The Influence of Political Risk and Cross-national Distance on Overseas Enterprise Performance

Wei Chang,임형록 사단법인 한국융합기술연구학회 2023 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.9 No.5

In recent years, the influence of the relationship between host country and home country on the internationalization of multinational enterprises has been a controversial topic. On this basis, past researchers have done in-depth research and discussion, but these are limited to the relationship between a single variable. For example, when studying the impact of political risk on the performance of overseas enterprises, most scholars only consider the impact of government corruption and political turmoil in host countries on the performance of overseas enterprises, without taking these factors into consideration together. This paper explores the relationship between host country political risks, cross-national distance, good ESG performance, and overseas enterprises’ performance. The objective is to explore the influence of host country political risk and cross-national distance on overseas performance and reduce negative impact through ESG. It finds that host country political risk and cross-national distance are negatively correlated with overseas enterprises performance, although this negative correlation is moderated by strong ESG performance. The results show that political risk and cross-national distance are negatively correlated with the performance of overseas enterprises. With the strengthening of good ESG performance, the negative impact of host country political risk and cross-national distance on enterprise performance will be reduced.

윤리적 리더십이 직무성과, 창의성과 및 조직몰입에 미치는 영향: 상사충성도의 매개효과 및 권력거리성향의 조절효과

최성호,심덕섭 대한경영학회 2023 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.36 No.10

본 연구는 상사의 윤리적 리더십이 부하의 직무성과, 창의성과 및 조직몰입에 미치는 영향과 함께 이들 간관계에서 부하의 상사충성도의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 또한 윤리적 리더십과 상사충성도 간 관계에 있어부하가 지각하는 권력거리성향이 지니는 조절효과를 함께 검증함으로써 윤리적 리더십의 적용 가능성을 탐구하고자하였다. 가설 검증을 위해 본 연구는 중국 기업 상사와 부하를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 541명의 부하와그들의 직속상사의 설문자료에 대한 분석결과, 첫째, 윤리적 리더십은 상사충성도에 유의한 정의 영향을 주는 것으로나타났다. 둘째, 윤리적 리더십은 직무성과, 창의성과, 조직몰입에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 상사충성도는윤리적 리더십과 직무성과 및 창의성과 간의 관계를 완전 매개하고 있으며, 윤리적 리더십과 조직몰입 간의 관계를부분 매개하고 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 권력거리성향은 윤리적 리더십과 상사충성도 간의 관계를 조절하는것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로, 윤리적 리더십이 상사충성도에 미치는 영향은 권력거리성향이 높을 때보다 낮을때 더 강한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 윤리적 리더십이 부하의 직무 태도 및 행동에 영향을 주는 메커니즘과경계조건에 대해 체계적이고 포괄적인 설명을 제공하고 있다는 점에서 의의를 지니고 있다. This study investigates the effects of ethical leadership on job performance, creative performance and organizational commitment. It also explores the mediating effect of loyalty to supervisor in these relationships and the moderating effect of power distance orientation in the relationship between the ethical leadership and loyalty to supervisor. Based on prior research, we derive the following hypotheses. H 1: Ethical leadership will be positively related to loyalty to supervisor. H 2: Ethical leadership will be positively related to a) job performance, b) creative performance and c) organizational commitment. H 3: Loyalty to supervisor will mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and a) job performance, b) creative performance and c) organizational commitment. H 4: Power distance orientation will moderate the relationship between ethical leadership and loyalty to supervisor. To test the hypotheses proposed in our study, we used survey data from a sample of 541 employees and their supervisors in 13 Chinese companies. The major findings are as follows: 1) ethical leadership was positively associated with loyalty to supervisor, 2) ethical leadership was positively related to job performance, creative performance and organizational commitment, 3) loyalty to supervisor has turned out to have full mediation effects on the relationship between ethical leadership and job performance, and between ethical leadership and creative performance. In addition loyalty to supervisor has turned out to have a partial mediation effect on the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational commitment. Finally, power distance orientation had a negative moderating effect on the relationship between ethical leadership and loyalty to supervisor, such that the relationship was stronger when employees had a low power distance orientation than when they had a high power distance orientation. Based on these findings, implications of the research findings are discussed, and recommendations for future research are provided.

