The Need for Green Sourcing in Free Trade Agreements

박명섭(Myong-Sop Pak),신수용(Soo-Yong Shin) 한국무역연구원 2013 貿易 硏究 Vol.9 No.3

오늘날 자유무역협정은 전 세계적으로 이루어지고 있는 추세이다. 자유무역협정은 협정을 맺은 양 국가들 간에 관세 혜택을 부여함으로 세금에 대한 부담이 줄어들어 기업들의 활발한 무역활동을 촉진시킬 수 있다. 자유무역협정에서 관세에 대한 혜택을 부여받기 위해서는 원산지규정에 따른 원산지 증명이 반드시 이루어져야하는데 원산지 증명에 대한 국가별 규정이 각기 상이하고 절차가 복잡하여 규모가 큰 기업뿐 아니라 규모가 다소 작은 기업들도 혜택을 부여받는데 어려운 실정이다. 기존의 자유무역협정이 가지고 있는 관세 혜택의 장점을 살리지 못하는 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 원산지규정 간편화를 통해 기업들의 자발적이고 접근성을 용이하게 해야 비용 및 시간을 절감할 수 있다는 연구들은 기존에 다수 존재하고 있다. 하지만 비용 및 시간 절감 이외에도 환경적 인 부분을 고려해야 한다고 생각한다. 자유무역협정으로 맺어진 양 국가간의 무역활성화는 경제적인 측면에서 두 국가에게 이득을 제공할 수 있지만 경제적 발전을 위한 개발과 산업화는 지속적으로 환경을 파괴함으로써 전 세계가 공통적으로 문제점을 삼고 있는 온난화를 촉진 시킬 우려가 있다. 따라서 자유무역협정을 통한 경제적 이득과 환경적인 측면을 고려한 그린소싱과 같은 녹색 전략이 자유무역협정 규정에 정책적으로 다가갈 수 있는 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다. 본 연구에서는 관세혜택을 바탕으로 이루어지는 무역활동에 있어 비용적 측면 이외에도 환경적 측면을 고려한 녹색 자유무역협정에 대해 연구를 하고자 한다. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) connect countries to major economies and new markets through eliminations of tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most goods and services between agreed members. Increased number of such agreements worldwide has led to an increased interest in Rules of Origins (ROOs) which is necessary for identifying a nationality of a product in order to receive the benefit under FTAs. However, complex characteristics of ROOs damage the principle benefit of FTAs which leaves cost burdens to companies. Because of such complexity, harmonization of ROOs has long been argued. Harmonizing the complex ROOs may benefit many countries and businesses. However, the current issues related to FT As or use of ROOs rather seem to pay most attention only on reducing costs while the current century is faced with ever-challenging environmental issues. Environment should never be neglected. Considering green efforts in FTAs would be necessary. FTAs could consider strategies that accompany green efforts namely green sourcing, for example. Applying green sourcing in FTAs should allow companies to focus on their supply chains with sustainability to give positive effects on the environment. Such efforts should also provide them with further cost benefits. This paper aims to study FTAs with related issues of ROOs in order to argue for the need of green sourcing in them.

한국 교육서비스 국제경쟁력 영향 요인 분석에 관한 연구

로요(Yao Lu),이성준(Sung-Joon Lee) 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.5

This study is to acquire the influence factors of international competitiveness of education service in Korea through literature research method, conduct theoretical investigation and collect relevant antecedent thesis research. Statistics on the international competitiveness of Korean education services are collected from the World Trade Organization website. Using TCI (Trade Comparative Index) and Grey Relational Analysis to find the influenctial factors of international competitiveness. The results show that the deficit in educational services has been reversed. In addition, from the TCI analysis comparison of the international competitiveness between Korea and advanced countries on education services. Korea is an importing country whose overseas consumption more than overseas income. From the Grey Relational Analysis on the influential factors of the international competitiveness of educational services trade in Korea. The results shows the rate of graduate school and university, the ratio of all schools, the ratio of professors and students, the comparative cost of GDP, etc. have significant influences. The number of universities, the rate of GDP and education costs have moderate influences and the proportion of faculty have lower influence.

