시간과 영원의 관계에 대한 소고

신익상 한국화이트헤드학회 2012 화이트헤드 연구 Vol.0 No.24

Purpose of this paper is to make clear the relation of time and eternity. First, it will start with pointing out that, in 'the midst of dualistic thought of time versus eternity', time has been object of redemption by eternity in general. And find ontological proper place by 'Whitehead’s comprehension of time' and 'Prigogine’s comprehension of time'. With 'the order out of chaos' shown in Prigogine’s non-equilibrium thermodynamics it could be clarified that the irreversibility is the basis for all levels of orders. Irreversibility of time is derived from Whitehead’s process philosophy by studying of 'the first phase in the process of concrescence'. As a result, we will become to reach the thought that time is a conceptual abstraction including the concept of irreversibility. And the base of this irreversibility is not eternity and immortality. but it is the mobility of becoming-perishing and changing. Eternity and immortality are realized exclusively by becoming-perishing and actualize themselves in the form of changing and moving. 본 논문은 일관되게 하나의 목표를 향해 간다. 시간과 영원의 관계를 밝히는 것이다. 먼저, 시간과 영원이라는 이분법적 사유 속에서 시간은 대개 영원에 의해 구원받아야 할 대상이 되어왔다는 점을 지적하는 것에서 출발한다. 이어 화이트헤드의 시간 이해와 프리고진의 시간 이해를 경유해서 시간의 존재론적인 위치를 찾아본다. 프리고진으로부터는 비평형 열역학이 보여주는 ‘혼돈으로부터의 질서’를 통해 비가역성이 모든 수준의 질서에 대해 근원이 되고 있다는 점을 끌어낸다. 화이트헤드로부터는 합생의 첫 번째 위상을 검토함으로써 시간의 비가역성을 끌어낸다. 이들로부터 우리는 시간이 비가역성을 가지는 개념적 추상이라는 생각에 이르게 될 것이다. 그리고 이 비가역성의 토대는 영원이나 불멸이 아니라 생멸과 변화의 운동성이라는 점을 지적하게 될 것이다. 영원이나 불멸은 오직 생성과 소멸을 통해서 일별될 수 있는 것으로 변화와 운동의 형식으로 실현되는 것이다.

시간과 영원의 관계에 대한 소고

신익상 ( Ick Sang Shin ) 한국화이트헤드학회 2012 화이트헤드 연구 Vol.24 No.-

본 논문은 일관되게 하나의 목표를 향해 간다. 시간과 영원의 관계를 밝히는 것이다. 먼저, 시간과 영원이라는 이분법적 사유 속에서 시간은 대개 영원에 의해 구원받아야 할 대상이 되어왔다는 점을 지적하는 것에서 출발한다. 이어 화이트헤드의 시간 이해와 프리고진의 시간 이해를 경유해서 시간의 존재론적인 위치를 찾아본다. 프리고진으로부터는 비평형 열역학이 보여주는 ``혼돈으로부터의 질서``를 통해 비가역성이 모든 수준의 질서에 대해 근원이 되고 있다는 점을 끌어낸다. 화이트헤드로부터는 합생의 첫 번째 위상을 검토함으로써 시간의 비가역성을 끌어낸다. 이들로부터 우리는 시간이 비가역성을 가지는 개념적 추상이라는 생각에 이르게 될 것이다. 그리고 이 비가역성의 토대는 영원이나 불멸이 아니라 생멸과 변화의 운동성이라는 점을 지적하게 될 것이다. 영원이나 불멸은 오직 생성과 소멸을 통해서 일별될 수 있는 것으로 변화와 운동의 형식으로 실현되는 것이다. Purpose of this paper is to make clear the relation of time and eternity. First, it will start with pointing out that, in ``the midst of dualistic thought of time versus eternity``, time has been object of redemption by eternity in general. And find ontological proper place by ``Whitehead``s comprehension of time`` and ``Prigogine`s comprehension of time``. With ``the order out of chaos`` shown in Prigogine`s non-equilibrium thermodynamics it could be clarified that the irreversibility is the basis for all levels of orders. Irreversibility of time is derived from Whitehead`s process philosophy by studying of ``the first phase in the process of concrescence``. As a result, we will become to reach the thought that time is a conceptual abstraction including the concept of irreversibility. And the base of this irreversibility is not eternity and immortality. but it is the mobility of becoming-perishing and changing. Eternity and immortality are realized exclusively by becoming-perishing and actualize themselves in the form of changing and moving.