지리적 접근성이 국제투자펀드의 성과에 미치는 영향: 일본과 중국 투자펀드를 대상으로

박영규 ( Young K. Park ),송인욱 ( In Wook Song ) 한국금융학회 2010 금융연구 Vol.24 No.3

최근 들어 글로벌 자본시장이 단일화 되고 있음에도 불구하고, 지리적 접근성과 정보 접근성의 관계 및 투자자들의 Home Bias(근접지역 주식선호) 현상에 대한 국제적(Cross Border) 차원의 연구는 거의 이루어지지 못했다. 이에 본 연구는 일본과 중국시장에 투자하는 펀드를 대상으로 펀드투자지역과 운용지역간의 지리적인 접근성이 펀드성과와 관련이 있는지를 테스트 하였다. 2000년 3분기부터 2007년 4분기까지 일본과 중국에 투자하는 국제투자펀드를 대상으로 운용사의 위치에 따라 지리적으로 가까운 곳에서 운용되는 펀드그룹(Asia)과 그 외 지역에서 운용되는 펀드 그룹(Others)로 나누어 펀드의 성과 차이를 비교하였다. 분석결과, 성과가 가장 우수한 펀드 그룹 간에는 Others 지역에서 운용되는 펀드의 성과가 우월하며, 성과가 가장 낮은 그룹에서는 Asia 지역에서 운용되는 펀드의 성과가 나은 결과를 얻었다. 이는 중국이나 일본에 투자하는 구미의 펀드들 중 최상위 그룹은 아시아지역에서 운용되는 펀드들에 비해서 지리적 거리에도 불구하고 정보 취득 면에서 열세에 있지 않으며 오히려 운용능력이 우월하지만, 원거리에서 운용하는 최하위 그룹펀드들은 근거리에서 운용되는 최하위그룹에 비해 정보적인 열세에 극복하지 못하기 때문인 것으로 유추된다. 연구자들은 추가적인 성과의 성분(Performance attribute) 분석을 통해 Others 지역펀드들이 종목선택능력에 우위를 Asia 지역 펀드들이 타이밍능력에 우위가 있음을 발견함으로써 이러한 해석의 유효성을 지지하였다. Despite the globalization of international capital markets, the majority of investment volume goes to local markets. Very little research has been conducted to test the validity of this ``home bias`` phenomenon in international capital markets. This study aims to test the relationship between the geographic distance and investment performance with funds that invest in Japan and China. For this purpose, using Thomson Financial International Mutual Fund data for the period between 2000 and 2007, we selected funds that invested in Japan and China. We divided the funds into the ``Asia`` and ``Others`` groups depending on whether they were managed in Asia (the local region) or Others (remote regions) to compare local and remote funds in terms of performance. We can summarize our test results as follows. First, the raw return of funds managed in Asia and that of funds managed in Others are compared. The difference between the two groups is not significant for both Japan and China funds. On the other hand, when we compare the performance of the Asia group with that of the Others group in relation to each of four quartiles identified with respect to performance, the Asia funds show better performance in the bottom quartile whereas the Others funds show better performance in the top quartile. This difference is more prominent during the bearish period but not clear during the bullish period for both Japan and China funds. Second, we compare funds managed in Asia with those managed in the Others region in terms of the risk adjusted return. Both Jensen`s alpha and the Carhart four-factor model are used to compare the risk-adjusted returns. Again, there is no significant performance difference between funds managed in Asia and funds managed in the Others region as a whole, but the Asia group outperforms Others in the bottom performance quartile while the Others group outperforms Asia in the top performance quartile. We can describe the above results as follows: there is less variance in the investment performance across managed funds that are geographically proximate. Third, we conduct performance-attribute analysis using the Daniel, Grinblatt, Titman, and Wermers (1997) method. We find that in terms of the characteristic selectivity (CS), the Asia group is better than the Others group only in the bottom performance quartile whereas the Others group is better than the Asia group in the top as well as second quartiles. These results hold regardless of whether the market is bullish or bearish for both China and Japan funds. In terms of the characteristic timing (CT), we find a slightly different result. In the bottom-quartile comparison, the Asia group is better regarding both Japan and China funds, but in the top-quartile comparison, the Others group is better for only Japan funds and not china funds. Furthermore, when we consider the market condition, we find that the Asia group has better timing ability in every performance quartile under the bullish market condition, while the Others group has better (Japan) or equally good (China) timing ability in only the top quartile under the bearish market condition. in Sum, we find that at the top tier, fund managers in the remote region are very competitive despite their geographical distance and do not seem to have any disadvantage in accessing local information. On the other hand, the geographic distance still matters for the low-performance group in the remote region as they consistently underperform low performance group in the local region. then, we further examine how remote managers in the top quartile not only are competitive, but even outperform local managers in the top quartile. We find that the better performance of the Others group in the top quartile is based mostly on their better performance in the bearish period since there is no significant performance difference in the bullish period. Therefore, we would interpret this result as follows: the Others group is better in fundamental analysis and risk management, which is rewarded more during the bearish period. The additional performance-attribute analysis supports this proposition since the Others group shows better ability in stock selection whereas the Asia group shows better ability in market timing. These study results can provided valuable lessons for the international fund management industry in deciding their management location and has an academic contribution as it tries to extend Coval and Moskowitz`s (1999, 2001) research to the international fund domain.

