강해관 의학 검역의 형성: 1872∼1894년 ‘영국-상하이-조선’으로의 수용과 변용

진칭 대한의사학회 2022 醫史學 Vol.31 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the process of establishing a quarantine system based on medical inspection by Shanghai Customs. England was the first to introduce a quarantine system based on medical inspection during the nineteenth century; with the majority of the Shanghai Customs administration being English, this system was able to be adopted with ease, and it was later transformed and accepted in Joseon. This paper further investigates the details of the actual medical inspection conducted by the Customs Medical Officer (CMO) who worked at the forefront of the actual quarantine as a medical inspector. In the nineteenth century, International Sanitary Conferences were held in Paris, Vienna, and Constantinople to discuss the process of quarantine and public health. Furthermore, the Public Health Act was passed in England in 1872. This Act established port sanitary authorities in each of England’s ports to carry out medical inspections. This medical inspection enabled healthy and infected people to be separated from each other instead of conventional isolation. The duties of the CMO would consist of boarding any incoming ship to check for any infected people. Any infected persons would then be sent to a non-quarantine hospital, and the ship was sanitized. This concept of quarantine based on medical inspection was borrowed by Shanghai Customs. The unique political situation in Shanghai, which consisted of multiple imperial concessions, necessitated the adaptation of England’s medical quarantine concept to suit the special environment in which the Shanghai Customs was located, and by 1875, the Shanghai Customs quarantine medical inspection system was established. In this system, patients found in the Customs quarantine medical inspection were sent to a non-quarantine hospital in the settlement. Due to the extraterritoriality, the extent of the authority of the Customs Medical Officer was dependent on agreements with the possibility to be granted a one-time or temporary position after conferring with the Shanghai local government and consuls in each country. The Treaty Ports of Joseon were similar to Shanghai with regards to the presence of the Customs system alongside different settlements. The Joseon ports went through another transformation when the Commissioner of Shanghai Customs, H. F. Merrill, who also served as the Chief Commissioner of Seoul, accepted the Shanghai Customs’ modified concept of medical inspection in 1887. The process of acceptance and transformation of the medical quarantine concept leading to the ‘England-Shanghai-Joseon’ connection shows that the concept of medical quarantine in the nineteenth century spread from England to Joseon through Shanghai Customs as a medium.