사이버네틱 아트의 비가역성 연구

유소영,김현주 한국영상학회 2021 한국영상학회 논문집 Vol.19 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 사이버네틱 아트 작품 제작에 있어서 비가역성을 연결시키는 새로운 관점을 제시하고자 함이다. 사이버네 틱스는 노버트 위너가 1948년사이버네틱스, 또는 동물과 기계의 제어와 커뮤니케이션에서 제시한 개념으로 현재까지 여러 학문에서 응용되고 있는 개념이다. 생물과 기계 사이의 커뮤니케이션과 제어에 대한 가능성을 제시하고 이를 기본으로 항상 성, 피드백 루프, 자기 조절성, 가상성 등의 발전된 논의들을 이어 왔다. 사이버네틱 아트는 이러한 사이버네틱스 개념이 적용 된 예술을 말한다. 본 연구에서는 보다 넓은 의미에서 사이버네틱 아트의 다양한 관점과 해석을 살펴봄으로써 작품 제작에 유용한 의미를 찾아보고자 한다. 또한 사이버네틱스 개념에서 읽어낼 수 있는 비가역성을 재조명하고 이런 지점이 사이버네 틱 아트에 적용될 가능성을 열고자 한다. 이론적 배경을 통해 사이버네틱스의 기저에 포함된 베르그송의 지속적 시간과 깁스, 섀넌의 이론들을 짚어보고 사이버네틱스에서 비가역성이 어떻게 도출되는지 설명한다. 이어 사이버네틱 아트가 현대 미술에 미친 영향과, 비가역성과 사이버네틱 아트의 접점에 있는 작품 사례를 살펴본다. 이어 예술가로서 사이버네틱 아트에서의 비 가역성에 대한 표현 연구의 결과로 제작된 작품 <Wiederkehren>, <Vibration>, <Sweet and sweet>의 사례를 소개한다. 이는 해당 작품을 구상하고 제작하는 연구를 통해 사이버네틱적 요소와 비가역성이 어떻게 작품으로 구현될지에 대해 고찰하는 과 정을 포함한다. 본 연구는 사이버네틱 아트와 비가역성에 대한 해석과 표현의 새로운 사례를 만들어냄으로써 미디어 아트 연 구에 긍정적인 기여를 하리라 본다. The purpose of this study is to propose a new point of view that conveys irreversibility in cybernetic art production. Cybernetics is a concept that Norbert Wiener presented in 1948 in his book ‘Cybernetics, or the control and communication of animals and machines’, and it has been applied in various disciplines thus far. It has suggested possibilities for communication and control between organisms and machines and accompanied advanced discussions on topics such as homeostasis, feedback loops, self-control, and virtualization. Cybernetic art refers to art with this cybernetics concept. This study explores the perspective and interpretation of cybernetic art in conjunction with the notion of irreversibility. As a theoretical background, inversibility in cybernetics is discussed based on the concepts and theories of duration by Bergson, statistical mechanics by Gibbs, and information theory by Shannon. The study then investigates the influence of cybernetics on contemporary art and introduces art works which convey irreversibility as a main concept. Finally, as a case study of cybernetic art with irreversibility, the works Wiederkehren, Vibration, and Sweet and Sweet are described. This includes the design and production processes of the works, including the thinking process in each case over how cybernetic elements and irreversibility can be realized as art works. This study is expected to contribute positively to the study of media art by proposing new cases of interpretations and representations of cybernetic art and irreversibility.

