일제하 동북아 관세문제와 조선의 대‘중국’ 무역

송규진(Song, Kue Jin) 한국사연구회 2013 한국사연구 Vol.160 No.-

After ‘annexation of Korea’, Japan could integrate Korea politically and militarily except for the customs duties. Japan promised that Japan will maintain Chosun customs duties for 10 years under the sensitive international political situation in the North East Asia where superpower countries show very keen attention to the Chosun customs duties, In August 1920, Office of Chosun Governor could apply ‘Japanese Customs Duties Law’ to Chosun and attain the ‘Annexation of Korea’ in economic sense. China lost its autonomous right of customs duties as a result of treaties with foreign governments. But later the Western superpowers admitted autonomy of Chinese customs duties in 1928 as the ‘Peoples Revolution of China’ succeeded and Japan approved the autonomy of Chinese customs duties in May, 1930. Subsequently, Chinese government gradually increased the tariffs rates. After invasion of Manchuria, Manchuria government separated the customs administration from China and strengthened the preferred tariff alliance with Chosun and ultimately integration with Chosun tariff was made in May 1944. As the puppet government was established in China after Sino-Japanese war, favorable conditions were given to the Korean export goods applying ‘pro-Japanese favorable tariffs.’ Under the situation that Chosun customs tariffs are still maintained after the ‘Annexation of Korea’, Japan developed various policy schemes to build an economic foundation for invasion to Manchuria and, as a result, export and import trade with ‘China’, in particular, with Manchuria area, further increased. On the export side, rice was the main item shipped to Manchuria as the rice demands of the immigrants from Japan and Korea to Manchuria increased and to make up food supply shortage incurred by the rice export, huge volume of millet was imported from Manchuria. As the ‘Japanese Customs Duties Law’ started to be applied to Chosun in 1920 and under the consequences of boycott of Japanese goods spurred by ‘People’s Revolution of China’ and the ‘Baehwa anti-Japanese riot’, trade with ‘China’ relatively declined or stagnated. In particular, the trade volume of Chosun with China dropped drastically after world great economic depression in 1929 and recovery of Chinese autonomy of customs duties in 1930. Export and import trade with Manchuria suddenly increased since Japanese aggression to the North Chinese Continent and the establishment of the Government of Manchuria. In particular, rice export became important inevitably in pursuing the war.

한국 면세점 서비스품질이 중국 관광객의 행동 의도에 미치는 영향

Kai-Qiang Wang,김문홍 한국유통경영학회 2020 유통경영학회지 Vol.23 No.4

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the interrelationship between the overall service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer behavior intentions based on the Chinese consumers’ experience after using duty-free shops in Korea. Currently, most of the related researches on duty-free service quality in Korea are based on its own service quality model, and studies on Chinese customer behavior through the medium of customer satisfaction are far from adequate. In particular, this paper conducted a research on the service quality with the aim to promote the use of duty-free shops in Korea by Chinese tourists and also provide comprehensive reference opinions for Korean duty-free shop operators to develop marketing strategies for Chinese customers. Research design, data, and methodology: To achieve the objectives of the study, this paper conducted a survey of 509 Chinese consumers. As a study to derive practical implications, survey data was empirically analyzed using the SPSS 26.0 through the data coding process. Results: The results of the analysis showed that first, tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy in the quality of service factors had a positive effect on customer satisfaction. Second, tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy in service quality components had a positive effect on customer intentions. Assurance was found to have no effect on the customer's intention. Third, customer satisfaction was found to have a positive effect on the customer's intention. In addition, tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy were found to influence customer behavior intentions through the medium of customer satisfaction. Assurance was found to have no influence on customer behavior intentions through the medium of customer satisfaction. Conclusions: The results of this research will help to improve the service quality of Korean duty-free shops and develop marketing strategies for Chinese customers. Korean duty-free shops can improve service quality, and after- sales service, thereby ensuring the sustainable development of duty-free shops in Korea.