국악공연장의 공연공간적 특성과 실태에 관한 연구

정민경 국립국악원 2023 국악원논문집 Vol.48 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 현재 운영중인 국악공연장의 실태조사를 통해 공연장의 적합한 형태에 관한 검토와 논의의 초석을 마련하고자 한다. 본 연구를 통해 국악공연을 원형에 가깝게 즐길 수 있는 공연 환경을 갖추어 국악공연의 발전을 도모하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 현재 국악공연장으로 운영 중인 국내 4개 지역의 5개 국악원(국립국악원,국립민속국악원, 국립남도국악원, 국립부산국악원, 서울돈화문국악당)을 대상으로 형태를 분석한다. 본 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째. 현존하는 국악공연장의 무대 형태는 대부분 프로시니움 형식이다. 그 이유는 일반적으로 공연장에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 형태이기 때문과, 서양의 공연장 형식에 영향을 받은 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 둘째. 공연장의 객석형태는 의자가 배열되는 평면적 형상을 기준으로 국악공연장의 객석형태는 말굽형과 슈박스형 두가지 형태가 대부분을 차지하고 있다. 이러한 형태가 가장 많이 나타나는 이유는 첫 번째로 공연장의 형태 중 가장 흔히 쓰이는 형태이기 때문이고, 두 번째는 공연자의 육성을 전달하거나 음향적 특성을 고려했을 때 가장 효과적인 형태가 그것이기 때문으로 추측해 볼 수 있다. 셋째. 서양의 무대와 달리 국악의 판에서는 관객의 참여를 위해 공연자와 관객과의 접촉과 거리의 관계가 매우 중요하다. 대부분의 유형이 보는자와 노는자의 구별보다는 상호간의 관계가 동적, 입체적으로 결합되어있음을 고려해야한다. 넷째. 무대와 객석의 규모, 평면적 시야각과 가시거리는 공연 유형에 따라 상이하게 나뉜다. 따라서 공연장에 따라 공연 유형을 특정짓거나, 가변적으로 사용가능한 공연장을 제시해야할 것이다. 다섯째. 최신 공연 현황을 보면 기악, 판소리 등 작은 규모의 공연장에서도 가능한 공연의 비중이 많다. 최근에 새로 생긴 국악공연장들(풍류사랑방, 돈화문국악당 공연장)의 규모가 작은 이유로 추론해볼 수 있을 것이다. 여섯째. 야외국악공연장의 형태는 3가지유형으로 구분되는데, 남도국악원의 달빛마당과 같은 원형, 별빛마당과 같은 세로가 긴 직사각형, 그리고 부산국악원 야외마당과 같은 반원형 등이 있다. This study intends to lay the foundation for reviewing and discussing appropriate type of performance hall through a survey on the current status of gugak (Korean traditional music) performance halls. Furthermore, it aims to promote the development of gugak performances by establishing a performance environment where gugak performances can be enjoyed close to their original form. It analyzes the form of five gugak centers--National Gugak Center, National Folk Gugak Center, National Namdo Gugak Center, Busan National Gugak Center, and Seoul Donhwamun Gugak Center--which are currently operating as major gugak venues. The results of this study are as follows. First, most of the existing stages of gugak performance halls are in the form of prosinium. The reason is that it is generally the most commonly used form in concert halls, and it can be assumed that it was influenced by the form of Western concert halls. Second,based on the two-dimensional shape in which chairs are arranged, the most common types of seats in the gugak performance halls are horseshoe-shaped and shoebox-shaped. The reason why these appear most frequently is because, firstly, they are the most commonly used forms among performance halls, and secondly, it is presumed that they are the most effective forms when conveying the voice of the performer or considering acoustic characteristics. Third, unlike the Western stage, the contact and distance between the performer and the audience is very important for audience participation in gugak performance. In most types, it should be considered that the relationship between the viewer and the player is dynamically and three-dimensionally combined, rather than distinguishing between them. Fourth, the size of the stage and audience, the two-dimensional viewing angle, and the viewing distance vary depending on the type of performance. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the type of performance according to the performance hall or to suggest a performance hall that can be used variably. Fifth, considering the tendency of the latest performances, such many performances as instrumental music and pansori have been performed in small-scale performance halls. It can be inferred why the recently opened gugak concert halls such as Pungnyu Sarangbang and Donhawmun GugakdangHall are in small-scale. Sixth, there are three types of outdoor gugak performance halls: a circular shape like the Moonlight Yard of the Namdo Gugak Center, a long rectangular shape like the Starlight Yard of the Namdo Gugak Center, and a semicircular shape like the outdoor yard of the Busan Gugak Center.

