition of temporary reproduction and the scope of temporary reproduction in the use of works under Article 35-2 of the law, which was at issue in these rulings, will be discussed in detail in this paper. 우리 저작권법에 일시적 복제의 개념이 도입된 것은 한미 FTA에 따른 2011. 12. 2. 개정 저작권법에서였다. 도입당시 일시적 복제가 저작권법상 복제에 해당하기 위해 요구되는 고정의 요건을 만족하는지에 대해 논란이 있었고, 일시적 복제를 복제의 개념에 포함시킬 경우 저작권자에게 기존의 저작권법이 규율하고 있지 않은 저작물의 사용권이나 접근권을 부여하는 결과가 될 수 있으며, 나아가 인터넷을 통한 검색 등을 포함한 통상적인 저작물의 이용에도 많은 제약을 받게 될 수 있다는 점에서 여러 가지 우려가 적지 않았다. 그러나 디지털사회에 있어서 일시적 복제는 저작물의 주된 이용형태가 되거나 그 자체만으로 중요한 경제적 가치를 가지는 경우가 있으므로, 이를 일정한 범위 내에서 복제의 개념에 포함시켜 규율함으로써 저작자의 권리보호를 도모할 필요성이 있음은 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 따라서 우리나라를 비롯한 주요 국가들은 일시적 복제를 복제의 개념에 포함하여 저작자의 권리를 보호하는 한편, 일정한 경우 이를 제한하여 디지털 사회에서 저작물의 이용에 방해가 되지 않도록 양자의 법익사이에 조화를 꾀하고 있다. 그러나 최근에는 기술의 발전에 따라 일시적 복제의 태양이 다양해지고 있어서 일시적 복제의 개념과 그 허용범위가 어디까지인지에 대하여 일의적으로 정의하기가 어렵고, 관련 규정들만으로 판단하기도 쉽지 않은 상황이다. 그런데 최근 대법원은 저작권법 제35조의2에 의한 컴퓨터프로그램의 실행에 따른 일시적 복제의 허용여부에 대하여 두 건의 판결을 잇달아 선고하고 있어서, 과연 저작물 이용과정에서 일시적 복제의 적법요건이 무엇인지에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 다양한 형태의 일시적 복제에 있어서 복제의 성립과 그 허용 범위가 어디까지인지에 대하여 살펴보는 것은 향후 디지털 저작물의 이용과 권리자 보호에 있어서 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다고 생각되므로, 본고에서는 최근에 내려진 두 건의 중요한 대법원 판결을 소개하고 그 판시내용을 기초로, 일시적 복제의 의의와 동 판결들에서 쟁점이 되었던 법 제35조의2에 따른 저작물 이용과정에서의 일시적 복제의 허용범위에 대하여 자세히 논한다.

일시적 복제에 관한 소고

나강(La Kang) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2014 法學論文集 Vol.38 No.2

Under the internet and mobile network circumstances, temporary reproduction be made inevitably by using digital works. In the past, under the former copyright act, the issue whether the temporary reproduction can be included the scope of reproduction was a highly controversial issue. After the Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Korea and the United States of America, the amended copyright act clarified that temporary reproduction shall be included the scope of the reproduction by amending the definition provision. The main issue of discussion has changed from the recognition issue of temporary reproduction to the issue that how can it be protected to what extent and what can be exceptions and limitations. But there are still remaining ambiguous concepts and terms on the amended copyright act. Legislations and rulings can be used to establish the specific standards regarding temporary reproduction have yet to be set. Recently, Seoul Central District Court and the Court of Justice of the EU made rulings regarding temporary reproduction. Seoul Central District Court's ruling is the first ruling of temporary reproduction under the amended copyright act after the Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Korea and the United States of America. Court's ruling addresses classic issue regarding temporary reproduction to RAM and other issues highly controversial. The Court of Justice of the EU made ruling that temporary reproduction made from ordinary web browsing does not infringe copyright. Article 5 (1) of Directive 2001/29/EC must be interpreted as meaning that the copies on the user's computer screen and the copies in the internet cache of that computer's hard disk, made by an end-user in the course of viewing a website, satisfy the conditions as well as the conditions laid down in Article 5 (5) of that directive, and that they may therefore be made without the authorization of the copyright holders. When similar cases will occur, these rulings can be considered to establish the specific standards regarding temporary reproduction.