WTO/TBT상 표준과 한국무역간의 상호관계에 관한 실증분석

박주근(Joo-Keun Park),윤기관(Ki-Kwan Yoon) 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.1

The study aims to empirically explore the impact of the implementation of the harmonization and the transparency measures by the wro member countries on the Korean trade. For the empirical study on the impact of the harmonization, mcxlels were specified based on the gravity theory with a proxy variable of the key comparison(KC) which is an important activity for obtaining the equivalence of national measurement standards in international metrology community. With the specified eqtiations, it was regressed to analyse about whether or not the KC activity in measurement science impacts on Korean trade. The results of the equation indicate that the KC has a positive impact on bilateral trade of Korea with its trading partner.

무역보험 비즈니스의 지속가능경영에 관한 연구 : 신용리스크 관리를 중심으로

장동한(Dong-Han Chang),박종현(Jong-Hyun Park) 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.5

This study focuses on credit risk management related to trade finance with various trade risks in accordance with the rapid change of global trade business environment. In this paper, we propose the conduct of a stress test analyzing the crisis situation, and trade insurance credit risk management in addition to the sustainability business strategy of Korea Trade Corporation, which is responsible for trade insurance and trade finance in Korea. First, financial institution and K-Sure should expand trade finance information sharing. Second, credit risk management model using stress tests should be developed. Third, the trade insurance fund should be strengthened. Fourth, the total amount of trade insurance risk should be changed to a capital adequacy discipline system. Finally, export banks and K-Sure should seek to unify their policies. Therefore, stress test model should be established to strengthen credit risk management in trade insurance.

패널VAR를 이용한 무역, 인적자본과 경제성장의 인과관계

최봉호(Bong-Ho Cho) 한국무역연구원 2019 무역연구 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relationship between trade, human capital accumulation and economic growth and to provide implications for Korean manufacturing industry. The results of panel Granger causality analysis using panel VAR model are as follows. The export, human capital, ‘export and human capital interaction term’ have a causal relationship to economic growth. Economic growth, human capital is the cause of exports. However, Economic growth has no causal on human capital, and exports have causality to human capital but have low statistical significance. Import has Grnager causal relationship with economic growth. Economic growth also has a causal relationship with imports. Therefore, there is a bi-directional causal relationship between import and economic growth. Imports have a causal relationship with human capital and have a higher significance level than those of exports. And the interaction terms of exports and imports with human capital have causal relations with economic growth. This implies that trade can affect human capital and ultimately economic growth through income distribution. But economic growth does not cause human capital accumulation. These results show that human capital is a major causal factor for export, import, and economic growth, and policy efforts are needed to foster human capital for economic growth.

일본 전자ㆍ전기제품시장의 경쟁구조변화와 한국기업의 대일 수출전략에 관한 연구

권영욱(Young-Wook Kwon),남경두(Kyung-Doo Nam) 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.1

The Korea's representative enterprises which bound forward in the global markets, have a tough time in the Japanese markets alone, and especially, they hardly sell key items such as electronic and electric products(consurners' durables). And since this phenomenon has continued for a very long time, the Japanese markets were engraved as a market which is hard to enter for the Korean enterprises. At this time of point, analyzing the competition structure of the electronic and electric products market and proposing the strategies of the Korean enterprises's export to Japan would be a great academic contribution. This study analyzed the Japanese electronic and electric products market by the method of upper enterprises' Concentration Ratio(CRk) based on J. S. Bain's SCP paradigm and the literature study on the characteristics of the Japanese market by Itami Hiroyuki. As a result, in the Japanese electronic and electric products market, it is very likely that there exist market dominating enterprises, but at the same time, the movement of change also could be grasped. Accordingly, the business system suitable and global business linked strategies of the Korean enterprises' export to Japan which can respond to the change of the markets were proposed.

