유아교육활동에서 드러나는 교사들의 ‘흥미’ 개념에 대한 고찰

허정민,이진희 한국열린유아교육학회 2019 열린유아교육연구 Vol.24 No.1

In order to examine the concept of interests among early childhood teachers reflected in educational activities, this reseach reviews the concept by interviewing 13 early childhood teachers in D city focusing on the distinction of Dewey’s concept of interests and educational interests. The result shows that early childhood teachers recognize the child’s interests as a critical factor; however, the teachers tend to emphasize the critical importance rather than to carefully analyze and apply the concept of interest. The teachers solely considered psychological interests and in the meanwhile, emphasized the importance of direct experience recognizing physical interests as limited to behavioral perspectives. Also, the dichotomy between the early child’s interests and curriculum resulted in overemphasis on the child’s interests. Nevertheless, some early childhood teachers strived to identify and support the interests of the child by observing and listening to the children more closely. Also, they led projects under a unifying topic, reflecting social interests to pursue collective learning of the group, beyond the manual interests in respect to full-immersion of knowing, and individuality. However, these teachers also were experiencing limitations in connecting the frame of practice to the educational concept. Hence, it is determined that early childhood teachers need opportunities to reflect and contemplate on the educational concept of interests. 본 연구에서는 유아교육활동에서 드러나는 유아교사의 흥미 개념에 대하여 살펴보고자 D광역시 유아교사 13명을 심층 면담하여 Dewey의 흥미 개념과 교육적 흥미 개념의 구분을 중심으로 고찰해 보았다. 유아교사들은 유아의 흥미를 중요하게 인식하고 있었지만, 흥미 개념을 면밀하게 분석하여 적용하기 보다는 당위적 중요성만을 강조하고 있었다. 유아교사들은 심리적 흥미만을 떠올리며, 신체적 흥미역시 단순히 행위적 측면만으로 해석하면서 직접경험의 중요성을 강조하고 있었다. 또한, 교육과정에서 유아의 흥미와 교과를 이분법적으로 해석하며 유아의 흥미만을 지나치게 강조하는 한계를 경험하고 있었다. 반면 일부 유아교사들은 유아에게 귀 기울이고 주의 깊게 관찰하며 유아의 흥미를 발견하고 지원해 나가고 있었다. 또한, 하나의 주제로 프로젝트를 진행하며 앎의 깊은 몰입을 존중하는 조작적 흥미와 개인성을 넘어서서 전체 집단의 지성을 추구해 나가는 사회적 흥미 개념을 반영하고 있었다. 그러나 자신의 실천 의식을 교육학적 개념으로 연결 짓지는 못하는 한계를 경험하고 있었다. 이러한 결과로 유아교사들에게 교육학적 흥미 개념에 대한 심층적 이해와 고민의 기회가 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

초등 과학 수업에서 꽃 주제에 대한 학생의 흥미 변화 양상

김재영 ( Chae Seong Lim ),임채성 ( Jae Young Kim ),정다운 ( Da Woon Jung ) 한국생물교육학회 2014 생물교육 Vol.42 No.1

The promotion of interest and curiosity towards objects and phenomena of nature is one of the most important goals of science education. However, as the students` advance in grade levels their interests in science seem to decline and studies on this matter are mostly too deductive and broad. This study used a mixed methodology to investigate the patterns of changes in the students` interest in a science topic of Flowers. The students` interests in Flowers changed both in quantity and quality after science class. Students` interests during and after science class were enhanced especially if the curriculum and the students` prior interests were matched. It has been observed that students with similar changing patterns of interest have similar personality types measured by Enneagram, a psychological test. Also, a common factor in two groups was that, if the students were personally participating in learning activities, the students felt strongly interested, triggering a continuous interest throughout the class, which involved both situational and individual interests. In conclusion, factors that affect students` interest do not act independently, but they interact each other, while having different impacts on individuals. Therefore, in order to enhance the students` interest during class, the teacher must try to minimize the external factors that may have negative effects on building interest, and to provide a flexible and appropriate learning environment based on understanding of the students` reaction patterns or individual characteristics during class.