음악 스트리밍 서비스의 이용은 복제권 침해인가

곽재우(Jae-Woo Kwak) 세창출판사 2007 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.46

The purpose of this study is to examine whether: (1) the use of a music streaming service corresponds to "reproduction" under the Korean Copyright Law (2) such use corresponds to a temporary reproduction even if not a complete reproduction (3) as a result of (1) and (2), public users infringe the right of reproduction of music copyright holders through such use. The study was carried out asfollows; 1. It analyzed the meaning of streaming service by examining the concept, nature, structure, and support protocol of music streaming service. 2. It studied whether the storage in a hard disk or RAM that accompanies the use of music streaming service corresponds to a "reproduction" under the Korean Copyright Law in a technical point of view. 3. Because there is a debate about whether the use of a music streaming service can be regarded as a temporary reproduction, this study examined the concept of temporary reproduction, and whether it may be accepted. 4. This study thenexamined whether public users can use a music streaming service freely for private use without the approval of music copyright holders, even if the use of the music streaming service is regarded as a temporary reproduction. This study reached the following conclusions: 1. Temporary reproduction does occur in a hard disk or RAM by the use of a music streaming service. But the use of a music streaming service itself cannot be regarded as a reproduction because it does not fix any data at all. 2. Even if a concept of temporary reproduction is accepted, the use of a music streaming service merely corresponds to a "private use" under Article 27 of the Korean Copyright Law, which is an exemption from illegality. 3. Claims against the use of a music streaming service based on "temporary reproduction" could be limited by the 'abuse of rights doctrine' in the Korean Civil Code.

생식에 대한 책임

변해철,고재환,김향미,손영수 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2015 외법논집 Vol.39 No.3

Reproduction is the process of producing the human members of society through the intercourse, pregnancy, procreation, and bringing up. Among the various rights of the reproduction process, recently the reproductive right is insisted. So we reviewed and argued about the rights and responsibilities derived from the reproduction process by the three points of view. ; Firstly, it is the individual right and responsibility of the parties immediately interested to the human reproduction. Secondly, it is the family member's right and responsibility to the family reproduction in the family system. Lastly, in the social and national system, it is the society and nation's responsibility to the coming life in the process of reproduction of human resource. We reviewed maternity, fatherhood, reproductive right, and the responsibility according to the reproduction by the interdisciplinary approach. Maternity has the concept of woman who can be a mother having the reproductive function. It is an important factor for making the family. Socially, it is an important duty for producing the members of nation. The protection for maternity means the woman as a mother with reproduction and also means widely and comprehensively protecting for the psychological function as well as the physiological function including the pregnancy and procreation. Fatherhood and responsibility is also very important on the reproduction. So, preserving the completeness of maternity and fatherhood is a basic and essential premise forming the human beings. The protection of maternity and fatherhood is the right of the person who will be born, and it is also a duty of the social members. Reproductive right is the fundamental right of human beings which must be essentially protected for the dignity of life. The related ethical and legal system need to be prepared and maintained by the systemic process for the special protection of the reproductive right. So therefor, it will be accomplished to the common goodness for the protection of life. 남⋅녀의 결합은 인간사회의 최초 형태를 이루는 것이고, 출생을 통하여 한 사람은 친자관계, 친족관계, 혈족관계, 사회적 사적 관계 및 공적 관계 등을 형성해 나가게 된다. 생식(재생산, Reproduction)은 성관계, 임신, 출산, 양육의 과정에서 행해지는 새로운 인간 구성원을 생산하는 과정으로, 이러한 과정 안에서의 권리로서 생식에 대한 권리가 주장되고 있다. 도덕 질서와 규범의 가치에 대한 올바른 인식과 수용은 인간 사회를 유지해 주는 가장 중요한 핵심요소이다. 생식, 번식 및 재생산에 관한 우리 사회의 도덕 질서와 법적⋅윤리적 규범의 정립은 우리 사회와 그 구성원들의 육체적⋅심리적⋅영적 건강을 위하여 꼭 필요한 과제라고 생각된다. 그렇다 하더라도 생식, 번식 및 재생산에 관한 우리 사회의 도덕 질서와 법적⋅윤리적 규범의 정립을 위하여 모든 사람들에게 인간적으로 불가능한 보증을 강요할 수는 없을 것이다. 그러나, 미혼모와 미혼부 관련 문제는 단지 양 당사자만의 문제로 보아 넘길 수는 없는 우리 사회의 근원적 생명윤리적 문제의 하나인 것은 분명하다. 따라서 이 시점에서 미혼모, 미혼부, 그들의 자녀의 문제를 근본적으로는 생명의 존엄에 관한 문제로서 바라보아야 할 필요성이 제기된다. 왜냐하면, 이들의 문제는 생명권과 행복추구권, 생식권, 모성 등 인간의 존엄을 구성하는 기본권을 그 핵심 주제로 하고 있기 때문이다. 생명의 시작에서부터 태어날 권리가 보호되는 등 생명보호를 위한 통합적이고 일관된 법적⋅윤리적 규범의 지속적 실천이 요구된다.