불확실성과 투자의 비가역성에 관한 연구

김천구,박정수 한국응용경제학회 2020 응용경제 Vol.22 No.4

본 연구는 우리나라 기업들이 직면한 불확실성에 대해서 보유한 기업자산의 비가역성에 따라 투자가 어떻게 달라지는지 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 실증 분석 결과 첫째, 기업의 투자는 기업이 직면한 불확실성을 포괄하는 금융불확실 성에 대해서 부정적으로 영향을 받으며 자산 비가역성이 그 효과를 증폭시키는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 불확실성의 부정적 효과는 대기업에서 더 크게 나타났 다. 셋째, 규모에 따른 부정적 효과의 차이는 규모에 따른 투자 비가역성의 차 이에 기인하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 불확실성 확대가 우려되는 상황에서 기업투자를 촉진하기 위해서는 불확실성의 전달경로를 고려할 필요가 있다는 함의를 가진다. 특히 대기업이 거시경제에서 차지하는 비중이 큰 우리나라는 투 자 비가역성이 높아 불확실성 변화에 민감하게 반응할 수 있어 금융불확실성에 기여하는 정책 추진에 신중해야 함을 시사한다. This study investigates how the effect of uncertainty on firm investments depends on the degree of asset irreversibility. We find that firm investment is negatively influenced by the uncertainty and the effect is amplified by the asset irreversibility. The negative uncertainty effect is stronger for the larger firms. The differential effect due to size may be explained by the difference in the degree of asset irreversibility according to firm size. This study implies that policies need to take into account of firm’s characteristics in responding to uncertainty issue. Reducing policy uncertainty may be needed to revitalized the investment behavior.

Numerical analysis of entropy generation in concentric curved annular ducts

Haydar Kucuk 대한기계학회 2010 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.24 No.9

The entropy generation has been numerically investigated in concentric curved annular square ducts under constant wall temperature boundary condition. The problem has been assumed to be steady, hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed and incompressible laminar flow with constant physical properties. The solutions of discretized equations for continuity, momentum and energy have been obtained by using an elliptic Fortran Program based on the SIMPLE algorithm. Solutions have been achieved for i) Dean numbers ranging from 3.6 to 207.1, ii) Annulus dimension ratios of 5.5, 3.8, 2.9 and 2.36, and iii) Prandtl number of 0.7. In this regard, local entropy generation as well as overall entropy generation in the whole flow field has been analyzed in detail. Moreover, the effects of Dean number and annulus dimension ratio on entropy generation arising from the friction and heat transfer have been investigated. Accordingly, it is concluded that the effect of volumetric entropy generation that is a result of fluid frictional irreversibility can be neglected as compared with volumetric entropy generation due to heat transfer irreversibility. As Dean number increases, the distribution of volumetric entropy generation coming out from the heat transfer irreversibility is formed by the temperature field, which is depending on the curvature.

Investigating the Asymmetric Prices and the Role of Technology and Environmental Constraints in the Oil Demand Function of the Iran Oil Importing Countries

Reza Darisavi Bahmanshir,Mahdi Khodaparast Mashhadi,Ali Akbar Naji Meidani,Narges Salehnia 대한산업공학회 2018 Industrial Engineeering & Management Systems Vol.17 No.3

The present study seeks to investigate the oil demand function reversibility of the Iran oil importing countries, taking into account the effect of technology and environmental constraints on the demand of the mentioned countries. In order to reach this goal, the present study evaluated two symmetrical and asymmetric adjustments for oil demand of Iran oil importing countries using data of 1970-2014 period for Iran oil importing countries including France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Poland, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Belgium, Russia, South Africa, China and India. As there was a co-integrated relationship among the variables of mentioned crosssections, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) method of Panel data approach was applied. According to the results of this research, the oil price increase has a negative and significant effect and GDP has a positive and significant effect on the Iran oil importing countries in symmetric and asymmetric models. Through the application of FMOLS cointegrated panel data approach, oil demand of Iran oil importing countries is irreversible. Moreover, R&D as the technology indicator and lag of CO2 as environmental constraints have a significant effect. In one hand, ignoring environmental considerations and pollution increasing in the mentioned countries will decrease the oil demand of Iran and on the other hand, technology indicator and applying modern ones will decrease the oil demand of Iran, too. According to the irreversibility for oil demand of Iran oil importing countries and Iran dependency on oil revenues, it should be attentive in selecting oil importing countries for sustainable source of revenue. The importance of environmental considerations and technological improvements of oil importing countries will be impressive for energy policy makers.

The Simplest Flowchart Stating the Mechanisms for Organic Xenobiotics-induced Toxicity: Can it Possibly be Accepted as a “Central Dogma” for Toxic Mechanisms?

