Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Planting Density on Early Growth in Wheat

Chang Khil Song,Richard A Richards 韓國作物學會 1999 Korean journal of crop science Vol.44 No.1

This experiment was conducted with nine wheat geno-types to choose the wheat which has excellent early vigour. 'Vigour 18' and 'ZL 59A' are excellent in the long coleoptile genotype, while 'Amery' and 'Janz' are excellent in the short coleoptile genotype. Responding to the growth stage and nitrogen level, Vigour 18 is predominant in the long coleoptile genogype, while Janz in the short coleoptile genotype. Responding to sowing density and nitrogen level, the higher the sowing density was, the shorter the leaf area of Vigour 18 and Janz. Also the leaf area turned out to larger in the plot fertilized with high nitrogen than in the plot fertilized with low nitrogen. This is true of leaf weight and root weight. Concerning specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR), the higher the sowing density was, the SLA tended to grow larger, while the SLA grew larger in the plot fertilized with low nitrogen, as were found in Vigour 18 and Janz. The roots of long coleoptile genotype, Vigour 18, turned out to grow longest on the plot sown with 3 seeds. While the roots of short coleoptile genotype, Janz, grew longest on the plot sown with 2 seeds. The relative growth rate (RGR) was the same at low N rates and high N rates. The RGR was 0.071 and 0.072 g g-1d-1 at low N rates and high N rates. The partitioning of RGR into net assimilation rate (NAR) and LAR showed that the average LAR at low N rates was similar to the LAR at high N rates. Variation within each cultivar in the LAR and NAR was small relative to the difference between them at low N rates and high N rates. Above ground mass was 8.2 mg greater at high N rates than low N rates, whereas leaf area was 0.05 ~textrmm2 kg-l greater at high N rates than low N rates. The NAR was similar at low N rates and high N rates, whereas LAR was greater at high N rates (0.05 ~textrmm2 kg-l ); variation in SLA was responsible for the variation in NAR and LAR both at low N rates and high N rates. NAR was more closely associated with the reciprocal of SLA.

산마늘과 울릉산마늘 유묘의 생장특성 비교

이경철,김하선,한상균,이경민,Lee,K.C.,Kim,H.S.,Han,S.K.,Lee,K.M. 국립한국농수산대학교 교육개발센터 2017 현장농업연구지 = Journal of practical agricultural resear Vol.19 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate of growth performances and net assimilation rate(NAR) of Allium microdictyon Prokh. distributed inland and Allium ochotense Prokh. originated Ulleung-do. The Allium microdictyon on the growth of 1-2 years showed the largest relative growth rate, and showed high relative growth from three to four years. Allium ochotense on the growth from one year to three years showed high relative growth rate. The T/R rate of Allium ochotense of 2~5years was in the range of 0.4~0.5. However, The T/R rate of Allium microdictyon was increased as increasing with age. This implies that Allium microdictyon was consumed more energy on growing subterranean part. The LWR of 1~3years old Allium ochotense. was showed more smaller than 4~5years old. It seems that the growth characteristics of Allium ochotense 1-3 years after sowing the leaf growth consume more energy than Allium microdictyon. Net assimilation rate(NAR) of Allium ochotense for 1-3 years after sowing was higher than that of Allium microdictyon. In this time, the material of Allium ochotense has a higher production efficiency can be seen indirectly.

Effects of Repeated N-(2-Chloro-4-Pyridyl)-N'-Phenylurea Application on Growth and Development of Asparagus officinalis L.

Yang Gyu Ku,David Woolley,Michael Nichols 한국원예학회 2007 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.48 No.1

Effects of repeated application of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) to foliage of asparagus seedlings on cladophyll morphology using growth analysis were investigated. Seven-week-old asparagus seedlings cvs. ‘Jersey Giant’ and ‘UC 157’ were sprayed to run off with CPPU at 10 mgㆍL?¹. Untreated seedlings were sprayed with tap water. The application of CPPU or tap water were repeated after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Repeated CPPU foliar sprays significantly increased cladophyll area and cladophyll dry weight, but decreased root dry matter and the number of buds. Despite the higher cladophyll area, CPPU did not increase photosynthetic efficiency as measured by relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. ‘UC 157’ produced more bud numbers than ‘Jersey Giant’, but root dry weight did not differ between the two cultivars. ‘UC 157’ and ‘Jersey Giant’ had similar relative growth rates and net assimilation rates.