한국과 일본의 사회적 재생산 비교 연구

김민주 사단법인 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2019 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.9 No.2

The concept of social reproduction has been acknowledged as a key concept and basis for deciding the development of a society and the development of a welfare state since its emergence centering on European scholars. In particular, the social reproduction is discussed as a framework for explaining the link between the state and society, production and reproduction, economy and non-economy, and through the reproductive labor that women are primarily engaged in. After the concept of social reproduction has been established, a variety of studies have emerged that reflect the educational and feminist perspectives on this, but there are limited research on the measurement factors and indicators or indices that measure social reproduction levels of the state. The purpose of this study is to firstly define the social reproduction concept in order to measure social reproduction level, and then to search objective data of measurement factors, indicators and indices that can measure the social reproduction. Furthermore, this study is mainly aimed at comparing and analyzing the social reproduction level of Korea and Japan, which have similar East Asian cultures. For accomplishing these purposes, this study is to analyze contents and social indicators based on various objective indicators of social reproduction level collected by international organizations such as OECD, and discuss them accordingly. 사회적 재생산 개념은 유럽학자들을 중심으로 등장한 이후 한 사회의 발전 나아가 복지국가의 발전을 결정짓는 주요한 개념이자 토대가 되는 요인으로 인정받고 있다. 특히 사회적 재생산은 국가와 사회, 생산과 재생산, 경제와 비경제 사이를 연결해주고, 그를 통해 여성들이 주로 담당해 온 재생산 노동을 통합하는데 유용한 설명의 틀로 논의되어지고 있다. 사회적 재생산 개념이 확립된 이후 이에 대한 교육적 측면과 여권주의적 관점을 반영한 다양한 연구들이 등장하였지만, 사회적 재생산 수준을 측정하는 측정요소들과 지표나 지수들에 대한 연구는 제한적이다. 이에 본 연구는 사회적 재생산을 측정하기 위해서 먼저 사회적 재생산 개념을 정의한 후, 사회적 재생산을 측정할 수 있는 측정요소들과 지표, 지수들의 객관적인 자료들을 탐색한다. 그리고 본 연구는 본격적으로 동아시아문화권인 한국과 일본의 사회적 재생산을 비교·분석하는 것을 주목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 OECD와 같은 국제적인 기구들이 수집한 사회적 재생산 수준의 다양한 객관적인 자료들을 중심으로 내용분석과 사회지표분석을 하고, 그에 따른 논의를 하고자 한다.