歲時紀俗詩를 통한 조선 후기 歲時風俗의 의미와 양상

신장섭 한국비교문학회 2008 比較文學 Vol.0 No.46

This study is to have checked meaning of creation background of the works which you use a work produced in collaboration form of four stanza jeunche, and described social conditions of popular manners and customs and recognition and New Year manners and customs and potery attitude of writers along of life of the people one out of custom-descriptive poetry expressing New Year manners and customs. Works which you infused to parts of the chosun poetryㆍchosun's tendency which did in order to you were intoxicated by a material and environment at chosun things, and a chosun the latter term got out at the standard which was a Chinese enemy in use of poetic word and an authentic precedent and to put on a chosun poetic expression, and reflected ethnic unique manners and customs and social conditions were created in great quantity. Writers named custom-descriptive poetry composing poem of this a style of poetry, which did New Year manners and customs only to a material especially appeared to this a style of poetry if it came in the 19th century. Generally, the illustrious official that writers of custom-descriptive poetry were ruined was, middle of people births. Therefore, the motive which it can easily approach in their world of the people falling behind became, and it is what it did so as it does so as to have great affection and interest in a life of them soon and manners and customs to rise, and to be able to make a poetry of New Year manners and customs. And it was thing that their attitude to attend to a creation carried faithfully out psychiatry, a tradition of yue-pu poetry called bopungto that make up for history through poet for a life about on-scene detailed information that was all eyes, informed of manners and customs of the people. While the writers who had this clear consciousness accept intensively from their manners and customs and life quotient by affection regarding the people and warm eyes. Sometimes were plain of them, and freedom was wild, and it seemed to be a humor, and form anger called an active figure to humorous methods. As this, leave to value recognition regarding culture unique us and early records described ethnic unique New Year manners and customs or a region custom life of each regional a country society and mainly popular manners and customs and lives state on a life of a farmhouse to stress in this dry sanctions or contents planes created in consciousness of coherent writers that preserved. And you got out of traditional style in poetic word, and you used directly that come into term at a proverb or manners and customs ethnic us like noreongjaㆍthe tree tag which you own to when you give to a draft in a palace, and you went in and out of comes out, jemiseong etc and attempted a change of an expression method. Then, To have described effectively a custom mood and ethnic unique emotion, achieved the accomplishment of realism aesthetics at points that described you looked, at this accepted from value regarding unique our culture and recognition, and having reflected, at points showed that moving toward a nation and people of chinese poetry and you will do. Is done so, and custom-descriptive poetry is to have been able to become that puts with forms of chosun literature to sing about its reality and feeling. This study is to have checked meaning of creation background of the works which you use a work produced in collaboration form of four stanza jeunche, and described social conditions of popular manners and customs and recognition and New Year manners and customs and potery attitude of writers along of life of the people one out of custom-descriptive poetry expressing New Year manners and customs. Works which you infused to parts of the chosun poetryㆍchosun's tendency which did in order to you were intoxicated by a material and environment at chosun things, and a chosun the latter term got out at the standard which was a Chinese enemy in use of poetic word and an authentic precedent and to put on a chosun poetic expression, and reflected ethnic unique manners and customs and social conditions were created in great quantity. Writers named custom-descriptive poetry composing poem of this a style of poetry, which did New Year manners and customs only to a material especially appeared to this a style of poetry if it came in the 19th century. Generally, the illustrious official that writers of custom-descriptive poetry were ruined was, middle of people births. Therefore, the motive which it can easily approach in their world of the people falling behind became, and it is what it did so as it does so as to have great affection and interest in a life of them soon and manners and customs to rise, and to be able to make a poetry of New Year manners and customs. And it was thing that their attitude to attend to a creation carried faithfully out psychiatry, a tradition of yue-pu poetry called bopungto that make up for history through poet for a life about on-scene detailed information that was all eyes, informed of manners and customs of the people. While the writers who had this clear consciousness accept intensively from their manners and customs and life quotient by affection regarding the people and warm eyes. Sometimes were plain of them, and freedom was wild, and it seemed to be a humor, and form anger called an active figure to humorous methods. As this, leave to value recognition regarding culture unique us and early records described ethnic unique New Year manners and customs or a region custom life of each regional a country society and mainly popular manners and customs and lives state on a life of a farmhouse to stress in this dry sanctions or contents planes created in consciousness of coherent writers that preserved. And you got out of traditional style in poetic word, and you used directly that come into term at a proverb or manners and customs ethnic us like noreongjaㆍthe tree tag which you own to when you give to a draft in a palace, and you went in and out of comes out, jemiseong etc and attempted a change of an expression method. Then, To have described effectively a custom mood and ethnic unique emotion, achieved the accomplishment of realism aesthetics at points that described you looked, at this accepted from value regarding unique our culture and recognition, and having reflected, at points showed that moving toward a nation and people of chinese poetry and you will do. Is done so, and custom-descriptive poetry is to have been able to become that puts with forms of chosun literature to sing about its reality and feeling.