모델식에 의한 겨울철 토마토 수경재배 온실의 환기율, 작물의 이산화탄소(CO2) 흡수율, 환기에 의한 CO2 손실량 및 공급량 계

최수현,우영화,장동철,정영애,김대현,서호석,CHOIEUN YOUNG 한국원예학회 2023 원예과학기술지 Vol.41 No.4

This study aimed to calculate ventilated carbon dioxide (CO2) and CO2 absorption by plants in a carbon dioxide (CO2) supplemental greenhouse for tomato cultivation during the winter season using a model equation in order to predict the current CO2 concentration and next CO2 supply. A targeted CO2 concentration (600 μmol·mol-1) was supplied from 10 a.m. to 13 p.m. from January 18, 2022 to March 12, 2022 using a CO2 type of fertilizer operated with LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The ventilation rate ranged from 9.66 to 26.49 m3 ·m-2·h-1 at greenhouse temperature of 16 to 34°C and relative humidity (RH) of 65 to 93%. The external temperature was in the range of 3 to 20°C and external RH was 42 to 95%. The calculated net assimilation rate was in the range of 5.6 to 11.1 g·m-2·h-1, and the amount of ventilated CO2 ranged from 1.35 to 3.88 g·m-2·h-1. When the CO2 concentration (Ci) was lower than the target CO2 concentration (Cg) at the starting time of CO2 fertilization, the calculated first CO2 supply was in the range of 17.79 to 28.18 g·m-2·h-1. When the CO2 concentration at a certain time (Ct) was lower than the targeted CO2 concentration (Cg) after t hours of supply, the next CO2 supply was between 3.0 and 32.6 g·m-2·h-1. The photosynthesis rate measured at the 83 DAT showed the maximum increase with the 600 µmol·mol-1 of CO2 supplement under the 400 µmol·m-2·s-1 of PPFD, whereas the 800 µmol·mol-1 of CO2 supplement results into its maximum increase under all the PPFD levels higher than 600 µmol·m-2·s-1. Integrating all of the results suggests that during the winter season given the low light intensity, a CO2 supply exceeding 800μmol·mol-1 does not proportionally increase the net assimilation rate; thus, the CO2 supply efficiency appears to be affected more by the ventilated CO2 loss than by the net assimilation rate. These model equations can be used to control the CO2 fertilization in order to improve the yields of fruit vegetables in greenhouses 본 연구는 모델식에 의한 겨울철 토마토 수경재배 온실의 환기율, 작물의 CO2 흡수율, 환기에 의한 CO2 손실량 및 공급량을계산하고 현재 CO2 농도와 다음 CO2 공급량을 예측하고자 수행하였다. 폴리올레핀 필름으로 피복된 스마트 온실(면적168m2 )에서 2021년 11월 21일부터 2022년 3월 26일까지 실시하였다. 탄산시비는 LPG 연소형 탄산시비기로 CO2 600µmol·mol-1을 2022년 1월 18일부터 2022년 3월12일까지 오전 10시부터 13시까지 공급하였다. 온실 온도가 16–34°C, 상대습도(RH)가 65–93%, 온실 외부 온도가 3–20°C, 외부 RH가 42–95% 수준에서 순동화율은 5.64–11.09g·m-2·h-1, CO2 환기 손실량은 1.35–3.88g·m-2·h-1범위를 보였다. 탄산시비 개시 시점에서 온실 CO2 농도(Ci)가 목표 CO2 농도(Cg)보다 낮을 때 이를 고려하여 계산된 첫CO2 공급량은 17.79–28.18 g·m-2·h-1 범위를 보였고 공급 t시간 후 온실 CO2 농도(Ct)를계산하고 t시간 후 온실 CO2농도(Ct)가 목표CO2농도(Cg)보다 낮을 때 계산된 다음 CO2 공급량은 3.0–32.6g·m-2·h-1범위를보였다. 정식 후 83DAT에 PPFD 400µmol·m-2·s-1에서는 CO2 600µmol·mol-1일 때 광합성율이 최대 증가폭을 보였으며, PPFD 600 이상의 모든 광량에서는 CO2 800에서 최대 증가폭을 보였다. 본 연구 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 광량이 낮은 겨울 재배기에 CO2 800µmol·mol-1 이상을 투여해도 순동화율이 증가하지 않으며 CO2 공급 효율은 순동화율보다 환기에 의한 CO2 손실에 더 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 탄산시비를 위한 모델식은 CO2 공급량 조절에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다

단일처리 후 LEDs 광도에 따른 절화국의 줄기 신장과 광합성반응

정성우 경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2010 농업생명과학연구 Vol.44 No.5