복제를 넘어선 변형가능성으로서의 재생산: 발터 벤야민의<재생산기술시대의 예술작품>을 중심으로

박영욱 건국대학교 인문학연구원 2023 통일인문학 Vol.96 No.-

It is the most well-known theme in the essay "The Art of Work in the Age of Technical Reproduction" that the original is devaluated and its Aura is fallen with the advent of the technology of reproduction and the flood of replicas. And this situation is considered to reach the conclusion that the art of work ceases to be an idealogical object with the ritual value and become an object enjoyed by everyone. But this kind of narrative reveals the limitation in exposing the radical quality of the work of art and its political implications in the age of the technical reproduction. The nature of the new technology such as photography and film analyzed by Benjamin in the essay "The Art of Work in the Age of Technical Reproduction" is summarized as 'reproduction' or 'reproducibiliy' including the meaning of 'mutability'. It is just an occasional case that Benjamin's 'reproduction' means 'replication' which (re)produces the copies of the original. The key concepts such as the falling of Aura, the transition from the ritual value to the value of display and distraction in the perception can be understood well only if the technological reproduction is considered not as the replication but as the reproduction with mutability. It is more evident when we read the essay "The Art of Work in the Age of Technical Reproduction" in the political context. When we regard the reproduction not as the mere duplication but the reproduction with the mutability, we come to understand the exact meaning of the 'aestheticizing of the politics' commited by fascism and the exact meaning of the 'politics of the art' as the revolutionary tactics against the fascism.

Identification of genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens

Xue Qian,Li Guohui,Cao Yuxia,Yin Jianmei,Zhu Yunfen,Zhang Huiyong,Zhou Chenghao,Shen Haiyu,Dou Xinhong,Su Yijun,Wang Kehua,Zou Jianmin,Han Wei 아세아·태평양축산학회 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.6

Objective: Inbreeding depression of reproduction is a major concern in the conservation of native chicken genetic resources. Here, based on the successful development of strongly inbred (Sinb) and weakly inbred (Winb) Langshan chickens, we aimed to evaluate inbreeding effects on reproductive traits and identify candidate genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens. Methods: A two-sample t-test was performed to estimate the differences in phenotypic values of reproductive traits between Sinb and Winb chicken groups. Three healthy chickens with reproductive trait values around the group mean values were selected from each of the groups. Differences in ovarian and hypothalamus transcriptomes between the two groups of chickens were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results: The Sinb chicken group showed an obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, especially for traits of age at the first egg and egg number at 300 days (p<0.01). Furthermore, 68 and 618 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the hypothalamus and ovary between the two chicken groups, respectively. In the hypothalamus, DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways related to vitamin metabolism, signal transduction and development of the reproductive system, such as the riboflavin metabolism, Wnt signaling pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways, including stimulated by retinoic acid 6, serpin family F member 1, secreted frizzled related protein 2, Wnt family member 6, and frizzled class receptor 4 genes. In the ovary, DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways associated with basic metabolism, including amino acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycosaminoglycan degradation. A series of key DEGs involved in folate biosynthesis (gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1), oocyte meiosis and ovarian function (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1, structural maintenance of chromosomes 1B, and speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member A), spermatogenesis and male fertility (prostaglandin D2 synthase 21 kDa), Mov10 RISC complex RNA helicase like 1, and deuterosome assembly protein 1) were identified, and these may play important roles in inbreeding depression in reproduction. Conclusion: The results improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression in chicken reproduction and provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of species resources. Objective: Inbreeding depression of reproduction is a major concern in the conservation of native chicken genetic resources. Here, based on the successful development of strongly inbred (Sinb) and weakly inbred (Winb) Langshan chickens, we aimed to evaluate inbreeding effects on reproductive traits and identify candidate genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens.Methods: A two-sample t-test was performed to estimate the differences in phenotypic values of reproductive traits between Sinb and Winb chicken groups. Three healthy chickens with reproductive trait values around the group mean values were selected from each of the groups. Differences in ovarian and hypothalamus transcriptomes between the two groups of chickens were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq).Results: The Sinb chicken group showed an obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, especially for traits of age at the first egg and egg number at 300 days (p<0.01). Furthermore, 68 and 618 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the hypothalamus and ovary between the two chicken groups, respectively. In the hypothalamus, DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways related to vitamin metabolism, signal transduction and development of the reproductive system, such as the riboflavin metabolism, Wnt signaling pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways, including stimulated by retinoic acid 6, serpin family F member 1, secreted frizzled related protein 2, Wnt family member 6, and frizzled class receptor 4 genes. In the ovary, DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways associated with basic metabolism, including amino acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycosaminoglycan degradation. A series of key DEGs involved in folate biosynthesis (gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1), oocyte meiosis and ovarian function (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1, structural maintenance of chromosomes 1B, and speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member A), spermatogenesis and male fertility (prostaglandin D2 synthase 21 kDa), Mov10 RISC complex RNA helicase like 1, and deuterosome assembly protein 1) were identified, and these may play important roles in inbreeding depression in reproduction.Conclusion: The results improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression in chicken reproduction and provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of species resources.