유아 영어 그림책의 흥미 요인에 관한 연구

김정이 한국일러스아트학회 2015 조형미디어학 Vol.18 No.4

Interest causes intrinsic motivation of human actions, learning and various projects and has been used as a motivation factor of Flow. Flow through causing interests is effective to the children not having intrinsic motivation or learning goal. We research on children's interest factors of English picture books. We research on children's interest factor of reading English picture books, collecting reading cases of 20 Caldecott winners. We analyzed cases with prior research on the role of interest in text comprehension research shows that children's interest of English picture books is summarized as an interest of material and topic, an interest of personal relationship, an interest in the process of cognition and an interest from multimedia material. Developing children's English picture books needs a full survey of children's living and experience and various views of real experiences. To raise cognitive interest, we need suitable factors of ages and diverse reasoning devices. To induce children's interest of narrative, picture on page by page needs to have a n affluent story. Sound, movie, game, and workbook are excellent materials to raise children's interest. Furthermore, children's interest can be raised by their mother. it needs teaching guide for mothers. We hope that the study can be the fundamental of developing children's English picture books. 흥미는 인간의 행동, 학습, 다양한 과제 상황에서 내적 동기를 유발하고 몰입(Flow) 상태에 밀접한 관련이 있는 동기 요인으로 사용되었다. 내적 동기나 학습 목표가 형성되지 않은 유아에게 그림책을 통한 학습을 유도하려면 흥미 유발을 통한 자연스러운 몰입(Flow)가 효과적일 것으로 보인다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 유아를 대상으로 영어 그림책 독서에서 유아의 흥미 요인에 대해 조사, 연구하기위해 칼데콧 상 수상작 20권을 대상으로 독서 사례 게시물을 수집하였다. 글 읽기 과정에서 흥미의 역할에 관한 선행 연구들을 바탕으로 게시물을 분석하였다. 연구의 결과 영어 그림책 독서에서 유아들의 흥미는, 소재/주제에 대한 흥미, 개인적 관련 정도에 따른 흥미, 인지 과정에서의 흥미, 멀티미디어 자료에서 유발되는 흥미 등으로 요약되었다. 유아를 대상으로 한 영어 그림책을 개발할 때에는 유아의 생활과 경험에 대한 면밀한 조사를 바탕으로 관심 있는 소재나 주제를 실제 경험과 연관지어 다양한 관점에서 표현해야 한다. 인지적 흥미를 높이기 위해서는 해당 연령에 적합한 인지적 요소들을 담고, 다양한 추론 장치들을 고안하는 것이 도움이 될 것이다. 이야기를 통한 유아들의 흥미를 유도하기 위해서는 단위 페이지 별로 그림에 풍부한 스토리를 담는 것이 효과적이다. 그 외에도 사운드, 동영상, 게임, 워크북 등도 유아들의 흥미를 높여주기 위한 좋은 자료이다. 뿐만 아니라 유아들의 흥미가 어머니를 통해 더욱 높아질 수 있는 만큼 무엇보다 어머니를 위한 교육 자료를 함께 제공하는 것이 요구된다. 연구의 결과는 몇 가지 한계가 있음에도 불구하고 유아 영어 그림책 또는 교재 개발에 기초 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

과학교육의 재미에 대한 재발견 -재미의 의미와 가치를 중심으로-

신세인 ( Sein Shin ),하민수 ( Minsu Ha ),이준기 ( Jun-ki Lee ) 한국과학교육학회 2018 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.38 No.5

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the meaning and value of interest (in Korean ‘Jae-mi’) in science education through literature analysis. Literature analyses were conducted on literature related to interest in various fields such as Korean language, psychology, philosophy, and education. Specifically, this study discussed the meaning of interest, the characteristics of the context of experiencing interest, the educational value of interest in science education, and the direction of science education to realize the value of interest. First, it was found that interest is an experience of emotional activation that can be felt through interaction with a specific object, and it is an emotional experience caused by the complex combination of various psychological factors, which is oriented sense, relationship, self, and object. Second, to understand the context of experience of interest, we conducted a topic modeling analysis with 1173 research articles related to interest. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the context of interest is closely related with playfulness. And we addressed that this kind of playfulness is also found in science. Third, the educational values of interest in science education were discussed. In science education, fun is not only an instrumental value to induce science learning behavior, it is also one of the universal experiences that learners feel lively in science teaching-learning, and driving force of individual students’ emotional development related to science. The students’ active attitude to feel interest lead to creative thinking and action. Finally, we argued that the interest that should be aimed in science education should be active interest and experienced at trial and error, not passive interest induced by external stimuli. And science education culture should be encouraged to respect those who enjoy science. In particular, this study discussed the importance of each student’s unique interest experience based on the philosophy of philosopher Deleuze (1976).