초장은 절화국의 외적 품질을 결정하는 매우 중요한 요소이다. 본 실험은 단일처리 후 광량의 차이에 따른 절화국화 광합성 효율과 줄기 신장에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 growth chamber내에서 수행 되었다. 정식 7일 후 단일처리 (day/night, 11/13h)를 개시하였으며 이때 광량은 LEDs array (blue+red) 를 이용하여 60, 100, 140, 그리고 180 μmol·m-2·s-1 로 각각 유지하였다. 본 실험의 결과, 광도의 증 가에 따른 순 광합성률은 꾸준히 증가하는 직선 회귀의 상관관계가 있었다. 광도의 차이가 꽃눈 분화의 시기에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 초장, 엽면적, 그리고 건물중 등의 생육은 광도의 증가에 따라 증가 하 였으나 140과 180 μmol·m-2·s-1에서는 처리 간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 LEDs array 를 이용한 140 μmol·m-2·s-1이상의 광도는 절화국의 줄기 신장에 효과가 없는 것으로 판단되었으며 광 도의 증가에 따른 순 광합성률의 증가가 생육의 증가와 일치하지는 않음을 알 수 있었다. The control of stem length is most important external quality aspect in cut chrysanthemum. The present work in conducted in growth chamber and aims at investigating the effect of light intensity on the photosynthesis capacity and stem elongation in cut chrysanthemum. To evaluate the effect, different level of assimilation lighting (LEDs) was given to canopy level 60, 100, 140, and 180 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 , individually, under short-day conditions, and the light treatments were initiated from 7 days after planting. There was a positive linear-regression relationship between the light intensity and the net assimilation rate. On the other hand, there was not significant difference in flower buds induction. The growth of stem length, leaf area, and dry weight was increased by increasing the light intensity, whereas the plants grown under 140 and 180 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 was not differences in those of growth. It indicates that the increased net assimilation rate is not continually coincided with the maximized growth in cut chrysanthemum. It might be considered that the optimal light intensity for stem elongation of cut chrysanthemum is 140 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 under short-day condition.

절화장미 수경재배시 배양액의 농도와 pH가 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향

이혜진(Hye Jin Lee),양은영(Eun-Young Yang),박금순(Keum-Soon Park),이용범(Yong-Beom Lee),배종향(Jong Hyang Bae),전경수(Kyung Soo Jeon) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2004 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.13 No.4

본 실험은 장미 식물생산공장식 수경재배시 배양액의 EC와 pH와 같은 지하부 환경요인이 장미의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 배양액의 EC를 1.0~3.5dSㆍm­¹로 처리하였을 때 장미의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향은 큰 차이가 없어 비료의 사용량을 고려하여 배양액의 농도를 높게 관리할 필요가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 광합성률, 증산률 및 생육 등은 EC 1.0~1.5dSㆍm­¹에서 높아 single-stemmedrose 수경재배에 있어 최적의 농도임을 알 수 있었다. 배양액의 pH는 pH 3.0과 7.0을 제외한 pH 4.0~6.0에서 광합성률과 증산률이 높게 나타나 장미는 배양액의 pH를 다른 작물에 비해 낮게 관리하는 것이 생육이나 무기이온 흡수에 있어 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of EC and pH of nutrient solution on the growth and quality of the single-stemmed rose grown in a rose factory installed with hydroponic system. The growth and quality of the single-stemmed rose were not significantly different from each other with the EC of the nutrient solutions 1.0~3.5 dSㆍm­¹, which resulted in concluding high concentration of the nutrient solution was not necessary. The optimum range of the EC for single-stemmed rose was 1.5~2.0 dSㆍm­¹ considering plant growth, photosynthetic and transpiration rates. The optimum range of the pH for good plant growth without any visible physiological disorder was 4.0~6.0. Therefore, to keep the pH of the nutrient solution for rose low compared to other plants was beneficial for plant growth and uptake of the mineral ions.