The Effect of Psychic Distance Stimuli and Psychic Distance on International Marketing Strategy Adaptation and Export Performance

Sang Il Park,Tae Won Moon,Pil Hwa Yoo 한국무역연구원 2014 貿易 硏究 Vol.10 No.6

This paper clarified the ambiguity in the literature regarding psychic distance by refining its conceptualization, operationalization, and measurement. It empirically investigated psychic distance in a more inclusive manner that involves its antecedents (i.e. psychic distance stimuli), marketing program adaptation, and performance outcomes. The results of the study revealed that psychic distance stimuli are positively associated with psychic distance. Furthermore, psychic distance positively influences marketing program adaptation. The results also demonstrated that psychic distance mediates the relationship between psychic distance stimuli and marketing program adaptation, and that marketing program adaptation is positively associated with export performance. Future research agenda were suggested.

중・고 축구선수의 진로불안이 권력거리신념과 경기수행능력에 미치는 영향

권순형,원영인,이동진 중앙대학교 학교체육연구소 2020 Asian Journal of Physical Education of Sport Scien Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of career anxiety on power distance belief and performance ability of middle and high school soccer players. The current study selected middle and high school soccer players as registered in the Korea Sports Association in 2019. The study subjects were sampled using nomadic sampling method for middle and high school soccer players in four regions of Seoul, Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Gangwon provinces. Was used in the analysis. The data collected for analysis were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 program. The research led to the following conclusions. First, anxiety, a sub-factor of career anxiety, had a positive effect on power distance belief. Second, anxiety, a sub-factor of career anxiety, has a positive effect on performance maturity, incidence on performance success and psychological maturity, and causes of negative effects on performance success, psychological maturity, and performance maturity. Affected. Third, power distance belief had a positive effect on performance success, psychological maturity, and performance maturity, which are sub-factors of performance. Taken together, leaders need to reflect on the role of a fair and mature power and command system in light of their full understanding of the career anxiety they feel and their leadership's beliefs in performance and performance. It is believed to be. 이 연구는 중·고등학교 축구선수의 진로불안이 권력거리신념과 경기수행능력에 미치는 영향력을 검증하는데연구의 목적이 있으며, 2019년 현재 대한체육회에 등록된 중·고등학교 축구선수를 모집단으로 선정하였다. 연구대상자는 서울, 경기, 충청, 강원 지역의 4개 권역에 소속된 중·고등학교 축구선수를 대상으로 유목적 표집법을 사용하여 표집하였으며, 응답의 일관성이 결여된 3부를 제외하고 총 297명의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 분석을 위해 수집된 자료는 SPSS 22.0 프로그램을 사용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 진로불안의 하위요인인 불안상태는 권력거리신념에 정(+)적 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 진로불안의 하위요인인 불안상태는 수행성숙에, 유발상황은 수행성공과 심리성숙에 정(+)적 영향을, 유발원인은 수행성공, 심리성숙, 수행성숙 모두에 부(-)적 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 권력거리신념은 경기수행능력의 하위요인인수행성공, 심리성숙, 수행성숙 모두에 정(+)적 영향을 미쳤다. 이를 종합해 보면, 지도자는 선수가 느끼는 진로불안을 충분히 이해하려는 노려과 선수들의 경기수행과 성과에 대한 기대에서 나타나는 지도자의 권력거리신념을 고려하여 공정하고 성숙한 권력과 지휘 체계의 역할을 성찰할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