국제통상환경 변화에 따른 EU의 세관행정 선진화 프로그램의 도입과 시사점

안재진 법무부 2008 통상법률 Vol.- No.82

관세-무역환경은 FTA 체결 확대 등 무역의 글로벌화와 자유화, 이로 인한 교역규모의 증대, 실시간 물품인도 및 비즈니스와 상거래의 자동화, 테러 및 조직적 범죄 증가 등으로 인해 새로운 도전에 직면하고 있다. 결국 국제적인 교역규모 증가에 따른 무역원활화 조치를 확보하고 우범화물 또는 테러물품에 대한 적절한 통제를 행함으로써 국가간 교역물품의 안전관리를 강화하는 방향으로 세관의 역할이 변화하고 있다. 이에 따라 EU 차원에서도 테러 등으로부터 국민과 공급망을 보호하기 위한 물류보안 제도를 도입함과 동시에, IT를 이용하여 무역의 원활화를 촉진하기 위한 e-Customs 전략을 추진하고 있으며, 관세법을 개선 및 간소화하기 위한 여러 가지 조치를 도입하고 있다. 이에 따라 2005년 EU의 Directors General of the EU's Customs Administrations는 일련의 '공동임무 이행을 위한 성명서'(Joint Mission Statement)를 채택하였는데, 이의 기본 개념은 외부 국경의 관리와 전체적인 공급망보안(Supply Chain Security)을 강화함으로써 사회공동체를 보호하고 국제무역을 원활하게 하는 것이다. EU에서는 이러한 전략목표를 달성하기 위해서 첫째, 정보과학의 발전을 고려하면서 관세관련 법을 간소화하고 합리화시키며, 둘째, 법의 적용을 개선하고 공동체 회원국간 협력을 증대하며, 셋째, 세관과 기업간 긴밀한 관계를 통해 무역업자들에 대한 서비스를 개선하며, 넷째, 세관 공무원 및 무역업자들에 대한 훈련을 개선하고, 다섯째, 글로벌 수준에서의 무역 및 세관절차의 간소화를 촉진하기 위해 국제적인 관세협력 활동을 개선하는 등의 조치를 도입하기로 하였다. 한편, 이러한 전략 달성은 지속적으로 추진해야 하는 목표이기 때문에 이를 위해서 첫째, 외부 국경의 통합관리를 위한 세관의 역할(AEO), 세관 및 무역을 위한 서류 없는 환경(e-Customs), 공동체관세규약의 개정(Modernised Community Customs Code, MCC)을 포함하는 일련의 조치들을 도입하였다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이와 같이 무역-관세 환경 변화에 대응하기 위한 EU 차원의 대응노력을 AEO, e-Customs 전략, 현대화관세법(MCC), Customs 2013 program을 중심으로 검토하였으며, 향후 이와 같은 제도를 추진함에 있어서의 우리나라 관세행정에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다. Until recently, the role of Customs consisted primarily of collecting Customs duties and indirect taxes at import. However, numerous developments, including increased e-commerce on one hand and growing threat of terrorist attacks and organised crime on the other, have altered the environment in which Customs operates Today, EU customs are facing new challenges. They must ensure the smooth flow of trade whilst applying necessary controls and guaranteeing the protection of the health and safety of the EU's citizens. In other words, Customs is responsible both for protecting society and facilitating international trade through the management of external borders and by ensuring overall supply chain security. On this ground, the Directors General of the EU's Customs administrations adopted four mission statements in July 2005: ensuring the safety and security of citizens: protecting the financial interests of the EU and its Member States: protecting the EU from unfair and illegal trade while supporting legitimate business activity(AEO): and increasing the competitiveness of European Business through modern working methods supported by an easily accessible e-Customs environment. Also, the European Council adopted the Customs 2013 programme for the period 2008-2013. The new programme aims at helping Member States to better combat customs fraud and to cut compliance costs for traders. It will support new security policy initiatives, the implementation of modernization of the customs code(MCC), and the introduction of a pan-European paperless customs (e-Customs) environment. This paper reviews EU's the Customs modernizing program focused on the AEO program, e-Customs strategy, MCC, Customs 2013 program and presents its implications and appropriate proposals for Korea's Customs administration.

A Study on Streamlining Korea Customs through UNI-PASS

맹철규,이은재 한국관세학회 2018 관세학회지 Vol.19 No.2

For decades, the Korea Customs streamlined its customs-clearing procedures, which created business-friendly environment for traders in and out of the country. Trade volume of Korea has exponentially i ncreased for the past decades from 1 9 70 t o 2010, but t he n umber o f customs personnel resources increased to a limited degree, which enlarged per capita customs-related administrative burdens on customs staff members by more than 100 times. Korea Customs was highly motivated by the fast-increasing burdens in customs administration enough to streamline its customs-clearing procedures based on ICT. Following the guidelines from WCO and UN, Korea Customs adopted a Single Window system and internalized it successfully, installing UNIPASS, an Internet-based portal system for customs clearance. During the period of time in streamlining the customs clearance procedures, PGAs(Participating Government Agencies) cooperated with each other, and relevant laws and regulations were unified and modified in order to have tangible outcomes. This study focuses on the background of the deregulation, cooperation procedures among PGAs, increased efficiency in trading, and empirical evidence by calculating the economic benefits by the enhanced trading environment.

