자연보호 활동으로서 체육

송형석 한국체육철학회 2023 움직임의철학 : 한국체육철학회지 Vol.31 No.1

The purpose of this study is to prove that physical education can be interpreted as a nature conservation activity. Nature can be distinguished into external nature and internal nature. External nature refers to the natural environment surrounding humans, and internal nature refers to the physical and psychological domains inherent in humans and related to life activities. Human history is the process by which man has mastered his hostile external and internal natures. However, since modern times, humans have experienced that excessive domination of nature can become a boomerang to them, and they have come to recognize nature as an object to be protected. Existing discussions on nature conservation have mainly focused on the external nature (natural environment). This study interpreted physical education as an activity that restores the internal nature (especially the body and physical activity) suppressed in the process of becoming civilized. If physical education is a nature conservation activity, studies of physical education should take on the role of environmental studies. If existing environmental studies are studies of how to protect and preserve external nature, studies of physical education should be studies of how to protect and preserve internal nature. 이 연구의 목적은 체육이 자연보호 활동으로 해석될 수 있음을 입증하는 것이다. 자연은 외적 자연과 내적 자연으로 구별될 수 있다. 외적 자연은 인간을 둘러싸고 있는 자연환경을 뜻하고, 내적 자연은 인간에 내재하는, 생명 활동과 관련된 신체적 및 심리적 영역을 의미한다. 인간의 역사는 인간 적대적인 외적 및 내적 자연을 지배해나가는 과정이다. 그런데 근대 이후 인간은 자연의 과도한 지배가 자신에게 부메랑이 될 수 있음을 경험하고, 자연을 보호해야 할 대상으로 인식하게 된다. 자연보호에 관한 기존의 논의는 주로 외적 자연(자연환경)의 보호에 관한 내용에 집중해 왔다. 이 연구는 체육을 문명화과정에서 억압된 내적 자연(특히 신체와 신체활동)을 회복시켜나가는 활동으로 해석하였다. 만일 체육이 자연보호 활동이라면, 체육학은 환경학의 역할을 자청해야만 한다. 기존의 환경학이 외적 자연을 보호하고, 보전하는 방법을 연구하는 학문이라면, 체육학은 내적 자연을 보호하고, 보전하는 방법을 연구하는 학문이 되어야 한다.

자연 유대감 측정 도구 Inclusion of Nature in Self(INS), Connectedness to Nature Scale(CNS), Nature Relatedness(NR)에 대한 비교 분석

김흥태,김현경,김혜진,서수진,황혜영 한국생물교육학회 2022 생물교육 Vol.50 No.4

The purpose of the study was to assess the nature connectedness of pre-service secondary school teachers using three scales including INS, CNS, and NR-6, and to investigate the relationships between their nature connectedness and pro-environmental variables including self- transcendence, ecological belief, ecological sensitivity, pro-nature behavior, and nature-related experiences. The results showed that INS was a little different from the other two scales and a close association between CNS and NR-6 were identified, but low variations between items and gender allowed NR-6 to be considered as a relatively more reliable scale for nature connectedness than INS and CNS. Moreover, the relationships between their nature connectedness and pro-environmental variables differed by gender, indicating that the moderating effects of gender could affect the relationships.

유아교사의 유아 본성에 대한 이미지 분석

조준오,노시연,황초희,황수진,장인수 한국영유아교원교육학회 2023 유아교육학논집 Vol.27 No.4

This study explored image types of various natures and examined their meaning through image analysis of infant nature by early childhood teachers. To this end, the research subjects were sampled randomly and 250 early childhood teachers were selected. The researcher collected materials after making a questionnaire available for writing up the early childhood teachers’ image on the nature of young children and the explanation of an image. In analyzing the major research results, the images concerning the nature of young children by early childhood teachers appeared to be in the order of the evolutionary nature, the creative nature, the exploratory nature, the instinctive nature, the unknown nature, and the ambivalent nature. The evolutionary nature made abundant use of image of seeds and sprouts; drawing paper and blank for creative nature; an infant and question for the exploratory nature; love and the stars for the instinctive nature; rainbows and water for the unknown nature; and angels and demons and double-sided colored paper for the ambivalent nature. Through the results of this study, after examining the meaning of infant nature by each type of image’s characteristics based on early childhood education, implications were derived for specific practical measures.

