Interpretations of Negative Degree Sentences and Questions

( Eun Joo Kwak ) 한국영어영문학회 2010 영어 영문학 Vol.56 No.6

The interpretations of degree expressions require the postulation of new entities to represent degrees. Diverse entities such as degrees, intervals, and vectors are adopted for degree expressions. Positive degree sentences and questions are properly construed with the introduction of these entities, but their negative counterparts need more consideration. Negative degree sentences show dual patterns of entailments depending on contexts, and negative degree questions are unacceptable, making weak islands. To explicate the distinct nature of negative degree sentences and questions, Fox & Hackl (2006) provide an analysis based on degrees while Abrusan & Spector (2010) suggest a proposal in interval readings of degree expressions. I have pointed out the theoretical problems of these analyses and proposed an alternative in the framework of the vector space semantics, following Winter (2005). Bi-directional scales in vector space fit well with the dual patterns of negative degree sentences, and the notion of a reference vector is useful to accommodate the contextual influence in negative degree sentences and to deal with the unacceptability of negative degree questions.

과학영재학교 교사와 학생이 인식하는 박사급 전문교원에 대한 역할기대와 역할수행 분석

김순근(Soon Geun Kim),유미현(Mi Hyun Yoo) 한국영재교육학회 2016 영재와 영재교육 Vol.15 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 영재교육진흥법에 따라 교원자격증 없이 영재학교에 근무하고 있는 이공계 박사학위 소지 전문교원의 역할기대와 역할수행에 대해 영재학교 교사와 학생의 인식을 비교 분석하는 것이다. 설문지는 교과활동 등 5개 영역에 걸쳐 34문항을 개발하여 수도권 소재 K과학영재학교 학생 216명, 교사 46명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였고, 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 타당도를 확보하였다. 도출한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교사는 박사급 전문교원에 대한 역할기대가 높은 반면 역할수행이 낮다고 인식하였으나, 학생은 역할기대가 낮고 기대만큼은 역할수행을 한다고 인식하고 있었다. 회귀분석 결과, 역할기대가 역할수행을 25.5% 결정하고 있어 역할기대가 역할수행에 비교적 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 역할기대와 역할수행의 관계는 3차 다항식 형태의 추세선이 그려지는 것으로 나타나 긍정적인 역할수행이 다시 역할기대를 끌어 올리는 정적 피드백으로 작용하였다. 또한 역할기대가 높은 문항은 역할수행이 낮게 나타나고, 반대로 역할기대가 낮은 문항은 역할수행이 높게 나타났는데, 이것은 기대불일치 이론으로 설명이 가능하였다. 본 연구를 통해 다수의 선행 연구들에서 역할기대에 비해 역할수행이 낮게 나타나고 있는 현상에 대한 합리적인 이론을 제시할 수 있었다. 또한 역할기대에 비해 역할수행이 낮다고 하여 실제로 기대만큼 역할수행을 하지 못하고 있다고 결론을 내리는 것에는 보다 신중해야함을 확인할 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze gifted science school teachers and students’ perceptions of role expectation and role performance of expert teachers with a doctoral degree who were working in gifted schools without a teaching certificate. For questionnaires, this study developed 34 items across five domains, including subject-related activities, and conducted an online survey with 216 students and 46 teachers at K. Gifted Science School located in the capital area, securing validity through an exploratory factor analysis. The research results were as follows: First, the teachers had a high role expectation from the expert teachers with a doctoral degree but perceived a low role performance of them, while the students had a lower role expectation and perceived that they performed the role as expected. According to regression analysis, it was found that since the role expectation determined 25.5% of the role performance, it had a relatively big impact on role performance. Second, it turned out that in the relationship between role expectation and role performance, a trend line in a third-degree polynomial form was drawn, and a positive role performance acted as positive feedback, which raised role expectation again. In addition, role performance was lower in the items with high role expectation, while role performance was higher in the items with low role expectation, and this could be explained with the expectancy disconfirmation theory. Through this study, a reasonable theory on the phenomenon in which role performance was lower than role expectation in a number of preceding studies could be suggested. Moreover, it could be found that more caution should be paid to conclude that they did not actually perform the role as expected, even if role performance was lower than role expectation.