조선 후기 세시풍속, 그리고 일상 -세시기,세시기속시를 중심으로

박은정 ( Eun Jung Park ) 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소(구 한양대학교 한국학연구소) 2014 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.58 No.-

18·19세기에 오면 세시와 풍속 관련 저작이 집중적이면서 대량으로 출현하는데, 『京都雜志』·『洌陽歲時記』·『東國歲時記』와 같은 산문 세시기와 연작형 기속시들이 있다. 본고는 18·19세기 집중 저작되는 세시풍속 관련 기록을 대상으로, 조선의 자기 표상화에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 진행하였고 세 가지 지점에서 조선의 자기 표상화 과정을 지적하였다. 이 시기 작가들은 풍토의 다름을 인정하고 중국 세시기의 영향을 받아 조선의 세시기를 쓰겠다는 인식을 분명히 가지고 있었다. 당대를 소중화의 시대로 평하고 중국 문헌에서 근거를 찾아 우리 문화를 중화로 수식하려 하였는데, 이는 우리 문화의 우수성과 우리 문화에 대한 자부심을 드러내는 과정이었다. 이처럼 하·은·주를 계승한 기자 문화를 간직한 우수한 문화가 현존하는 나라 조선이, 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 저작의 작가들이 세시풍속서에서 표상하고자 했던 “조선”이다. 또 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 저작의 작가들은 당시를 성군이 다스리는 태평성대로 이미지 짓고, 그 근거를 세시를 맞아 풍요롭게 세시풍속을 거행하는 백성들의 모습에서 찾았다. 세시풍속 관련 저작의 작가들은 중화의 계승자임을 자부함으로써 문화적 우수성을 드러내면서 동시에 조선이라는 나라의 고유성과 독자성을 찾고자 했고, 다른 나라와 다른 조선의 고유성으로 성군이 성덕으로 다스리는 태평성대를 부각시켰다. 고대 중화의 유풍이 그대로 남아 있으면서 성군이 성덕으로 다스리는 태평성대한 나라 조선이, 또한 이 시기 지식인들이 세시풍속서를 통해 표방하고자 했던 “조선”이었다. 마지막으로 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 기록에는 풍속의 유래와 출처, 풍속의 소개, 그날의 풍속을 즐기는 사람들의 모습과 더불어 풍속이라 묶기에는 너무나 소박한 일상들이 포착되고 재현되어 있다. 이렇게 소박하게 재현된 일상은 세시풍속 관련 저작이 가지고 있는 태평성대와 중화라는 표상에서 중화를 탈각시키는 기능을 하고 있으며, 일상의 재현은 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 저작이 가장 정직하고 직접적으로 조선의 표상을 찾아가는 과정이었다고 생각한다. In 18·19C, a great deal of works such as Gyeongdojabji(京都雜志)·Yeolryangsesigi(洌陽歲時記)·Dongguksesigi(東國歲時記) which were prose Sesigi and series of Gisoksi related season and customs were released. This paper researched self-symbolizing of Joseon with records related seasonal customs and indicated three points in the course of self-symbolizing. Writers in those time accepted difference of customs and had cognition to write Sesigi of Joseon influenced China Sesigi. They evaluated those time as Consciousness of “Little-China”(小中華) era and tried to express our culture as China customs(中華) finding clues in literature of China, which were the course indicating superior and pride of our culture. It was Joseon that Joseon embracing excellent culture including Gija culture succeeding Ha·Eun·Ju(夏·殷·周) nations and authors writing seasonal customs tried to present. Writers of works on seasonal customs expressed those time as a reign of peace controlled by a good king, found the clues in figures of people performing seasonal customs at each season. Writers of works on seasonal customs revealed cultural superior and tried to find endemism and identity of Joseon congratulating themselves of successors on China customs. They highlighted a reign of peace controlled by a good king with identity of Joseon. Joseon that a country was a reign of peace controlled by a good king and remained classical china culture was a Joseon which intellectuals in those time tried to indicate “Joseon” through works of seasonal customs. Finally, origin and source of customs, introduction of customs, figures of people enjoying customs of that day and merely simple daily lives were captured and represented in works related seasonal custom in those times. These simply represented daily lives functioned to get rid of China customs from icons about a reign of peace and China custom, I considered that representation of daily lives were the course which works on seasonal customs tried to find an icon of Joseon with the most honest and direct method.