전인교육의 길잡이로서 듀이적 관심의 기능에 관한 연구 ―학습자와 학습대상과 교수자의 삼중주로서 교육적 관심의 매개적 역할에 관하여

홍경남 중앙대학교 중앙철학연구소 2023 철학탐구 Vol.70 No.-

Various attempts have been made to highlight the importance of educational interest while promoting it. However, it seems that a proper effect of being educationally interested has not yet been made for learners to be so engrossed in the objects of learning as to achieve their intellectual and moral growth. Dewey thought that the interest-related educational failure was made because any interests and their objects were separated from each other. Interests always concern something, and this indicates the inseparability thereof. As interests just represent the self involved therein, any changes of the former mean those in the latter. The learner has been already standing in a state of being actively directed toward something with impulses. Natural impulses first meet the desired objects so as to form interests, which vary through learning. Above all, persons are capable of being plasticized upon learning, and such capacity instills into learners the will of learning to learn from all the contacts of life. The interest in learning dynamically acts as a driving force of growing the self. Of course, not all the learners properly exert such a learning interest, and it is necessary to provide environmental conditions suitable to cultivating thereof. Dewey calls the interest of making a whole personal growth ‘genuine interest,’ which could make intellectual and moral growths simultaneously. It is argued here that the Deweyan theory of genuine interest can provide a healthy ground of healing the fragmented and splitted minds produced from the current school education. Particularly considering the individual attitudes and the environmental conditions for forming the genuine interests, it is claimed that the school education should aim at not the direct education where focusing is made on the learning itself, but the indirect education driven by way of environments. At least the schools run in democratic societies would have as their object a whole person education with the form of indirect education.

The Concept of Public Interest Demonstrated in Korean Court Precedents

( Seong Wook Heo ) 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2007 Journal of Korean Law Vol.6 No.1

The concept of public interest is functioning as a topos in Korean public law discussions. However, no established definition of the term is presented in any books or papers on administrative law. An attempt to define a concrete and specified concept of public interest may turn out to be in vain because of the incommensurability of its value. In such case, the best way to get closer to the substance of the concept will be to search for the many and diverse ways the term public interest is used in real court precedents. This is because the court rulings are the result of many efforts to reach the best balancing point of conflicting interests. In Korean court precedents, many diverse explanations on public interest have been presented. For instance, the public interest has been illustrated as ‘the interest of many and unspecified persons’, ‘general social welfare’, ‘environmental interest’, ‘the well functioning of state run organizations’, ‘interests related to traffic and transportation’, ‘interest related to education’, ‘the moral interest of our society’, and ‘interests related to basic human rights’.

특성화고 미용전공학생들의 학습흥미가 학교생활적응에 미치는 영향

신남재,고정훈 한국디자인문화학회 2020 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.26 No.2