장애인 노동시장 내부의 분단성 연구

강동욱 한국사회복지정책학회 2005 사회복지정책 Vol.21 No.-

본 연구에서는 노동시상 관련이론, 선행연구 및 실증적 자료를 통해 장애인 노동시장 내부에 존재하는 다양한 형태의 취약계층, 즉 다른 장애유형이나 장애정도에 비애 상대적으로 낮은 취업률, 저임금, 열악한 근무환경 또는 불안정한 고용 등으로 인해 고통을 받고 있는 특정 집단(group)의 실태를 상세하고 체계적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 분단시장이론(segmented market theory)에서와 같이 장애인 노동시장내부에도 장애유형과 장애정도에 따른 분단성이 비교적 강하게 존재하는 것으로 나타났다 연구결과의 정책적 함의는 첫째, 장애인들 중에서도 다른 장애인들에 비해 고실업과 저임금의 비복지(dis-welfare) 상태에 상대적으로 더 많이 노출되어 있는 특정 장애유영과 중증장애인들에 대해 장애인전용작업장, 복지공장, 지원고용, 보조공학적 지원, 더블카운터제도, 장애유형과 정도에 적합한 신규직종/직무개발, 세금감면과 임금보조 등의 적극적 노동시장정책을 통해서 최소한의 노동권과 생존권을 우선적으로 보장해 주어야 안다는 것, 둘째, 연구주제와 관련된 제도들 중 연재 시행중인 수화통역수당, 직무지도원, 중증장애인 장려금 우대 및 창업지원 등의 제도적 미비점을 대폭 보완하여 정책의 실효성을 높여야 한다는 것이다. 상기의 노력들이 충실하게 이루어질 때 비로소 우리나라 장애인 노동시장내부의 분단성이 해소되고, 동시에 장애인의 사회통합도 진일보(進一步)할 것이다. Several existing labor market theories and studies for people with disabilities which assume only one competitive labor market are not very useful for exact analyzing labor market structure. Hence, this study uses segmented labor market theories. This paper also shows, using nationwide surveys for people with disabilities, data collected by the Korean Government, much detail information about the current status of people with disabilities in the Korea labor market. According to the results of this study, the labor market for people with disabilities is divided into several parts(i.e. different labor market status according to their several disability-type & disability-degree). The employment rate and wage of people with disabilities are very low compared to those of each other people with a differnt disability-type & disability-degree. This study also analyzes the labor supply functions in the Korea labor market for people with disabilities according to their disability-type & disability-degree. In Korea, there has been a lot of effort made for promoting employment of people with disabilities and this will continue in the future. However, many employment policies for people with disabilities have not been based on accurate and systematic analysis of the labor market structure. Hence the effects of those employment policies have not been very satisfactory. Hence this paper focuses on realistic analysis & development of a general theory according to their disability-type & disability-degree. So results of this study can be very helpful for exact understanding and solving of employment problems for people with disabilities in Korea.

로그-하이퍼큐브의 임베딩 알고리즘과 지름 개선

김종석,이형옥 사단법인 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2019 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.9 No.11