자연의 유물론과 생태 민주주의-칼 맑스(K.Marx) 『경제학-철학 초고』와 코로나 이후 새로운 삶의 양식을 중심으로-

이회진,김현 범한철학회 2020 汎韓哲學 Vol.98 No.3

The purpose of this article is to establish ecological democracy as a new mode of life in the post-corona age, based on the theses that “naturalism is humanism” and “realized humanism is naturalism” as appeared in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 by Karl Marx. Not only is man still entrapped by the instrumental view of nature from the late modern period, but he is also buried in the myth that all relationships come down to the equalization of capitalist exchange value. Faced with the corona pandemic, man creates a hierarchy based on the use-value of all living creatures that are unable to create capitalist relations of production, or in other words, exchange value. And it is according to this relative capacity to generate exchange value that he decides which life should be saved first. Man now find himself at a crossroads, as to whether to return to the old capitalism prior to the pandemic or to establish a new mode of life. Contemplating on a possible new mode of life for the post-corona period amidst the continuing pandemic is essentially equivalent to seeking new possibilities for a life after capitalism within the bounds of capitalism. But reflecting on a post-Corona age in the midst of the Corona age requires more than the historical anticipation of the advent of communism after the demise of capitalism. One should rather completely re-examine the relationship between nature and man and also that between men, which had been neglected in favor of a myth from the enlightenment era regarding the linear progression of history. To this end it will be attempted to reinterpret Marx’s “realized naturalism of man, humanism realized by nature”, that is, a complete unity of man with nature and a true resurrection of nature, employing the ideology of ecological democracy. This concept dictates that nature as man’s inorganic body and man as organic nature do not anymore serve the function of supporting the instrumental view of nature. Both are instead ideologies that regulate post-capitalist modes of life. Ecological democracy, which aims to restore the relationship between man and nature, is a constructive method of rejecting the view of nature from the late modern period, which reduces the earth - including nature in terms of its use-value, individuals, and states - to its mere exchange value. In this sense, ecological democracy is an alternative to restore the inter-relationship among all living beings on earth, recognizing the intrinsically distinct use-value in all of them. 이 글의 목적은 칼 맑스 『경제학-철학 초고』에 나타난 완성된 자연주의=인간주의, 완성된 인간주의=자연주의라는 테제를 중심으로 생태 민주주의를 탈코로나 이후의 새로운 삶의양식으로 정립하는 것이다. 코로나 시대의 인류는 여전히 근대적인 도구적 자연관에 사로잡혀 있을 뿐만 아니라, 모든 관계를 오로지 자본주의적 교환가치의 평등화라는 신화에 매몰돼 있다. 특히 코로나바이러스 앞에서 인류는 자본주의적 생산 관계, 즉 상품의 교환가치를생산하지 못하는 모든 생명체의 사용가치를 위계 질서화한 후, 교환가치의 생산 가능성의 정도에 따라 생명의 구원 순서를 정한다. 이 과정에서 인류는 코로나 이전의 자본주의로 회귀할 것인지 아니면 새로운 삶의 양식을 정립해야 하는지의 갈림길에 서 있다. 코로나 시대에 탈코로나 이후의 삶의 양식을 사유하는 것은 자본주의에서 자본주의 이후의 가능성을 모색하는 것과 같다. 그러나 코로나 시대에 탈코로나 시대를 사유하는 것은 자본주의 종말 이후에 공산주의가 도래할 것이라는 역사적 전망만으로는 충분하지 않다. 오히려 일직선적인 역사적 진보에 대한 계몽주의적 신화에 사로잡혀서 지금까지 소홀히 논의해왔던 자연과 인간, 인간과 인간의 관계를 전면적으로 재검토하는 것이 필요하다. 이를 위해 이 글은 칼 맑스의 “인간의 성취된 자연주의, 자연의 성취된 인간주의”, 즉 인간과 자연의 완전한 통일, 자연의 진정한 부활을 생태 민주주의 이념으로 재해석할 것을 제안한다. 이에 따르면 인간의 비유기적 몸으로서 자연과 유기적 자연으로서 인간은 더이상 인간의 도구적 자연관을 뒷받침하는 기능적 역할을 담당하지 않는다. 오히려 이 양자는 탈자본주의적 삶의 양식을 규제하는 이념이다. 특히 이 양자의 관계성 회복을 지향하는 생태민주주의는 사용가치로서 자연, 개별 인간, 국가를 포함한 지구의 가치를 교환가치로만 환원하는 근대적 자연관을 지양하는 구성적 방법이다. 따라서 생태 민주주의는 지구 내의 모든 생명체가 각각의 독특한 사용가치의 담지자라는 상호 관계성을 회복하는 대안이다.