한국 중소기업의 중동·미국·중국 수출에서 문화적 거리, 마케팅역량, 성과 간의 관계에 관한 실증연구

김형욱,박민재 한국국제경영관리학회 2018 국제경영리뷰 Vol.22 No.2

국가 간의 문화적 거리는 기업의 해외진출 시 불확실성의 원천으로 중소기업의 수출성과에 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 이슬람 종교 차이 등에 따른 문화적 거리가 크게 존재하는 중동지역과 우리의 최대 수출대상국인 중국과 미국에 수출하는 중소기업 400개사를 대상으로 지역별 문화적 거리, 마케팅역량, 수출성과 간의 관계를 실증 분석하였다. 문화적 거리는 Hofstede(1980, 1997)의 국가문화 5차원에 바탕을 둔 Kogut and Singh(1988)의 지수 대신 개별 수출기업 경영자의 주관적인 인지를 기준으로 측정하여 신뢰도를 높였다. 본 연구 결과, 첫째, 중소기업이 주관적으로 인지하는 문화적 거리가 클수록 중동, 미국, 중국에 대한 수출성과는 모두 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 문화적 거리가 작을수록 중동, 미국, 중국 대상 수출 중소기업의 마케팅역량은 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 문화적 거리가 수출에 있어 불확실성의 기본 요인으로 중소 수출기업의 마케팅역량을 제한하기 때문인 것으로 분석된다. 셋째, 중소기업의 수출 마케팅역량이 커질수록 수출성과가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 중소기업이 주관적으로 인식하는 문화적 거리가 중동, 미국, 중국의 수출성과에 영향을 미치는 관계에서 마케팅역량의 매개효과는 지역별로 상이하게 나타났다. 이에 우리는 수출기업의 경영자가 주관적으로 인지하는 문화적 거리는 마케팅역량을 통해 수출성과에 부(-)의 영향을 미친다는 점을 고려해야 한다. 아울러 우리의 중소기업은 수출을 늘리기 위해서는 수출대상국과의 문화적 거리를 줄여가는 문화 교류와 교육을 확대하거나 마케팅역량을 강화하여야 함을 시사한다. The cultural distance among countries is a source of uncertainty in overseas expansion, which negatively impacts the export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In this study, the relation between cultural distance, marketing capability and export performance is analyzed empirically for 400 SMEs that export to the Middle East region where the cultural distance is large due to the Islamic religion difference; and the United States and China which are the largest export destinations of Korea. Cultural distances increased reliability by measuring the subjective perceptions of individual export managers instead of the Kogut and Singh(1988) index based on Hofstede’s(1980) five national cultural dimensions. The results of this study are as follows: first, the larger the cultural distance perceived by SMEs is, the lower the export performance is to the Middle East, U.S. and China. Secondly, the smaller the cultural distance exists, the greater it is for the SMEs marketing capability to the Middle East, U.S. and China. The reason is that cultural distance is the main factor of export uncertainty and limits the SMEs overseas marketing capability. Thirdly, the SMEs export marketing capability has a positive effect on export performance. Lastly, the mediating effects of marketing capability differ among regions in the cultural distance that is perceived by SMEs, affecting the export performance of the Middle East, U.S. and China. Therefore, we should consider that cultural distances are perceived subjectively by export managers and have a negative effect on export performance through marketing capability. Furthermore, this study implies that marketing capability as well as cultural exchanges and education should be strengthened and expanded in order for Korean SMEs to increase export.