면세점 서비스품질이 고객만족도에 미치는 영향 : 중국 관광객을 중심으로

성자영 ( Sung Ja-young ),김해람 ( Jin Hai-lan ),이동수 ( Lee Dong-soo ),김홍범 ( Kim Hong-bumm ) 한국관광산업학회 2021 Tourism Research Vol.46 No.2

쇼핑은 관광활동의 목적에서 큰 비중을 차지하고 있으며, 관광지를 선택하는 중요 요인으로 채택되고 있다. 이러한 쇼핑을 통한 관광활동의 욕구를 채워주는 관광시설이 면세점인데, 실제 고객들이 면세점을 방문하여 쇼핑행동을 진행하였을 때 만족도를 높일 수 있는 서비스품질 요인을 도출시켜 발전시키는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 면세점 서비스품질과 고객만족도의 기존연구를 정리하고, 한국을 방문하는 외국인 관광객들에서 가장 많은 비중을 차지하고, 관광 소비금액이 높은 중국 관광객들을 대상으로 정해서 연구를 진행하였다. 면세점 서비스품질 요인의 요인분석 결과 직원 서비스, 언어 및 문제해결, 가격 및 프로모션, 시설 및 분위기, 매장 편의성, 결제 편리성 총 여섯 가지의 요인이 도출되었으며, 고객만족도에 대해서는 한 가지 요인으로 정리되었다. 본 연구에서는 면세점 서비스품질이 고객만족도에 미치는 영향이 언어 및 문제해결, 직원서비스, 시설 및 분위기, 매장 편의성, 가격 및 프로모션, 결제 편리성의 순으로 제시되어 가설을 입증한 결과를 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구결과를 통해 면세점이용 고객들의 만족도를 높이기 위해서 직원들의 언어 소통능력과 문제해결 능력을 확보하는 서비스를 통해 고객들이 면세점을 이용하는데 불편함이 없도록 제공하며, 면세점을 찾는 고객들의 편안한 쇼핑을 위해 물리적 공간을 편리하고, 안정적으로 제공하도록 하여야 한다. 또한 쇼핑고객들의 가격민감도를 감안하여 지불수단이 되는 카드사, 은행사 및 입점해 있는 주요 브랜드들과의 프로모션 협업진행을 통해 면세점 운영 및 관리하는데 서비스품질이 균일하게 제공되도록 지속적인 개발을 하도록 한다. 본 연구는 한국을 방문한 관광객들이 면세점을 방문하고 쇼핑하였을 때 경험한 서비스품질이 고객만족도에 미치는 영향을 중국 관광객들을 중심으로 측정한 연구로써, 면세점의 경쟁력 확보와 내부 관리능력 마련에 기틀이 되기 때문에 그 시사점이 크다고 할 수 있다. Shopping is a major tourist activity and it acts as an important factor in the selection of tourist sites. Duty-free shops are tourist facilities that satisfy tourist activity demands through shopping and the purpose of this study is to deduce and develop service quality factors that can increase satisfaction when actual consumers visit duty-free shops and conduct shopping activities. For this, this study organized existing studies on duty-free shop service quality and customer satisfaction and it was conducted on Chinese tourists, who account for the largest portion of foreign tourists in Korea and who spend the most in tourism consumption. Factor analysis of duty-free shop service quality factors deduced the six factors of employee service, language and problem resolution, costs and promotions, facilities and moods, shop convenience, and payment convenience along with one factor for duty-free service quality. In this study, the effects of duty-free service quality on customer satisfaction were presented in the order of language and problem resolution, facilities and moods, shop convenience, costs and promotions, and payment convenience, confirming results that prove the hypothesis. To enhance the satisfaction of customers who use duty-free shops, this study provides customers with services that secure the language communication skills and problem-solving skills of employees so they do not experience any inconvenience in their use of duty-free shops and allows the convenient and stable provision of physical spaces for the comfortable shopping of customers who use duty-free shops. In addition, in consideration of the price sensitivity of shopping customers, continuous development must be made to provide uniform service quality in the operation and management of duty-free shops through promotion collaboration processes with major brands that are carried in such shops along with institutions related to means of payment such as credit card companies and banks. This study measures the effects of service quality on the customer satisfaction of tourists who visit and shop in duty-free shops in Korea, focusing on Chinese tourists, and its implications are significant as they form a foundation for securing competitiveness and internal management capabilities for duty-free shops.