한국 자연시에 나타난 은유 연구

김현자(Kim Hyun-ja) 한국시학회 2007 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.20

Nature in Korean poetry from traditional poems to Modern ones is the most important subject for poets to speculate on. In traditional poems, Nature is the place where to live in seclusion and to train oneself mentally and morally, and also is shown as realization of its 'naturalness' standing above life and death. In Modern period, it represents the image of home, and as a cure for the violence of industrialization and urbanization, it reveals itself as various theses that are romantic, erotic, and even of anti-civilization. Notably, the poets from Chungnokpa (Chungnok school) to recent ecological poetry explore the questions about human existence, such as the limitation of human being, the feeling of emptiness, life and death, which are all compared with the eternity of Nature or Universe in poems. To these poets, Nature is a multi-faceted being, on one hand, to conform to the circulation of time, and on the other, to regenerate itself constantly. This kind of circular view of Nature is deeply related to the traditional, eastern way of thinking, and even to the poetic tradition that regards Nature as a sort of framework to investigate inner states of mind upon, as well as an ideal, spiritual space. Attaining the stage of poetic prominence, based on the traditional eastern viewpoint of Nature, Park, Mok-wol and Park, Yong-rae are poets from whose poems we can define some features of the Korean way of poetic awareness of Nature. To Park, Mok-wol, Nature is an object of speculation and the source of understanding. He contemplates Nature from a distance, which leads him to turn his thought inward and to long for "over-there" as a lonely observer. "Over-there" orientation is an attitude to show respect for Nature, although the poet does not converge with Nature nor intend to be identified with it, differently from the traditional Nature poets. Confronting "over-there" Nature in solitude, poetic-self dwells on the law of Nature, accepting it as an essence of life and transforming himself into a part of Nature. It is the role of metaphor that at this moment is played to connect the discontinuity of the natural world and the human world, to mediate heterogeneous semantic categories, mapping them newly constructed semantic domains. In other words, Mokwol's "following the law of Nature" lies in metamorphosing oneself freely, and it is the metaphor of transforming which enables poetic-self to step into a novel semantic world. Among other things, 'water' is the main image to transform itself and to make a journey following the law of Nature. Meanwhile, Park, Yong-rae composes poems about positive and joyful sentiments living in Nature, and intends to absorb himself into Nature, achieving the total identification with it. He uses some idiosyncratic words to picture a humble and simple life where people and Nature are in harmony. The comfort and composure which are brought by the harmony shows his positive way of life. It is also his positive attitude toward human life and Nature that brings the individuals to experience the process of decay or dissolution, to overcome their loneliness, and finally to advance into the unification with Nature. In his poems, there appear a lot of lonely and desolate places, which are later transformed into the beautiful and fantastic ones by his typical ritual of dissolution and by its basis, the metaphor of dreaming. And light and flowers are the central imagery motivating the metaphor. In sum, the attitudes of the two poets toward Nature are contrasting: 'confrontation in solitude' of Mo-kwol and 'positive dissolution' of Yong-rae. However, both of them are incessantly interested in Nature, ultimately aiming at making a compromise between the human solitary existence and the ideal nature. In this respect, their efforts can be regarded to be profoundly linked with the traditional view of Nature which seeks to the unification of human and Nature. Pursuing the expansions in quantity b