조선 후기 세시풍속, 그리고 일상 -세시기·세시기속시를 중심으로-

박은정 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소 2014 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.58 No.-

In 18․19C, a great deal of works such as Gyeongdojabji(京都雜志)․Yeolryangsesigi(洌陽歲時記)․Dongguksesigi(東國歲時記) which were prose Sesigi and series of Gisoksi related season and customs were released. This paper researched self-symbolizing of Joseon with records related seasonal customs and indicated three points in the course of self-symbolizing. Writers in those time accepted difference of customs and had cognition to write Sesigi of Joseon influenced China Sesigi. They evaluated those time as Consciousness of “Little-China”(小中華) era and tried to express our culture as China customs(中華) finding clues in literature of China, which were the course indicating superior and pride of our culture. It was Joseon that Joseon embracing excellent culture including Gija culture succeeding Ha․Eun․Ju(夏․殷․周) nations and authors writing seasonal customs tried to present. Writers of works on seasonal customs expressed those time as a reign of peace controlled by a good king, found the clues in figures of people performing seasonal customs at each season. Writers of works on seasonal customs revealed cultural superior and tried to find endemism and identity of Joseon congratulating themselves of successors on China customs. They highlighted a reign of peace controlled by a good king with identity of Joseon. Joseon that a country was a reign of peace controlled by a good king and remained classical china culture was a Joseon which intellectuals in those time tried to indicate “Joseon” through works of seasonal customs. Finally, origin and source of customs, introduction of customs, figures of people enjoying customs of that day and merely simple daily lives were captured and represented in works related seasonal custom in those times. These simply represented daily lives functioned to get rid of China customs from icons about a reign of peace and China custom, I considered that representation of daily lives were the course which works on seasonal customs tried to find an icon of Joseon with the most honest and direct method. 18·19세기에 오면 세시와 풍속 관련 저작이 집중적이면서 대량으로 출현하는데, 『京都雜志』·『洌陽歲時記』·『東國歲時記』와 같은 산문 세시기와 연작형 기속시들이 있다. 본고는 18·19세기 집중 저작되는 세시풍속 관련 기록을 대상으로, 조선의 자기 표상화에 초점을 맞추어 연구를 진행하였고 세 가지 지점에서 조선의 자기 표상화 과정을 지적하였다. 이 시기 작가들은 풍토의 다름을 인정하고 중국 세시기의 영향을 받아 조선의 세시기를 쓰겠다는 인식을 분명히 가지고 있었다. 당대를 소중화의 시대로 평하고 중국 문헌에서 근거를 찾아 우리 문화를 중화로 수식하려 하였는데, 이는 우리 문화의 우수성과 우리 문화에 대한 자부심을 드러내는 과정이었다. 이처럼 하․은․주를 계승한 기자 문화를 간직한 우수한 문화가 현존하는 나라 조선이, 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 저작의 작가들이 세시풍속서에서 표상하고자 했던 “조선”이다. 또 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 저작의 작가들은 당시를 성군이 다스리는 태평성대로 이미지 짓고, 그 근거를 세시를 맞아 풍요롭게 세시풍속을 거행하는 백성들의 모습에서 찾았다. 세시풍속 관련 저작의 작가들은 중화의 계승자임을 자부함으로써 문화적 우수성을 드러내면서 동시에 조선이라는 나라의 고유성과 독자성을 찾고자 했고, 다른 나라와 다른 조선의 고유성으로 성군이 성덕으로 다스리는 태평성대를 부각시켰다. 고대 중화의 유풍이 그대로 남아 있으면서 성군이 성덕으로 다스리는 태평성대한 나라 조선이, 또한 이 시기 지식인들이 세시풍속서를 통해 표방하고자 했던 “조선”이었다. 마지막으로 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 기록에는 풍속의 유래와 출처, 풍속의 소개, 그날의 풍속을 즐기는 사람들의 모습과 더불어 풍속이라 묶기에는 너무나 소박한 일상들이 포착되고 재현되어 있다. 이렇게 소박하게 재현된 일상은 세시풍속 관련 저작이 가지고 있는 태평성대와 중화라는 표상에서 중화를 탈각시키는 기능을 하고 있으며, 일상의 재현은 이 시기 세시풍속 관련 저작이 가장 정직하고 직접적으로 조선의 표상을 찾아가는 과정이었다고 생각한다.