This study was to find out the effect of the factors of learning entertainment on the adaptation of high school students to school life. This study was conducted in Seoul.350 students of specialized high schools in Gyeonggi-do were asked questions about general characteristics, learning and entertainment measures, personal interest, contextual interest, and behavior of adapting to school life. The questionnaire was conducted by self-indulgence questionnaire. Research and analysis methods were conducted with frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, one-way variable analysis (ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis. As a result, personal interest, emotional interest, value interest, contextual interest, learning environment entertainment and cognitive interest factors, and school life adaptation were derived. The average of cognitive interest was high in all grades, the study interest dropped as the grade went up, and for the major course, the average of cognitive interest was analyzed high. The relationship between learning fun and the influence of school life adaptation could be identified in all factors of interest except for value interest. Through the results of this study, it is hope that it will be used as a basic material for understanding young people who have difficulty adapting to school life and concrete measures. 본 연구는 특성화 고등학생들의 학교생활적응력을증진시킬 수 있는 구체적인 방안으로 학습흥미요인과의 영향관계를 살펴보고자 한다. 서울, 경기 지역 특성화고등학교 350명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문으로진행하였다. 연구분석 방법은 빈도분석과 요인분석, 신뢰도분석, 일원변량분석(ANOVA)과 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 개인적 흥미는 감정적 흥미와 가치적 흥미, 상황적 흥미는 학습환경적 흥미와 인지적 흥미요인, 학교생활적응은 학업적 적응, 심리적 적응, 환경적 적응, 사회적 적응이 도출되었다. 분석결과 학년에 따라서는 인지적 흥미의 평균이 높았으나 학년이올라갈수록 학습 흥미도는 떨어졌다. 전공에 따라서는헤어과정의 흥미의 평균이 높게 나타났다. 학습흥미와학교생활적응과의 영향관계는 학업적 적응과의 영향관계가 가장 높았고 심리적 적응과 환경적 적응은 가치적 흥미를 제외한 모든 흥미요인에서 영향관계를보였으며 사회적 적응은 인지적 흥미에서만 영향관계를 보였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 학교생활 적응력을증진시킬 수 있는 구체적 방안과 학교생활 적응에 어려움을 겪는 청소년들을 이해하는 기초자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.

公益訴訟과 行政訴訟

김태호 한국행정판례연구회 2017 행정판례연구 Vol.22 No.2

Public interest litigation is a lawsuit seeking for the realization of the public interest in the judicial process. Public interest administrative litigation, unlike the public interest civil litigation which mainly focuses on collective relief of the diffused damages of multi-parties, refers to a litigation in which a court judges a plaintiff's alleged public interest violation and that the court's decision may consequentially affect public policy decision making plus administrative behavior. The public interest administrative litigation, by definition, has a narrow meaning of pursuing the ‘public interest’ itself, seeking for the objective legality irrelevant to any private interests. It also encompasses a broader meaning that includes the administrative lawsuit necessarily based on personal interest of its own. Under the current Korean leagl system, residents suit exists as sole example of public interest administrative litigation in a narrow sense while it has not been highly operated since its introduction. The study additionally suggests to positively examine the introduction of ‘environmental group litigation’ (‘Verbandsklage’ in Germany) especially in the field of environment as one type of public interest administrative litigation in a narrow sense. Meanwhile, it is skeptical about the introduction of ‘parens parens patriae action’. This study considers the importance of diversifying the types of public interest administrative litigations, but also strongly argues the necessity to analyze the court’s argument through delving into the concrete precedents as to how the court identifies the meaning of the 'public interest' when judging the principle of public interest administrative litigation. In this process, it enables us to possibly discern whether it is indeed desirable for the court to influence the policy decision makings beyond the controversy of the 'judicialization of politics' and the division of power which allows the judiciary to enjoy only limited power. ‘공익소송’은 司法 과정에서 ‘공익’의 실현을 추구하는 소송이다. 그 중에서도 다수당사자의 분산된 이익침해를 집단적으로 구제하는 데 초점이있는 민사소송 형식의 공익소송과 달리 공익행정소송은 원고가 하는 공익침해의 위법 주장을 법원이 판단하고 그에 따라 내려진 법원의 판결이 공공의 정책결정, 행정행태에 영향을 미칠 가능성을 가지는 소송을 가리킨다. 공익행정소송은 자신의 이익과 무관하게 객관적인 법질서의 유지라는 공익자체를 추구하는 협의의 공익행정소송과 자신의 이익 침해가능성을 계기로공익실현을 추구하는 행정소송(항고소송․국가배상소송 등)을 포함한 광의의공익행정소송으로 분류할 수 있다. 실정법상 협의의 공익행정소송은 주민소송제도가 유일하지만, 활용도가 높지 아니 하다. 입법론적으로는 협의의 공익행정소송으로서 환경분야에서의 단체소송을 도입하는 것도 적극적으로 검토할 필요가 있다. 반면공정거래 영역에서 주로 논의되는 부권소송의 도입 필요성은 크지 아니하다. 공익행정소송의 유형을 늘리는 제도 개선의 논의보다 주목해야 할 지점은 공익행정소송의 본안 판단에서 법원이 공익실현을 얼마나 잘 도모할수 있는지, 사법과정에서 공익이 어떤 방법론과 논거를 통해 규명되는지에 대해서 구체적 행정판례의 논증을 분석하는 일이다. 이 글은 구체적인몇 가지 사례들을 통해 공익소송의 확대는 관련한 이익의 공평한 취급에기여하는 바가 있음을 밝히는 한편, 법원이 공익 판단이 요구하는 분산 이익 및 소수자 보호의 공공적 의미를 좀 더 충실한 절차와 방법으로 반영할필요가 있다고 주장한다. 법원이 공익소송을 통해 정책형성과 공익실현의한 주체가 된다는 것의 의미와 한계는 정치의 사법화 논란과 사법의 권력분립적 한계를 넘어선 자리에서 구체적 사례의 축적을 통해 해명되어 나갈필요가 있다.