니체의 ‘자연’ 사유에 대한 소고

김주휘 한국니체학회 2011 니체연구 Vol.19 No.-

Recently there have been various attempts to infer the implications of Nietzschean thoughts on the environmental philosophy. In this regard, we would address such questions as what ‘nature’ is and what the relationship between nature and human civilization is in Nietzsche’s thought, and ask what we should turn to in order to infer the environmental implications of Nietzschean thought. Nietzsche suggests his own thesis of “ascend to nature” in contrast to Rousseau’s famous “return to nature.” From this we find that for Nietzsche nature and human civilization are not simple opposites. Rather, nature itself is considered as the source of the creative and productive forces which lead to human civilization. That is, nature itself involves the seeds of its own negation. In addition, Nietzsche attends to the violences which both of nature and its negation imply, while rejecting any idyllic notion of nature and humanity. Consideration of the violent nature and anti-nature leads Nietzsche to the suggestion of ‘beauty’as the highest goal of humanity, in which the simple opposition of nature and anti-nature is superceded for the higher combination of affirmation and negation. We propose that the ideal of beauty is what we should attend to for the environmental implications of Nietzschean thought. 근래에 니체의 사유로부터 환경 철학적 함의를 이끌어내려는 다양한 시도들이 행해지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 시도에 앞서 우선 니체에게서 ‘자연’은 어떻게 이해되고 있으며 인간과 문명, 그리고 자연의 관계는 어떠한지의 문제에 천착하고, 니체 사유의 환경 철학적 함의를 도출하기 위해 우리가 주목해야 하는 지점은 무엇인지를 제안해 본다. 우선 필자는 니체가 루소의 ‘자연으로 돌아가라’ 테제를 비판하면서 그것과 대비하여 ‘자연으로의 상승’ 테제를 주장한 데에 주목하고, 이로부터 니체에게서 자연과 문명은 단순한 대립이 아니라 연속성과 초월성의 이중적 관계를 갖고 있으며, 특히 니체가 자연을 창조적인 것으로, 문명 자체를 그로부터 산출할 수 있는 생산적인 자연으로 파악하고 있음을 강조한다. 또한 니체가 자연에 대해 목가적이고 이상적인 상을 갖는 대신, 오히려 자연의 폭력성과 파괴성에 주목하고 자연에 대한 어떠한 도덕화의 시도에도 반대한다는 점을 지적한다. 하지만 그러한 자연을 극복하고자 하는 시도들 역시 마찬가지로 폭력적일 수밖에 없다. 인간이 극복하고 넘어서야 하는 대상으로서의 자연이 하나의 야수라면, 그러한 자연을 부정하는 자로서의 인간 역시 또 하나의 야수인 상황에서, 필자는 니체가 아름다움에로의 상승을 요청하는 데에 주목하고, 이것이 니체에게서 환경 철학적 함의를 이끌어내기 위해 우리가 주목해야 하는 지점이라고 제안한다.

Nature in Captivity: Understanding Zoos as Hybridized Space of Nature and Culture

Heesun Chung 국토지리학회 2008 국토지리학회지 Vol.42 No.2

This paper explores the history of evolution of zoos and characteristics of their landscapes in order to demonstrate how the relationship between nature and culture have changed in the context of the modern thinking. Zoos are a tangible record of relationship between nature and human beings. This study takes the example of Seoul Grand Park to analyze its landscapes to fathom the meaning of zoos as cultural landscape. While human beings intended to recreate wild nature by establishing zoos, they represent man? interpretation of nature. Natural landscapes of zoos, in essence, are cultural, while in zoos which are constructed with artificial nature, the image of wild nature is sold and consumed. Contemporary zoological parks were established based on the idea of reason and the view of nature in the modern era, and the meanings of zoos have evolved with changing time characterized by progress in science and technology as well as environmental degradation. In the world of spectacles offered by theme parks, zoos present artificial mimicry of nature, a coveted object of human desire to observe and recreate nature. Understanding the relationship between nature and culture through zoos offers insights on the role and meaning of nature in the cultural aspect of human life. This research on zoos provides a chance to reflect on man-nature relationship or more accurately, ethical relationship between humanity and animals as this kind of self-reflection is vital to restoration of natural environment and ecosystems.