현행 저작권법에 규정한 ‘복제’에 관한 법리적 쟁점 재론 : 대법원 2019. 5. 10. 선고 2016도15974판결을 통해 드러난 ‘복제’ 개념과 관련 내용의 입법론적 방안 검토

배대헌(Daeheon Bae) 한국저작권위원회 2021 계간 저작권 Vol.34 No.4

현행 저작권법은 그 정의규정을 여러 차례 개정함으로써 복제권에 대한 중요성뿐만 아니라, 저작물 이용환경의 변화를 반영하였다. 이와 함께 그간의 저작권법 연구는 선행 연구에서 복제의 정의규정이 어떻게 변화･발전하였는지 또는 그로 인하여 빚어진 새로운 법률문제가 어떠하였고, 어떻게 해결되었는지에 대하여 관심을 기울여 왔다. 하지만, 현행 복제 정의규정에서 드러난 문제점을 파악하고 이를 해결하려는 논의를 적극적으로 전개하지 못하였다. 이 글에서 검토하는 대법원 2019. 5. 10. 선고 2016도15974 판결은 조형물의 도안을 가지고 조형물을 만든 것이 복제에 해당하는지 여부를 살펴본 사안으로 실제 복제권 침해를 판단하는 데 큰 논란이 없었다. 하지만, 겉으로 드러나지 않은 사항인 복제 정의 규정의 불명확성 또는 해석론의 체계성 혼란 등으로 인하여 빚어진 문제가 숨어 있었다. 이러한 점과 관련하여 이 글은 이 사건판결을 통하여 현행 저작권법의 ‘복제’ 정의규정을 검토하면서 무엇이 법리상 문제로 드러났는지를 분석하고, 이 복제 규정 및 잘못된 전문용어가 저작권법 전체에 어떤 영향을 끼쳤는지 살펴본 후 그 문제에 대한 해결방안을 모색하는 데 연구목적을 두었다. 이 글은 서론에 이어 사건의 사실관계와 관련 쟁점을 살펴본 후, 현행 저작권법상 ‘복제’의 정의규정을 법리적 관점에서 분석･검토하였다. 주된 논의로 원저작물을 유형물에 수록하거나 고정하는 점에 주안점을 두고 유형물･고정 개념을 살펴보았다. 또한, 고정이 갖는 내재적 속성인 영속성과 연결된다는 점에서 일시적･영구적으로 구분 짓는 현행 규정의 문제점을 검토하였다. 이러한 논의내용을 바탕으로 ‘복제’ 정의에 관한 입법론적 방안을 제시하고, 마지막으로 위에서 서술한 내용을 정리하면서 필자의 견해를 밝혔다. This Article contains that it is an elucidation to reconfirm the legal definition and concept of the terminology ‘reproduction’ through Supreme Court Decision 2016Do15974 Decided on May 10, 2019, and also it is to take a close look legal issues which can arise with the legal definition of the reproduction in current Copyright Act of Republic of Korea (ROK). The former shows it is not problematic to apply the reproduction under Article 2 to other copyright case, except the conceptual confusion, while the latter is necessary to demonstrate what the reproduction defines, and what the intrinsic factors are in the definition of reproduction. The legal terminology of reproduction refers to the fixation in any material form(or a tangible medium) in Copyright Act of United States, Germany, France and Japan. However, the same terminology means the temporary or permanent fixation of works in a tangible medium or a remaking of works in ROK. The difference between ROK and other jurisdictions comes from what the fixation of copyrighted works comprehends. The fixation links to the duration that continues to store or contain the works, and a tangible medium is physical objects which can perceive the works. In order to prevent the confusion of the legal terminology here, the legal definition of reproduction must be revised into the simple fixation without unnecessarily descriptive additions which has already taken intrinsic factors such as ‘a remaking of works’, ‘temporary’, ‘permanent’ of the current definition under Article 2 up. Then they will get throw away undesirable classification of three types of the reproduction.