채무불이행손해의 산정기준으로서 이행이익과 신뢰이익

옥치왕 건국대학교 법학연구소 2023 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.55

채무자의 채무불이행으로 채권자에게 발생한 손해는 통상손해를 산정하고, 특별손해는 가산하며, 과실상계, 손익상계, 책임제한 및 중간이자 공제의 단계를 순차적으로 거침으로써 산정된다. 그러나 통상손해의 개념 또한 추상적이므로 구체적 산정기준이 필요한 바 채무불이행손해의 산정기준들을 검토한 결과, 임대차나 라이선스계약 등 목적물의 사용· 수익을 목적으로 하는 거래가 빈번한 오늘날의 거래 현실까지 고려하면 ‘이행이익과 신뢰이익’이 손해산정기준으로 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었다. 이행이익은 채무자가 계약을 완전히 이행하였더라면 채권자가 얻을 수 있었던 이익을 말하며, 채권자의 지위에 따라 계약가격, 시장가치(시장가격), 총이익으로 산정될 수 있다. 신뢰이익은 채권자가 채무자의 이행을 신뢰하였기 때문에 지출한 비용을 말하며, 필수지출비용과 신뢰투자비용으로 나뉜다. 필수지출비용은 신뢰이익이면서 이행이익의 일부를 구성하므로, 이행이익을 상한으로 하며 이행이익과 중복하여 청구할 수 없다. 반면, 신뢰투자비용은 이행이익의 일부가 아니므로 이행이익을 상한으로 하지 않으며, 특별손해의 요건을 갖추면 이행이익과 중복하여 청구할 수 있다. 상기와 같은 연구결과는 채무불이행손해를 산정함에 있어 참고가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 학설이나 판례가 ‘이행이익의 손해’는 해석론으로 접근하고 있어 해석의 일관성을 담보하기 어렵고, ‘신뢰이익의 손해’는 민법 제535조의 계약체결상 과실책임에근거하여 판단하고 있어 그 근거가 부적절하다. 따라서 이러한 문제는 입법적으로 보완할 필요가 있는 것으로 판단되어 본 연구 제4장에서 입법적 제언을 하였다. Damage incurred to the creditor due to the debtor’s default is computed by calculating ordinary damage, adding special damage, and going through the steps of comparative negligence, offset of profit, limitation of liability and deducting intermediate interest sequentially. However, since the concept of ordinary damage is also abstract, specific calculation standards are required. As a result of reviewing the calculation standards of default damage considering the reality of today’s transactions, where transactions aimed at the use and profit of contract objects such as lease agreement and license agreement are frequent, “expectation interest and reliance interest” were judged to be the most appropriate criteria for calculating default damage. Expectation interest means the profit that could have been obtained by the creditor if the debtor had fully fulfilled the contract (i.e., without default), and it can be calculated by using contract price, market value (market price), gross profit according to the creditor’s position. Reliance interest means the expenses spent by the creditor because he trusted the debtor’s performance, and the reliance interest is divided into essential expenditure and reliance investment costs. Since essential expenditure is part of the expectation interest and also is the reliance interest, the expectation interest is the upper limit of the reliance interest, and essential expenditure can not be claimed double with the expectation interest. On the other hand, as reliance investment costs are not part of the expectation interest, the expectation interest is not the upper limit of the reliance investment costs, and if the requirements for special damage are met, they can be claimed double with the expectation interest. It is judged that the above research results can be used as a reference in calculating default damage. However, it is difficult to ensure consistency in interpretation because ‘expectation interest damage’ is judged by theories or precedents based on interpretation theory. The basis for ‘reliance interest damage’ is inappropriate because it is judged on the basis of culpa in contrabendo under Article 535 of the Civil Act. Therefore, as it was judged that these problems need to be legislatively supplemented, legislative suggestions were made in Chapter 4 of this study.