A Study on Streamlining Korea Customs through UNI-PASS

Cheol-Kyu Maeng(맹철규),Eun-Jae Lee(이은재) 한국관세학회 2018 관세학회지 Vol.19 No.2

For decades, the Korea Customs streamlined its customs-clearing procedures, which created business-friendly environment for traders in and out of the country. Trade volume of Korea has exponentially i ncreased for the past decades from 1 9 70 t o 2010, but t he n umber o f customs personnel resources increased to a limited degree, which enlarged per capita customs-related administrative burdens on customs staff members by more than 100 times. Korea Customs was highly motivated by the fast-increasing burdens in customs administration enough to streamline its customs-clearing procedures based on ICT. Following the guidelines from WCO and UN, Korea Customs adopted a Single Window system and internalized it successfully, installing UNIPASS, an Internet-based portal system for customs clearance. During the period of time in streamlining the customs clearance procedures, PGAs(Participating Government Agencies) cooperated with each other, and relevant laws and regulations were unified and modified in order to have tangible outcomes. This study focuses on the background of the deregulation, cooperation procedures among PGAs, increased efficiency in trading, and empirical evidence by calculating the economic benefits by the enhanced trading environment.

EU의 신관세법(Union Customs Code; UCC) 개정에 따른 우리나라 AEO 공인제도의 개선방안

신성식 한국관세학회 2017 관세학회지 Vol.18 No.2

As the new tariff for EU came into force in June of 2016, there initiated a big movement trying to establish a unified system for the administration of customs. Accordingly, it served to unify the law of legislation on tariff on the trades within the EU and simplified the regulations and clearance of customs, which increased efficiency. Especially, changing the environment of customs through complete computerization with the customs of countries outside the Union and strengthening the promptitude of customs clearance for the AEO made it possible to receive the benefits of simplifying the process of customs by using the convenient EIDR instead of the conventional method of customs declaration. However, the absence of the central institution for customs administration, which acts to regulate the new customs law of EU, can be seen to rather stir confusion because of the regulations delegated, in the process of shifting the customs clearance, to not only the countries in the EU but also to the institution for customs administration of the countries outside the Union. The reason is in that the delegation of much authority to the member states can create confusion within each other of the interpretation and enforcement of the regulations. Violation of the customs regulation, especially, is stated to enforce punishment to each member states, which should be taken into precautions since it signifies that each state can differ in its degree of punishment. In the case of our country the official businesses of AEO apply the system of Universal Pass, but when, in the future, the system that the EU carries forward is promoted universally, there should be created an environment that each countries can confront to the application of the regulations through the unified electronic system of EU. 2016년 6월 EU의 신관세법 발효는 EU차원의 단일화된 통관행정체계를 구축하려는 큰 환경변화로 볼 수 있다. 이에 따라 EU 역내 관세법령의 법적통일성을 제공하고 통관 규정 및 절차를 단순화함으로서 효율성이 제고되었다. 특히, EU 역외 개별국 세관과의 완전 전산화를 통한 통관환경 개선이나 종합인증 우수업체(AEO)들을 위한 신속통관절차를 강화함으로서 통상적인 세관신고방식 대신 간편통관절차방식(EIDR)을 활용하여 통관절차상 간소화 혜택을 제공받을 수 있게 되었다. 하지만, EU의 신관세법을 통제할 중앙관세행정기관의 부재로 인해 관세행정절차이행과정에서 EU의 개별 회원국뿐만 아니라 역외국 관세행정기관에게 위임 규정들을 둠으로서 오히려 혼선을 초래할 소지가 크다. 왜냐하면 개별 회원국에게 많은 권한 및 위임규정을 부여한 것이 EU 회원국들간 규정의 해석및 집행에 혼란을 발생시킬 수 있기 때문이다. 특히 통관규정 위반 시 EU의 각 회원국들에게 개별적인 처벌을 할수 있도록 한 규정 때문에 EU 역외 개별국별로 서로 상이한 처벌을 받을 수 있다는 점도 유의해야할 사항이다. 우리나라의 경우 AEO 공인업체들은 전자통관시스템을 활용하고 있지만, 향후 EU가 추진하는 전자통관시스템이 역내통관행정에 전면적으로 통합 추진되었을 때 역외 개별국들이 EU의 전자통합시스템을 통한 규정적용에 대응할 조치가 필요하다고 본다.