수출산업으로서 보세판매장의 국민경제적 효과에 대한 연구

정재완(Jae-Wan Chung) 한국조세연구포럼 2012 조세연구 Vol.12 No.2

한 나라를 출국하는 국외여행자들을 대상으로 하는 면세판매는 특수한 무역형태의 하나다. 이것은 여행자들을 대상으로 소비재를 직접 판매하는 형태로 이루어지며, 외국물품을 판매하지만 무관세로 판매되는 특징이 있다. 성격상 보세판매는 B2C 형태의 중계무역이다. 통계에 따르면 2011년 말 현재 한국내 면세점에서 연간 약 40억 달러 상당의 면세품 거래가 이루어졌다. 이는 국가별로 집계할 때 세계 1위에 해당하는 규모다. 그만큼 한국 내에서의 면세품 거래가 활발한 것이다. 면세점의 주요 고객은 한국인들 뿐 아니라 한국을 방문하는 일본인과 중국인들이며, 최근들어 동남아시아 국가들로 부터도 방문객이 증가하는 추세다. 이 연구는 시내면세점이 국민경제적으로 어떤 효과를 발생하는 지를 규명하기 위해 이루어 졌다. 연구는 주요 시내면세점에 대한 방문조사와 면세점과 관련된 각종 통계자료 분석을 중심으로 실시되었다. 분석결과 시내면세점이 초래하는 주요한 국민경제적 효과로는 보세판매의 랜트(Rent) 효과와 재정수입 효과, 외국인들의 방한 관광 촉진효과, 국제수지 개선효과, 근로자 고용효과 등이 상당하게 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 경제적 효과는 국민경제에 긍정적 역할을 하는 것이 분명하다. 따라서 연구에서는 결론적으로 시내면세점에 대한 정부의 규제완화를 통해 면세점 거래가 더욱 활발하도록 개선해 갈 필요가 있다는 점을 지적하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 향후 B2C형태의 보세판매 정책에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 특히 최근들어 급증하고 있는 중국인 관광객들을 대상으로 한 관광산업 진흥과 연계하여 유용한 정책개발 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Duty-free sales that are intended for foreign country travelers are one of the special types of trade. Duty-free sale is a way of selling items directly to the traveler and it is selling the foreign items but it is customs-free. In the view of its character, Duty-free sale is intermediary trade of B2C type. The sales of Duty-free items are only allowed in bonded area. These are bonded area such as the departure duty-free shop which is in the airport or port, city duty-free shop in the city and cabin duty-free shop in the fight or the ship. According to the statistics in the end of 2011, there are almost 40 hundred million dollars deals are made annually. And this is corresponded as the first scale in the world and this scale tells the duty-free sale in Korea is brisk. The main customer is not only Korean and also Japanese and Chinese who visits Korea. The aim of this study is to determine which effect is made by the duty-free shop in the city with the view of national economy. And this study is established by visiting research in some main city duty-free shop and the analysis of various statistical data. According to the study, city duty-free shop brings some effects to the national economy as the Rent effect of bonded sale and the effect to stimulate foreigners to visit Korea and also the effect to improve the international balance of payments and the effect of employment. These economical effects are clearly and positively acted on the national economy. Therefore this study indicates that duty-free deals are needed to improve through the government’s deregulation about city duty free shop.

OECD 주요국가의 관세부담에 관한 비교분석

기석도 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.6

This study examines income elasticity of tax revenue for major OECD countries such as Korea, Canada, France, Japan, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States, empirically analyzing their customs duties burden with the use of the annual data from 1990 to 2015, and clarifying their implications. Using the method of empirical analysis, the effect of tax law revision was not considered in estimating income elasticity of tax revenue (buoyancy). By comparing and analyzing the results with major OECD countries, policy implications of customs duties burden are clarified. According to the empirical results, elasticity of customs duties on the GDP of five countries, namely, Korea, Canada, Japan, Norway and the United States, showed a positive relationship between GDP and customs revenue. However, France, Spain and the United Kingdom reflected a negative relationship between GDP and customs revenue. After removing autocorrelation, almost all countries except Norway and Japan showed the same results as those before autocorrelation. Korea had a lower level of income tax and general consumption tax than the OECD average whereas it had a higher level of corporate tax, property tax, customs and import duties. Notably, the tax revenue as a percentage of total taxation of customs and import duties was the highest in Korea among OECD countries. Based on these results, implications of the need for an appropriate tax policy and directions for future research can be gleaned.