Effect of Gamma Rays on the Growth Performance of Bangladesh Clone Tea

Ali, M. Aslam,Samad, M. A.,Amin, M. K. 한국환경농학회 2005 한국환경농학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of gamma radiation on the early growth performance and physiological traits of BT2 done tea, the most promising cultivar released by Bangladesh Tea Research Institute. The fresh shoot cuttings were irradiated with seven different levels of gamma radiation such as 0, 10,20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Gy from Cobalt 6OCo source (Dept. of PlantBreeding, Bangladesh Institute of Nudear Agriculture). Thereafter, the irradiated shoot cuttings were planted in polythene bags and kept under natural conditions. It was observed that callusing was initiated from 8th weeks after placement of tea shoot cuttings in the polythene bags and completed by 12th weeks. The morphological growth of tea shoot cuttings were recorded under varying levels of gamma radiation and growth stages. It was observed that the number of leaves, number of primary branches, base diameter, root length and total leaf area per plant significantly increasedwith the progress of time and increasing levels of gamma radiation, however, the plant height showed decreasing trend with the increasing levels of gamma radiation, which could be due to the change in chromosomal structure and genetic makeup. After 56 weeks of planting, the plant height, the number of leaves and primary branches per plant, base diameter, root length and total leaf area per plant recorded were 65.70 cm, 30.67, 7.33, 1.48 cm, 23.50 cm, and 1250.67 cm2 per plant respectively under the radiation level 60 Gy, whereas the corresponding figures of the above parameters at the control treatment were 76.21 cm, 18.33, 3.67, 0.92 cm, 17.75 cm and 778.33 cm2 per plant, respectively. A significant relationship was observed among the physiological growth parameters with the increasing levels of gamma radiation. The total dry matter gain, leaf area index, absolute growth rate and relative growth rate were significantly influenced with the rising levels of gamma radiation (up to 60 Gy), whereas the net assimilation rate of individual tea plant non-significantly responded as compared to those of control treatment. Finally after 56 weeks of planting, the maximum total dry weight gain, leaf area index, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate recorded under 60 Gay radiation level were 40.25 g/plant/week, 4.25, 1.18 g/week, 0.0621g/g/week and 17.07 g/m2/week respectively.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’ at Different Developmental Stages

김윤진,이승연,김기선 한국원예학회 2013 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.54 No.1

Photosynthetic characteristics of two Cymbidium hybrids, ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’, were investigated at different developmental stages. The net CO2 assimilation rate (An) as a function of incident photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and relative humidity (RH) in a leaf chamber head was determined in a greenhouse with 1- and 2-year-old plant leaves. The maximum net CO2 assimilation rate (Anmax) in response to PPF of 1-year-old ‘Red Fire’ was 6.11 μmol·CO2·m-2·s-1 at 700 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPF, whereas it was 4.9 μmol·CO2·m-2·s-1at 500 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPF in ‘Yokihi’. Under low light intensity (below 250 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPF), An was more pronounced in ‘Yokihi’ than in ‘Red Fire’. In 2-year-old Cymbidium, however, the maximum An was less than 2 μmol·CO2·m-2·s-1in both cultivars at the same CO2 condition of 600 μmol·CO2·mol-1 air. The An increased in the leaves of 2-year-old plant under an elevated CO2 condition up to 1,500 μmol·CO2·mol-1 air with increasing PPF up to about 800 μmol·m-2·s-1. The An increased with increasing Ci and showed the highest value when Ci was over 1,000 and 2,000 μmol·mol-1 air in ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’, respectively. The carboxylation efficiency of ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’ were 0.044 and 0.036 μmol·CO2·m-2·s-1, respectively, while An of ‘Yokihi’ was higher than that of ‘Red Fire’ at above 1,000 μmol·mol-1air Ci. The An tended to increase with RH, increasing from 15 to 70% in both hybrids. The Anmax of ‘Yokihi’ was observed at over 70% of RH, whereas 45% of RH was sufficient enough to show Anmax in ‘Red Fire’. The results shows that the photosynthetic characteristics of Cymbidium ‘Red Fire’ and ‘Yokihi’ can be increased by controlling the PPF, CO2, and RH conditions and the optimal conditions for maximum photosynthetic efficiency vary by cultivar,developmental stage, and greenhouse conditions.

한국자생식물 벌개미취, 꽃창포, 원추리의 생육시기별 건물생산성 변화

남효훈(Hyo-Hoon Nam),이현숙(Hyun-Sook Lee),우진하(Jin-Ha Woo) 한국원예학회 2009 원예과학기술지 Vol.27 No.3