영국 인간 수정 및 배아발생에 관한 법률(HFEA) 개정의 내용 및 시사점 : 보조생식에 따른 부모의 법적 확정에 관한 'part 2'를 중심으로

김은애 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2009 생명윤리정책연구 Vol.3 No.2

The regulation on the assisted reproduction using the gamete and embryos is one of the most important issues in the field of the bioethics law and policy. As the assisted reproduction involving the third party as the gamete donor has been increased in Korea, 「Bioethics and Safety Act(hereafter, Bioethics Act」 has been enacted in 2005 and amended in 2008. Although the amended 「Bioethics Act」have provisions relevant to the assisted reproduction, most provisions deal with its medical procedures and the health of the egg donor. The legal parenthood is not properly addressed. In the UK, 「Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act(hereafter, HFE Act)」 has been enacted in 1990, and amended in 2008. The amended 「HFE Act」 consists of three parts. In particular, ‘part 2’ deals with the legal condition to authorize the parenthood in cases involving the assisted reproduction. Under this act, if the infertile couple(husband and wife, civil partners of each other, two persons who are living as partners in an enduring family relationship) meet the legal condition including the legal treaty as the parent in the written consent, their legal parenthood to the child who is born as the result of the assisted reproduction technology using donor’s gamete is secured. UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority(hereafter, HFE Authority) provides official consent forms and the guidance in order to assure their parenthood. These consent forms and the guidance serve as the basic standard as well as the method and specific procedure to decide the legal parenthood. In ‘part 2,’ there are also the provisions that regulate posthumous reproduction and surrogacy. According to these provisions, posthumous reproduction and surrogacy, even if limited, are allowed as long as the legal condition is complied with. If the person who wants to use either of these two methods fulfills the legal condition including the legal treaty as the parent in the written consent, his or her legal parenthood to the child who is born as the result of these ways is also secured. The spectrum of the parenthood has been extended by the invention of the assisted reproduction technology using the donor’s sperm and egg. Nowadays we can store the gamete and embryos that are frozen for the later use. Accordingly the cases that need for the provision to authorize the parenthood have been augmented. Therefore, we have to exert all possible efforts to prepare the legal standard and the appropriate procedure to define the legal parenthood involving assisted reproduction technology. In this respect, the amended 「HFE Act」and the relevant forms prepared by HFE Authority will be good references to seek for the legal standard and the appropriate procedure in Korea.