국제물품매매계약에 관한 UN협약상 이자청구권에 관한 연구

이병문,안현기 한국무역상무학회 2019 貿易商務硏究 Vol.81 No.-

This study aims to examine the interest accrual on the delinquency of payment which is frequently occurred in international trade, in the light of the Black Letter Rule, the official comment of the CISG (United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods) Advisory Council. This study will look primarily at preconditions and interest calculation of delinquency in detail based on the interpretation of Article 78 and Article 78, then it will look at the remaining rules to define interest rates and the various approaches, evaluations and proposals in customs and regulations in accordance with Article 78. Furthermore, it will investigate the compound interest rate, payment method, and defense against interest claims, suspension of interest claim, interest for additional loss, charges and fees for proof. In addition, it will examine existing practices and theories about interest rates in related to interest payment, then review and cross-check with the official opinions of the CISG Advisory Council, and redefine the principles related to interest rates in interest payments and ultimately to find out practical implications. In conclusion, it will propose the implications to the trade industry found in this paper that are drawn from the 12 proposals of the Black Letter Rule as follows: (1) At the time of signing the contract, the parties shall be in compliance with the CISG Article 78 and general principles in Clause 2, Article 7 that is the basis thereof. (2) The parties should apply two different approaches in practice to the determination of interest payments, which reflects the concept of return as set forth in Article 84 whereas similar principles and remedies for damages as set forth in Article 84. (3) Interest shall be incurred from the moment the sum is overdue and the liability for payment of purchase price and recourse claim, and damages shall be incurred and paid upon the occurrence of the damages and/or loss. (4) A monetary obligation that is settled and or cleared or has no liquidity may incur interest. (5) In line with Article 59, there should be prerequisite for interest accrual that include additional requirements such as requests or demand for interest payment or compliance with default or its procedures. (6) When the obligation for payment is cleared, there will be no longer interest accrual. (7) The interest rate may be determined by agreement between the parties, and in case that such agreement is not made, applicable interest rates shall be applied to the statutory interest by the decision of the court in a creditor's business location in a similar sales contract that is not applied by the CISG. If the same payment procedure is applied, the same amount as the principal will be adhered. (8) The loss suffered by the creditor who cannot recover as interest shall be resolved by compensation in accordance with Article 74. 본 연구는 국제무역거래에 있어 흔히 발생되는 대금지급의 연체에 따른 이자발생과 관련하여 CISG 자문위원회의 공식 의견인 Black Letter Rule을 중심으로 고찰한다. 그 주요 내용으로 제78조의 해석과 제78조에 따른 이자발생의 요건과 이자계산을 상세히 고찰하고, 제78조에 따른 이자율을 정의하기 위한 규칙과 이를 위한 다양한 접근법을 살펴보도록 한다. 이와 더불어 이자율에 있어서의 복리의 적용여부, 이자의 지급, 이자책임에 대한 면책, 이자청구의 중단, 채권자의 추가손실, 입증책임에 대하여 살펴본다. 이와 더불어 본 연구는 이자지급에 있어 이자율에 대한 관련 기존 판례 및 학설을 검토한 후 이를 CISG 자문위원회의 공식의견과 상호 비교 검토함으로 이자지급에 있어 이자율에 관련된 원칙을 재정립하고 이에 따른 실무적 시사점을 도출하고자 한다.