시내 보세판매장 제도 개선 방안

김영춘(Young-Chun Kim) 한국관세학회 2008 관세학회지 Vol.9 No.4

Duty Free Shop must be run by being established at the place where customs control, as was recommended by WCO, can prevent illegal outflows such as smuggling, etc. In Korea, through the cyber control system of Invisible Customs as of 2008 and highly developed Risk Management which were introduced from 1990's, the downtown duty-free shops are being operated as a world-best information system. Nevertheless this fact, the system of Duty Free Shop is evaluated as one of the exemplary managing models of which the customs control is accomplished successively. Some issues regarding this Duty Free Shop can be raised, such as restriction-oriented operation resulting from control purposes, contradictory consequences to economic vitality and enterprise-friendly customs administration policy which may arise from the claim of abolition of Duty Free Shop system, and overly-high labor costs for the operating of such Duty Free Shops.

OECD 주요국가의 관세부담에 관한 비교분석

기석도(Seuk-Do Kie) 한국무역연구원 2017 貿易 硏究 Vol.13 No.6

This study examines income elasticity of tax revenue for major OECD countries such as Korea, Canada, France, Japan, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States, empirically analyzing their customs duties burden with the use of the annual data from 1990 to 2015, and clarifying their implications. Using the method of empirical analysis, the effect of tax law revision was not considered in estimating income elasticity of tax revenue (buoyancy). By comparing and analyzing the results with major OECD countries, policy implications of customs duties burden are clarified. According to the empirical results, elasticity of customs duties on the GDP of five countries, namely, Korea, Canada, Japan, Norway and the United States, showed a positive relationship between GDP and customs revenue. However, France, Spain and the United Kingdom reflected a negative relationship between GDP and customs revenue. After removing autocorrelation, almost all countries except Norway and Japan showed the same results as those before autocorrelation. Korea had a lower level of income tax and general consumption tax than the OECD average whereas it had a higher level of corporate tax, property tax, customs and import duties. Notably, the tax revenue as a percentage of total taxation of customs and import duties was the highest in Korea among OECD countries. Based on these results, implications of the need for an appropriate tax policy and directions for future research can be gleaned.

면세점유형에 따른 면세점 선택속성과 고객만족, 충성도와의 관계

김가령,양위주 한국자료분석학회 2009 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.11 No.4

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of selective attributes of duty free shops in Busan on the customer satisfaction and the relationship between its satisfaction and loyalty. The data of the survey was conducted by consumers who purchased products in Busan's duty free shops located in Gimhae international airport, Busan international sea port, and Lotte and Paradise department stores during 7 days. The result of study showed that selective attributes of duty free shop influenced on the level of satisfaction, particularly on loyalty. The findings also suggested that there was no difference between two kinds of duty free shop(urban/departure duty free shop) on satisfaction of selective attributes. Therefore, selective attributes of duty free shop should be considered to plan a differentiated strategy out of duty free shops. The findings suggest that operators of duty-free shops need increase sales by securing customers based on customer-satisfaction- loyalty management. 본 연구는 내국인 해외출국객의 면세점 이용 증가와 더불어 동업종간 경쟁우위를 위해 면세점 선택 시 중요시 여기는 중요속성과 고객만족, 충성도와의 관계에 관하여 연구하였다. 본 연구를 위해 2007년 9월 22부터 9월 28일까지 김해국제공항과 부산국제여객터미널에서 시내와 출국장면세점의 이용경험이 있는 내국인 출국객을 대상으로 설문조사한 400부(97.6%)의 자료를 실증분석에 활용하였다. 그 결과, 면세점 선택속성 중 상품요인, 가격요인, 명성요인이 만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 면세점 이용 만족도는 충성도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 면세점유형(시내/출국장면세점)에 따라 선택속성이 만족도에 미치는 영향의 차이를 알아본 결과 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 면세점이 일반 유통업과는 달리 해외출국 시만 이용 가능하고 면세품을 취급하는 특수상황 때문인 것으로 사료되며 면세점 운영자는 반드시 상품요인, 가격요인, 명성요인을 고려한 차별화된 마케팅전략에 힘써야 할 것이다.