NATURE AS EXTENDED-SELF: SACRED NATURE RELATIONSHIP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR

Vimala Kunchamboo,Christina K. C. Lee,Jan Brace Govan 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

This article explores alternate ways to conceptualize self-nature relationship, that is, how nature in general, rather than specific nature places, become part of the extended self and how this influences responsible consumption. An ethnography, using participant observation, iterative in-depth interviews and photographs, was used to understand self-nature relationship and consumption behavior. The study was conducted in Malaysia using the English language as the medium of communication. The results suggest three levels of extended-self, reflecting the individual’s depth of relationship with nature; relational extended-self, encapsulated-self and assimilated-self. Nature as extended self, then, influences meanings attached to nature which results in different levels of attachment with nature; these are, functional, emotional, religious and spiritual attachment. When nature is perceived as separate from self, consumption behaviour is motivated by self-interest or self-preservation. As nature experiences are internalised, individuals begin to form emotional connections which initiates the process of self-extension whereby nature is progressively seen as part of the self. At the higher level, stronger affiliation with nature may result in religious or spiritual attachment, which motivates further assimilation of the self with nature and a sense of oneness with the broader universe promoting communal relationship and mutual gain. Our study contributes theoretically with the discovery of three dimensions of extended self and how extended self influences responsible consumption. Practically, these insights are valuable for public policy, social marketing and sustainability programs, for example, it highlights a possible solution to our unsustainable consumption behaviour which is, programs or activities which encourage our citizens to spend time with nature.

워즈워스와 프로스트 시를 통해 본 자연의 두 얼굴

양현철 한국현대영어영문학회 2019 현대영어영문학 Vol.63 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast William Wordsworth’s and Robert Frost’s view of nature in their poetry. Wordsworth saw that there was a soul in the nature, and that the soul of nature stimulated and purified his soul. Wordsworth thought human was a part of nature. He found the healing power that existed beyond the superficial appearance of nature. On the other hand, Frost recognized the mutual relations between man and nature that existed in a different dimension in human life. Nature was a kind of setting in human life for him. In his recognition of the view of nature. Frost attempted to establish the recovery of humanity through the bond of man and nature. His attitude toward nature had dualistic vision. In some of his poems nature reflected mystic beauty, peace or benevolence. However Frost described the dark side of nature in the most of his poems, bestial and savage intention, nature’s whispering its cruel invitations to disaster.

THE ROLE OF NATURE IN JOHN CLARE' S POETRY

Allen D, wIlliams 啓明專門大學 産業開發硏究所 2000 啓明硏究論叢 Vol.18 No.1

John Clare was thought for a short time during his life and career to be one of the great nature poets. Mistakenly though the reason for his popularity lie mostly in his upbringing and not in the value of his poetry, which though existing then as it does now, remained mostly unnoticed while overshadowed by the fashion of the time to view him as an oddity more than as a true poet. Now a resurgence is occurring and the poet's true worth and skill are being reassessed, In this paper I will discuss Clare and his objectives as seen through his nature poetry, termed by most as descriptive, but not limiting the scope to only those poems. Clare has a simple philosophy of nature and life and it is to be found after a manner in both the descriptive poems and those poems in which images of nature are used as objective correlative, I will show that to Clare nature is beautiful even in its smallest and most unassuming representatives. Also man is inextricably connected to nature and that same nature is eternal. The texts of the poems contained within this paper are mostly taken from the Selected Poems of John Clare edited by Geoffrey Grigson and the spellings and punctuation are those appearing in that volume. Clare as a poet remains true to nature. Never delving into the overly romantic exploitation of other poets. Clare's nature is pure and self-sufficient, surviving in spite of and not because of man. By remaining true to nature he remained true to himself as well. Clare struggled to live, yet never struggled to write, but like his beloved nature, his spirit far outlived his body's usefulness and capacity. Clare himself was a truly honest man and was not burdened by the mongrel laws on flattery s[sic] page.