상호연결망으로 널리 알려진 하이퍼큐브는 노드 및 에지 대칭성, 간단한 라우팅 알고리즘, 분지수 n, 지름 n, 망비용 을 갖는다. 하이퍼큐브는 여러 가지 장점을 갖고 있지만, 노드 개수 증가에 비해 분지수가 으로 증가하는 단점이 있다. 이러한 단점은 상호연결망의 망비용이 이 되는 이유이다. 로그-하이퍼큐브는 하이퍼큐브의 망비용을 개선하기 위해 최근에 제안된 상호연결망이다. 로그-하이퍼큐브는 분지수 증가를 최소화하여 분지수를 으로 개선하였다. 또한 지름 값은 1.5n-1로 알려졌다. 이러한 결과를 이용하여 망비용은 으로 하이퍼큐브 보다 개선된 결과를 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 로그-하이퍼큐브와 하이퍼큐브의 관계를 분석하기 위해 두 그래프 사이의 임베딩 알고리즘을 개발한다. 하이퍼큐브를 로그-하이퍼큐브에 임베딩하는 연장율 값은 이다. 임베딩의 결과는 하이퍼큐브에서 개발된 알고리즘을 로그-하이퍼큐브에서 활용하고자 하는 경우 추가적인 비용이 이 요구된다. 또한 로그-하이퍼큐브의 지름 값 1.5n-1을 1.25n-1로 개선하였다. The Hypercube, which is widely known as the interconnection network, have symmetrical node and edge, a simple routing algorithm, a degree of n, a diameter of n, and a network cost . The hypercube have many advantages, but its degree increases to in comparison to the increasing number of nodes. This disadvantage is the reason why the network cost of the interconnection network is . The Log-hypercube is an interconnection network which was suggested recently to improve the Hypercube’s network cost. The Log-hypercube improved the degree to by minimizing the increase of the degree. Also its degree is known as 1.5n-1. By using this result the network cost is , which is a better result than the Hypercube. In this research we develop the embedding algorithm between the two graphs to analyze the relation between the Log-hypercube and Hypercube. The extension rate which embeds the Hypercube in the Log-hypercube is . The embedding’s result tell us that an additional price is required when we use the algorithm which was developed in the Hypercube in Log-hypercube. Also we improved the Log-hypercube’s diameter (1.5n -1) to (1.25n –1).

Analysis of bachelor’s degree curricula through Item Response Theory and Association Rules

Hayette Khaled,Pablo Gregori,Raphaël Couturier 한국교육개발원 2019 KEDI Journal of Educational Policy Vol.16 No.1

The objective of this paper is to provide a methodology for statistical analysis of curricula, whose results give insights, on the one hand, on the relation between fluency in each subject of a bachelor’s degree and the overall ability of learners in that degree. On the other hand, an ordering relation among the fluency of the different subjects, expected or not, emerges from the observed data. We illustrate it with the analysis of a bachelor’s of computer science, to which we have applied the Graded Response Model of Item Response Theory, along with the implicative graph of Association Rules.

A discussion on simple third-order theories and elasticity approaches for flexure of laminated plates

Singh, Gajbir,Rao, G. Venkateswara,Iyengar, N.G.R. Techno-Press 1995 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.3 No.2

It is well known that two-dimensional simplified third-order theories satisfy the layer interface continuity of transverse shear strains, thus these theories violate the continuity of transverse shear stresses when two consecutive layers differ either in fibre orientation or material. The third-order theories considered herein involve four/or five dependent unknowns in the displacement field and satisfy the condition of vanishing of transverse shear stresses at the bounding planes of the plate. The objective of this investigation is to examine (i) the flexural response prediction accuracy of these third-order theories compared to exact elasticity solution (ii) the effect of layer interface continuity conditions on the flexural response. To investigate the effect of layer interface continuity conditions, three-dimensional elasticity solutions are developed by enforcing the continuity of different combinations of transverse stresses and/or strains at the layer interfaces. Three dimensional twenty node solid finite element (having three translational displacements as degrees of freedom) without the imposition of any of the conditions on the transverse stresses and strains is also employed for the flexural analysis of the laminated plates for the purposes of comparison with the above theories. These shear deformation theories and elasticity approaches in terms of accuracy, adequacy and applicability are examined through extensive numerical examples.