한국자생식물 3종의 작물화를 위하여 1차 생산성을 평가하고 생산성 향상을 위한 기초 자료를 얻고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 정식 후부터 개화기까지는 지상부의 건물중이, 개화 후는 지하부 건물중의 증가가 전체 건물중 변화에 많은 영향을 주었다. T/R률의 연차간 평균은 정식 1년차가 정식 2년차에 비해 높아 생육시기가 경과하면서 저장기관의 동화산물 축적량이 증가하였다. 벌개미취와 원추리의 상대생장률, 순동화율은 연차별로 1회, 꽃창포는 2회의 최대값을 보였고 상대생장률과 순동화율은 고도의 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 작물생장률의 정식 1, 2년차 평균은 각각 벌개미취 4.6, 23.4gㆍm?²ㆍd?¹, 꽃창포 6.9, 31.5gㆍm?²ㆍd?¹, 원추리 3.3, 14.7gㆍm?²ㆍd?¹이었으며 식물종의 잎 분화특성에 따라 순동화율 또는 엽면적지수와 정의 상관이 인정되었다. 생장특성 해석 형질과 기상요인과의 관계에서 평균기온이 식물체 전체의 상대생장률과, 토양수분과 엽면적지수간 유의한 정의 상관을 보였고 순동화율은 기상요인과 부의 상관을 보였다. This study was conducted to investigate the seasonal changes of dry matter productivity of three species of Korean native plants, Aster koraiensis, Iris ensata, and Hemerocallis fulva. Dry weight of aboveground organs from transplanting to flowering and that of underground organs after flowering respectively contributed to the greatest part of whole dry weight. Ratios of dry weights of the aboveground and underground organs in the first year were higher than that in the second year, indicating that assimilation product was distributed more to storage organs, rhizome or tuberous root in the second year. There was one peak point in relative growth rates (RGRs) and net assimilation rates (NARs) of A. koraiensis and H. fulva, while there were two peak points in I. ensata at the same year. Those points were concurrent with an early growth stage and an enlargement period of storage organs. The distribution of photosynthetic organ changed in the similar pattern of RGR or NAR. Changes of specific leaf area for yearly averages of crop growth rate (CGR) of A. koraiensis, I. ensata and H. fulva were 4.6, 6.9, and 3.3 gㆍm?²ㆍd?¹ in the first year, and 23.4, 31.5, and 14.7 gㆍm?²ㆍd?¹ in the second year, respectively. NAR or leaf area index was positively correlated with CGR. There was a positive correlation between soil moisture and LAI, while a negative correlation was observed between NAR and climatic factors.

관비재배에서 급액농도가 착색단고추의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향

배종향(Jong Hyang Bae),김귀호(Kui Ho Kim) (사)한국생물환경조절학회 2004 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.13 No.3

급액농도에 따른 착색단고추의 생육 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 유럽채소개발 연구소의 관비 재배용 배양액을 EC 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 dSㆍm­¹로 처리하여 착색단고추의 광합성속도, 증산속도, 토양의 pH, EC와 무기성분 함량, 잎의 엽록소 함량, 식물체의 무기성분 함량, 생육과 품질특성을 조사하였다. 광합성속도와 증산속도는 EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹에서 가장 높았으며, 토양내 pH는 급액농도에 따른 일정한 경향이 없이 5.63~6.03의 범위를 나타내었고, EC는 급액농도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 잎의 SPAD 값은 급액농도가 높아질수록 높았으며, 무기성분 함량은 Ca을 제외한 N, P, K, Mg는 EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹에서 가장 높았다. 생육은 EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹에서 가장 양호하였으며, 과장, 과폭, 경도와 과육두께는 급액농도에 따른 유의성이 인정되지 않았지만, 생체중과 건물중은 EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹에서, 수량은 EC 1.5 dSㆍm­¹와 EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹에서 가장 양호하였으며, 당도는 EC 3.0 dSㆍm­¹에서 9.0°Brix로서 가장 높았다. 띠라서 착색단고추 관비재배시 적정 급액농도는 EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹인 것으로 판단되었다. Objective of this research was to investigate the effect of irrigation concentration on the growth and fruit quality of sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) in fertigation. The sweet pepper was grown for 210 days with irrigation concentration of EC 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 dSㆍm­¹ in fertigation nutrient solution developed by European Vegetable R&D Center, Belgium. The net CO₂ assimilation and transpiration rate were the highest in the treatment of 2.0 dSㆍm­¹. The pH in the soil was range of 5.63 - 6.03, the EC increased as the irrigation concentration was getting higher. The SPAD value also increased as the irrigation concentration was getting higher, N, P, K, Mg except Ca were highest in the treatment of EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹. The growth was good in the treatment of EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹. The fruit length, width, firmness, and pericarp thickness had no statistical differences among treatments, the fruit fresh weight and dry weight were good in the treatment of EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹, the yield was good in the treatment of EC 1.5 dSㆍm­¹ and EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹. The sugar contents was the highest in the treatment of EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹ with 9.0°Brix. In conclusion, the optimal irrigation concentration for sweet pepper fertigation was EC 2.0 dSㆍm­¹.