면세점의 지각된 서비스품질이 관계품질과 고객충성도에 미치는 영향

이량,유건우,박찬욱 한국유통과학회 2017 유통과학연구 Vol.15 No.4

Purpose - With the growth of the duty free shop field and an increase in the executive interest in it, it becomes necessary to examine if PBZ (1988) SERVQUAL could be applied to duty free shop service reflecting on this increased interest and the importance of marketing strategy alternative managing multinational customers. Therefore, the present research focused on the comparison of Korean and Chinese consumers. We examined how service quality would affect relationship quality and customer loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology - Surveys were distributed to 235 Korean and 220 Chinese consumers who have visited a Korean duty free shop. We analyzed frequency analysis, mean difference analysis, and reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model analysis, and multi-group analysis. Results - First, perceived tangibles, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, price benefits, product diversity, and IT convenience of duty free shop service all appeared to be positive effect on customer satisfaction; at the same time, only tangibles, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, and price benefits positively affected customer trust. Secondly, customer satisfaction and trust that are the components of the relationship quality appeared to be positive effect on customer loyalty. Thirdly, customers' satisfaction was found to play a full mediating role effect among all of the service quality factors with customer loyalty; however, customer trust was found to have the mediating effects only with tangibles, empathy, assurance, and price benefits. Fourthly, we found a difference between how service quality influences relationship quality and how service quality influences customer loyalty as a function of different nationality. As a result, it appeared that price benefits and IT convenience affected customer satisfaction more among Koreans than among Chinese. Finally, it appeared that customer satisfaction and trust affected customer loyalty more among Chinese than among Koreans. Conclusions - The results of this study contribute to the theoretical knowledge, but also provide strategic alternatives to enhance differentiation, international competence of enterprises led by duty free shop and service quality improvement and customer loyalty of enterprises are drawn as a foundation for constructing international customer relationship in future global era.