An Extension Theoretical Model for Grouting Effect Evaluation in Sand Stratum of Metro Construction

Jiwen Bai,Shucai Li,Yujing Jiang,Rentai Liu,Zhaofeng Li,Wei Li 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.23 No.5

Water-rich sand stratum is a common geological disaster source for the metro construction in coastal cities, and grouting is the most widely-used and efficient method to improve the characteristics of tunnel-surrounding rock. The grouting effect evaluation plays a key role in guaranteeing the subsequent construction safety. However, the grouting effect evaluation is a complex problem since it involves influence factors of uncertainty and variability. In order to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the grouting quality and guarantee the safety of metro construction, an extension theoretical model for grouting effect evaluation in water-rich sand stratum is established. Firstly, according to the geological and engineering influence factors, rock mass strength, permeability of surrounding rock, attitude of stratum, moisture content, grouting material, and grouting technology are selected as the grouting effect evaluation indexes, which make up the evaluation index system. The dimensionless method is used to avoid the influence of the unit and order of magnitude of each index, and index weight of each factor is ascertained by entropy-information theory. Also, through the grouting information of typical waterrich sand stratum and expert experience, the grouting effect evaluation grade classification is achieved. Combining with the extension theory and measured data, the correlation degree of each evaluation grade is obtained. Finally, according to the correlation degree identification criteria, the grouting effect evaluation categories can be judged. In the engineering application, the water-rich sand stratum grouting effect in Qingdao metro is evaluated based on the proposed model. The results show that the evaluation grade agrees well with the excavation situation. The extension theoretical model provides an effective method for grouting effect evaluation in water-rich sand stratum.

STUDY ON THE PERTURBED PIECEWISE LINEAR SUSPENSION BRIDGE EQUATION WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENT

Jung, Tacksun,Choi, Q-Heung The Kangwon-Kyungki Mathematical Society 2011 한국수학논문집 Vol.19 No.2

We get a theorem that there exist at least two solutions for the piecewise linear suspension bridge equation with variable coefficient jumping nonlinearity and Dirichlet boundary condition when the variable coefficient of the nonlinear term crosses first two successive negative eigenvalues. We obtain this multiplicity result by applying Leray-Schauder degree theory.

Mobility properties analyses of a wall climbing hexapod robot

Bin He,Shoulin Xu,Yanmin Zhou,Zhipeng Wang 대한기계학회 2018 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.32 No.3

In this paper, we investigate the Degree of freedom (DOF), workspace and singularity of a wall climbing hexapod robot. The robot has two typical working modes, which are the six or three legs attaching on the wall, so robot can be regarded as 6SRRR or 3SRRR parallel mechanism, respectively. First, the DOF of the robot is analyzed by the screw theory. The result indicates that two configurations of the robot possess 6-DOF, and the screw theory makes the calculation of the DOF become extremely simple. Moreover, the workspace of the robot body is studied with constraint equations, which obtains the influence of structural parameters on workspace. After that, a new simple Jacobian matrix is proposed to analyze the singularity, and obtain the singular configurations of the robot, which greatly simplifies the calculation of Jacobian matrix of the robot. Finally, by experiments to verify that the singularity analysis method is correct. The singularity analysis of this paper could be applied for effective control of the robot to avoid singular configurations.

그래프 이론을 이용한 가변 기구의 형태 합성

임필혁(Peelhyuk Lim),심재경(Jaekyung Shim),권진욱(Jinwook Kwon),임득재(Deukjae Im) 한국자동차공학회 2009 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2009 No.11

In this paper, the method of type synthesis about variable 2 DOF mechanisms is developed by using kinematical graph theory. The method is applied to Continuously Variable Valve Lift mechanisms used in vehicle. Most of the Variable mechanisms that are able to control a relation between input and output under operating conditions have two degree of freedom. On the average, mechanisms with 2 DOF have more links and joints than mechanisms with 1 DOF and the number of graphs that are considered increases, so a type synthesis of 2 DOF mechanisms is difficult. To overcome these difficulties, the type synthesis is operated as follows in this study. Before anything else, graphs of 1 DOF mechanisms with up to 6 links and 2 or 3 independent loops are enumerated. After, by adding links and joints or changing the lower pair to the higher pair, we enumerate graphs of 2 DOF mechanisms which have up to 7 links and 2 or 3 independent loops and satisfy the condition of mechanisms for synthesis. Using formulated graphs, we are easily able to synthesize the CVVL mechanisms which are presently on a commercial scale. Moreover, it is possible to synthesize the new variable mechanisms.