박영철,이선동,조명행 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.3

Xenobiotics causing a variety of toxicity in biological systems could be classified as two types, inorganic and organic chemicals. It is estimated that the organic xenobiotics are responsible for approximately 80~90% of chemical-induced toxicity in human population. In the class for toxicology, we have encountered some difficulties in explaining the mechanisms of toxicity caused especially by organic chemicals. Here, a simple flowchart was introduced for explaining the mechanism of toxicity caused by organic xenobiotics, as the central dogma of molecular biology. This flowchart, referred to as a central dogma, was described based on a view of various aspects as follows: direct-acting chemicals vs. indirect-acting chemicals, cytochrome P450-dependent vs. cytochrome P450-independent biotransformation, reactive intermediates, reactivation, toxicokinetics vs. toxicodynamics, and reversibility vs. irreversibility. Thus, the primary objective of this flowchart is to help better understanding of the organic xenobiotics-induced toxic mechanisms, providing a major pathway for toxicity occurring in biological systems.

The Simplest Flowchart Stating the Mechanisms for Organic Xenobiotics-induced Toxicity

Yeong-Chul Park,Sundong Lee,Myung-Haing Cho 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.3

Xenobiotics causing a variety of toxicity in biological systems could be classified as two types, inorganic and organic chemicals. It is estimated that the organic xenobiotics are responsible for approximately 80~90% of chemical-induced toxicity in human population. In the class for toxicology, we have encountered some difficulties in explaining the mechanisms of toxicity caused especially by organic chemicals. Here, a simple flowchart was introduced for explaining the mechanism of toxicity caused by organic xenobiotics, as the central dogma of molecular biology. This flowchart, referred to as a central dogma, was described based on a view of various aspects as follows: direct-acting chemicals vs. indirect-acting chemicals, cytochrome P450-dependent vs. cytochrome P450-independent biotransformation, reactive intermediates, reactivation, toxicokinetics vs. toxicodynamics, and reversibility vs. irreversibility. Thus, the primary objective of this flowchart is to help better understanding of the organic xenobiotics-induced toxic mechanisms, providing a major pathway for toxicity occurring in biological systems.

The Simplest Flowchart Stating the Mechanisms for Organic Xenobiotics-induced Toxicity: Can it Possibly be Accepted as a "Central Dogma" for Toxic Mechanisms?

Park, Yeong-Chul,Lee, Sundong,Cho, Myung-Haing Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.3

Xenobiotics causing a variety of toxicity in biological systems could be classified as two types, inorganic and organic chemicals. It is estimated that the organic xenobiotics are responsible for approximately 80~90% of chemical-induced toxicity in human population. In the class for toxicology, we have encountered some difficulties in explaining the mechanisms of toxicity caused especially by organic chemicals. Here, a simple flowchart was introduced for explaining the mechanism of toxicity caused by organic xenobiotics, as the central dogma of molecular biology. This flowchart, referred to as a central dogma, was described based on a view of various aspects as follows: direct-acting chemicals vs. indirect-acting chemicals, cytochrome P450-dependent vs. cytochrome P450-independent biotransformation, reactive intermediates, reactivation, toxicokinetics vs. toxicodynamics, and reversibility vs. irreversibility. Thus, the primary objective of this flowchart is to help better understanding of the organic xenobiotics-induced toxic mechanisms, providing a major pathway for toxicity occurring in biological systems.

생명 말기의 법적 안정성 : 환자의 생명 징후와 관련한 연명치료 중단의 허용 요건을 중심으로

류화신(Ryoo Hwa-Shin) 忠北大學校 法科大學 法學硏究所 2010 法學硏究 Vol.21 No.2

This study discusses legal issues surrounding the withdrawal of treatment for terminal patients. on May 21, 2009, the Supreme Court of Korea ruled that patients have the right to terminate medically meaningless treatment upon confirmation that their illness is indeed irreversible. The Supreme Court´s decision thus makes proof of the irreversibility of a patient´s condition an important process in legitimatizing a patient´s decision to terminate life-sustaining treatment. However, since medical practice rejects explanations in terms of "essences" and is affected by issues of subjectivity, I argue that physicians cannot give indisputable confirmation of the irreversibility of a patient´s terminal illness, as required by the Supreme Court´ ruling. So, this study points to a need for greater social consensus in Korea on the permissible level for the rejection of life-sustaining treatment not to damage the legal stability.