설교에서 거리 문제: 미적 거리의 관점에서

정재웅(Jaewoong Jung) 연세대학교 신과대학(연합신학대학원) 2021 신학논단 Vol.104 No.-

This paper aims to investigate distance in preaching in terms of aesthetic distance. To begin with, the author examines the discussions of the distance in preaching by Fred Craddock and by contemporary North American homileticians who developed Craddock’s idea of distance in preaching further by applying aesthetic distance. Craddock pointed out that there are three kinds of distance in preaching according to the twin task of interpretation in preaching: 1) Distance between the text and preacher, 2) Distance between the text and listener, and 3) Distance between preacher and listener. Craddock claimed that these distances are overcomethrough a dual hermeneutical process that is constructed by distance and participation in and through hearing the sermon inductively, namely overhearing. Particularly, he argued that the distance between the text and listener, as well as the distance between preacher and listener, should be maintained to protect the listener’s autonomous and independent participation in the preaching event. A group of scholars of performance homiletics, including Charles Bartow, Jana Childers, and Michael Brothers, developed Craddock’s theory further by applying aesthetic distance, a concept of aesthetic experience in performance theory. These scholars approach hearer’s experience in preaching, which Craddock described as overhearing, as an aesthetic experience, and understand distance in preaching as aesthetic distance. Their discussions of distance in preaching contribute to understanding of the listener as an interpretive subject, equal to the preacher, and comprehending that the experience of the gospel is constructed through the listener’s autonomous participation. The author points out that, despite its benefits, these scholars’ understanding of the experience of the gospel in preaching is too anthropocentric, and argues that God should be considered as the ultimate subject of such experience in preaching as a revelatory event.

Integrated task performance score for the building occupants based on the CO₂ concentration and indoor climate factors changes

Hong, Taehoon,Kim, Jimin,Lee, Myeonghwi Elsevier 2018 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.228 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The task performance can be analyzed though various indices related to cognitive tasks, but few studies have been conducted to analyze various indices of task performance considering both the indoor air pollutants and the climate factors. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an integrated task performance score for 22 building occupants based on the IEQ condition changes. The experiment was designed with three scenarios simulating the IEQ condition changes during an 8-hour work period. In each scenario, six cognitive tasks were performed before and after the occurrence of IEQ condition changes. The relationship between cognitive task and IEQ condition was analyzed using a paired <I>t</I>-test. In addition, an integrated task performance score of the building occupants was developed with the use of a weighted Euclidean distance to utilize the results of this study in building design and operation. As a result, when the operative temperature is changed from 18.70 °C (cold) to 25 °C (neutral), the best task performance score was calculated as 0.187. The noticeable fact is that although scenario 1-1 was worse than scenario 2-1 based on the predicted percentage of dissatisfaction, a better occupants’ task performance score was obtained from scenario 1-1 (0.271) than from scenario 2-1 (0.346). Through the results of this study, the building occupants’ task performance according to the IEQ condition considering both the CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentration and the indoor climate can be expressed as a single index. Thus, it is expected that using this single index, decision makers, including facility managers, building occupants, and mechanical system designers, will be able to manage the IEQ conditions of buildings based on the quantitative indicators of the building occupants’ task performance.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> An integrated task performance score of the building occupants was developed. </LI> <LI> The score was improved when the operative temperature was changed to neutral. </LI> <LI> Occupants in high CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentration cannot well conduct task. </LI> <LI> Best score (0.187) was found when operative temperature was changed from cold to neutral. </LI> <LI> The score was improved when operative temperature is cold (0.271) rather than slightly warm (0.346). </LI> </UL> </P>

The Effect of Psychic Distance Stimuli and Psychic Distance on International Marketing Strategy Adaptation and Export Performance

박상일,문태원,유필화 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.6

This paper clarified the ambiguity in the literature regarding psychic distance by refiningits conceptualization, operationalization, and measurement. It empirically investigated psychicdistance in a more inclusive manner that involves its antecedents (i.e. psychic distancestimuli), marketing program adaptation, and performance outcomes. The results of the studyrevealed that psychic distance stimuli are positively associated with psychic distance. Furthermore, psychic distance positively influences marketing program adaptation. The resultsalso demonstrated that psychic distance mediates the relationship between psychic distancestimuli and marketing program adaptation, and that marketing program adaptation ispositively associated with export performance. Future research agenda were suggested.