설명의무위반으로 인한 계약편입배제와 개별약정 우선의 원칙

장덕조 사법발전재단 2016 사법 Vol.1 No.37

보험계약은 약관에 의하여 체결되는 부합계약으로서 약관규제법과 상법에 의한 규제를 받는다. 보험계약은 성질상 다수의 보험계약자를 상대로 동일한 내용의 계약을 체결하게 되므로, 이를 개별적으로 협의한다면 시간과 비용이 많이 들게 되므로, 다수계약의 합리적 처리를 위하여 이용되고 있다. 그러나 보험회사 측에서 일방적으로 작성한 약관이 계약의 내용으로 편입되는 경우 소비자에게 심각한 손해를 끼칠 수 있다. 또한 보험약관은 전문가인 보험자가 작성한 것으로 기술적이고 복잡한 내용도 많이 포함한다. 그리하여 사회경제적 약자인 보험계약자의 보호를 위하여 약관에 대한 규제가 필요하고, 보험약관을 규제하는 중요한 법률은 상법과 약관규제법, 그리고 보험업법이다. 그 규제 중의 하나가 약관의 편입통제이고, 사업자인 보험자에게 명시·설명의무를 부과하여 약관의 계약편입이 소비자의 인식가능하에 이루어질 수 있도록 한다. 여기서 약관사용의 편의성과 경제성, 소비자보호, 그리고 법률행위의 기본이론 등과의 사이에서 그 조화점을 찾고자 하는 측면에서 다양한 노력이 있어왔으며, 관련 법이론에 대한 견해의 대립이 있다. 또한 일방적인 약관과는 달리 당사자가 개별적으로 교섭을 하여 이끌어낸 개별약정은 약관에 우선하는 효력을 가진다. 본고는 보험약관의 설명의무 및 개별약정과 관련한 수집가능한 판례들을 망라하여 분류 검토하고, 양자의 관계에 대한 다양한 측면에서의 접근을 시도하여 보았다. 먼저, 설명의무에 관한 판례이론의 발전과 그에 대한 비판적 검토를 하였다. 보험약관의 편입통제와 관련하여 계약설이 통설이고 판례이긴 하나, 다음의 점들에 대한 고려가 필요하다. 첫째, 편입합의의 요건이 상당히 완화되어 가는 경향에 대한 우려로써, 소비자가 보험계약을 체결하면서 편입의 합의에 대한 서명을 하는 것만으로 당 약관의 모든 조항을 알고 있었다고 하는 것은 정의와 형평에 반할 여지가 있다. 둘째, 설명의 대상이 되는 중요한 내용이 아니라거나, 기타의 면제사유에 해당한다는 논거에서 그 설명의무 면제의 범위를 넓혀가는 추세에 대한 우려이다. 현재와 같이 예외를 하나둘씩 늘려간다면 결국에는 규범설을 취하는 것과 별반 차이가 없다. 예외의 범위를 늘려가면서 신의칙상의 설명의무 마저 도외시한다면, 계약설 본래의 취지인 소비자보호와 역행하는 결과가 초래될 수도 있다. 요컨대 ‘법령에 규정된 것, 거래상 일반적이고 공통된 것’ 등을 설명의 대상에서 제외하는 점은 바람직하지 못할 수 있다. 일반의 보험소비자는 법령에 규정된 사항이라고 하여 모두 알지도 못하고 이도 계약체결에 영향을 미치는 경우가 많을 것이다. 그러하다면 예외를 두지 않고 소비자의 선택에 영향을 줄 수 있는 내용에 대하여는 모두 설명하도록 하는 것이 타당해 보인다. 셋째, 고객보호의무로서의 설명의무가 상당 부분 불합리한 부분에 대한 해법이 될 수 있다고 본다. 계약의 내용이 되는지 여부 등에 대한 전부 또는 전무식의 해법에 의한 불합리한 점들을 이 의무의 부과와 그 위반 시의 손해배상책임으로 해결하는 것이다. 다음으로 개별약정 우선의 원칙과 설명의무의 관계에 대하여 검토하였다. 약관이 계약당사자 사이에 구속력을 갖는 것은 그 자체가 법규범 또는 법규범적 성질을 가지기 때문이 아니라 당사자가 그 약관의 규정을 계약내용 ... Insurance contracts are concluded based on the terms agreed upon between the insurer and the insured, and are subject to provisions under relevant laws. Noting that considerable time and cost is required to negotiate the terms and conditions with each customer, insurance companies tend to conclude the same contract with multiple customers. However, customers are likely at a disadvantage when signing insurance policies that are unilaterally drawn up by the insurers and include technical and complicated details. Therefore, terms and conditions of insurance contracts need to be regulated by law (e.g., Act on the Regulation of Terms and Conditions, Commercial Act, and Insurance Business Act) in order to protect the interests of insurance customers. One of the regulatory provisions relate to determining whether the incorporated terms are in conformity with the contract by imposing the duty to explain on the insurers. Thus far, efforts have been made to offer universal insurance policies that satisfy both parties from an economic and legal aspect, but there has long been a debate over relevant legal theories. Moreover, individual agreements that are concluded based on negotiation between the parties take precedence over universal insurance policies. The first part of this paper undergoes a critical analysis of the Korean Supreme Court’s judicial precedents regarding the duty to explain. Inasmuch as the traditional contract theory generally applies as to the incorporation of terms in insurance contracts, the following should be taken into consideration: (i) In line with the easing of the requirements for reaching an agreement on incorporation of terms, it could be deemed that the customer was aware of all the policy provisions solely based on his/her signature on the insurance policy alone, which goes against the principles of justice and equity. (ii) Broader exemption of the duty to explain on the grounds that the subject matter did not require explanation, etc. by applying the normative legal theory could likely go against the good faith principle and impede customer protection which is prescribed under contract. Thus, rather than excluding matters that are prescribed by law (which are not easily understood by average customers) or of common knowledge in a transaction, it would be more appropriate to explain any and all matters that may affect a customer’s decision. (iii) Imposing a stronger duty of care on the insurers, and holding them liable for compensation upon violation, could offset any downsides to determining what to incorporate as terms in an insurance contract and what to explain to customers based on the all-or-nothing approach. In the second part, the paper explores the relationship between the doctrine of priority of individual agreements and the duty to explain. Terms and conditions of an insurance policy are binding between the parties because they agreed to include them in the contract, not because the insurance policy in itself constitutes a legal norm or is of a normative nature. On this basis, the Supreme Court’s judicial precedents have held that breaching the duty to explain important matters constituted an exclusion of incorporation of terms in insurance contracts on the grounds that the policy provisions were not agreed between the parties pursuant to the Act on the Regulation of Terms and Conditions (hereinafter “Act”). Meanwhile, in cases where the insurer and the insured concluded an individual agreement different from the universal insurance policy, the former takes precedence according to the doctrine of the priority of individual agreements and is not subject to the Act. The parties to an individual agreement negotiate the terms and conditions. In that context, inasmuch as the insurer specifies the terms and conditions pursuant to Article 3(2) of the Act, this does not constitute an individual agreement. However, in cases where the parties are deemed to have negotiated the terms before...