한국 무역과 해외직접투자(FDI) 및 FTA의 상호작용 분석

윤승환 한국무역연구원 2022 무역연구 Vol.18 No.2

Purpose Existing studies on the interaction between international trade and FDI have presented conflicting conclusions on whether the relationship is complementary or substitute. Accordingly, this study attempts to answer the question of how Korea’s trade and FDI have interacted with each other. Design/Methodology/Approach This study constructs a panel dataset for the 51 partners (investing) countries with Korea from 2000 to 2020 and analyzes the relationship between trade and FDI using the Pooled OLS, Fixed Effect, Random Effect, and GLS(Generalized Least Square). Findings Analysis results show that trade openness is statistically significant and presents a positive value in all models, indicating that the larger the size of Korea’s imports and exports, the more positive the FDI inflow to Korea. Although FTA is not statistically significant in some models, the Pooled OLS and GLS models show a statistically significant and positive value, suggesting that FTA also positively affects Korean FDI. These analytical results confirm a complementary relationship between Korean trade and FDI and that FTAs also have a positive effect on FDI. However, the effect of an FTA’s moderating role on trade openness is not statistically significant, so it could not be determined. Research Implications It can be said that trade and FDI play a significant role in Korea’s economic growth and development. FDI inflow can create a virtuous cycle of increasing exports and imports again by stimulating domestic investment and increasing employment and production. To sustain this positive interactive relationship, trade and investment policies should be considered in a complementary way rather than independently or exclusively.

한국과 FTA를 체결한 국가와의 상호인정협정 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

김연숙(Yeon-Sook Kim),은웅(Woong Eun) 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.1

WTO/TBT related trade regulation notifications, a rising protectionism in international trade, have reached its highest number of 1560. As the trade regulations of China and Southeast Asia against its main trading partners such as the United States and EU become stricter, the longer time spent and higher price required in achieving certificates are becoming new obstacles that deter trade. In order to relieve such trade barriers, many countries are implementing MRA (Mutual Recognition Agreements) for FTA(Free Trade Agreements) Based on these perspectives, this paper introduces the current and implemented status of MRA. It will focus on the many partners of the FT A and suggest a suitable theoretical basis for future MRA of these FT A partners. Through this investigation, the paper will show how MRAs will mitigate the barriers of import and help solve the difficulties that many SMEs face in the international market because of the lack of compatible information.

컬러마케팅에서 한국인과 중국인의 빨간색에 대한 인식도 분석

이우채(Woo-Chae Lee) 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.5

Color marketing is a marketing strategy that stimulates a customer’s purchasing needs through color. As manufacturing techniques of businesses became standardized, it was color that decided which product for customers to choose. The fundamental logic of this marketing strategy is that because people react emotional towards color, it is directly related to the impulse to buy. This paper has shown a comparative analysis on how the Chinese’s most favored color, red, is perceived in Korea and China. A total of 200 men and women participated in the questionnaire. The questionnaire scale consisted of interval scale, ordinal scale, and nominal scale. The questionnaire is about the various feelings of Chinese and Koreans about the red color. These includes love, hatred, power, courage, attractive, warmth, energy, irritation, pleasure, joy of life, luck, jut, noisy, extrovert, anger, aggressive, excitement, danger, prohibition, temptation, sexual, eros, immorality, dynamic and enthusiastic. The results were, most Korean tended to perceive the color red negatively, associating it with negative-meaning words whereas most Chinese to perceive it positively, associating it with positive-meaning words.

새로운 결제수단으로서 전자무역 결제 서비스/은행지급 확약(TSU/BPO)의 장점과 활용에 관한 연구

이방식(Bang-Sik Lee),박석재(Suk-Jae Park) 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.5

This paper intends to study the merits and practical use of Trade Service Utility (TSU)/Bank Payment Obligation (BPO) as a new payment method. In 1980s, Letters of Credit (L/C) were most widely used in international trade as a payment method while in 2000 and onwards, Telegraphic Transfer (T/T) was most prevalent in international trade as a payment method. A new payment method has emerged recently. SWIFT has developed TSU and BPO for international payment of goods between sellers and buyers. There are several merits of TSU/BPO. They include the rapid collection of payment, the reduction of burden in relation to handling documents, the increase of certainty in collecting the payment, the quick transactions, favorable deals in transactions, the reduction of trade personnel, to name a few. There are practical uses for TSU/BPO. They include the concurrent use with forfeiting and the alternate use instead of Open Account. In the near future, TSU/BPO will be widely used in international trade as a good payment method instead of L/Cs and T/Ts.