RPA 도입이 관세사 업계에 미치는 영향과 대응 전략

김태인,김중근 한국관세학회 2020 관세학회지 Vol.21 No.3

Recently, the introduction of robot process automation (RPA) that combines AI has emerged. Therefore, this study is intended to suggest implications by reviewing the impact and countermeasures of RPA on the customs industry in the future. The tax experts are also aware of this, and are preparing countermeasures such as establishing a tax strategy and consulting using big data analytics. The Korean Customs Society is also preparing for the impact and response of RPA in the customs industry. As part of this, the RPA program was implemented in the task of downloading the invoice file attached to the e-mail and entering the contents of the report through optical character reading (OCR). In addition, in the case of the“A”customs corporation, 30% of the customs clearance was automated using the RPA·AI program. The impact of the introduction of RPA on the customs brokers industry is expected to increase self-clearance of major companies, intensify competition among customs brokers, decrease the competitiveness of customs-centered customs brokers, and lower customs clearance fees. As countermeasures for this, we suggested strengthening legal compliance services, expanding high value-added services, developing FTA business models, strengthening consulting at the trade contract stage before customs clearance, and actively participating in RPA service development and construction. In addition, this study suggests additional research on amendment of article 2(services of licensed customs brokers) of Licensed Customs Broker Act, granting legal status to the RPA program, report of import and export of the RPA program under the Customs Act and Licensed Customs Broker Act, and RPA's workable scope. 본 연구의 목적은 최근 AI를 결합한 로봇 프로세스 자동화(RPA) 도입이 대두됨에 따라, 향후 관세사 업계에미치는 영향과 대응방안을 검토하여 시사점을 제안하는데 있다. 세무분야 역시 이를 인식하고 빅데이터 애널리틱스를 활용한 세무전략 수립 및 자문, 세무서비스 다각화 등 대응 방안을 마련하고 있다. 한국관세사회도 관세업계에 있어서 RPA의 영향과 대응을 준비하고 있다. 그 일환으로, 이메일에 첨부된 인보이스 파일을 다운로드하여 광학문자판독(OCR)을 통해 신고내용을 입력하는 업무에 RPA 프로그램 시현을 실시한 바 있다. 또한 A관세법인의 경우, 현재 RPA·AI 프로그램을 도입하여 통관 업무의 30%를 자동화한 사례도 있다. RPA 도입이 관세사업계에 미치는 영향은 대기업의 자가통관 증가, 관세사무소 간 경쟁심화, 통관업무 위주관세사무소의 경쟁력 하락, 통관업무 보수료 인하 등으로 예상된다. 이에 대한 대응 전략은 법규준수 관련 서비스 강화(관세업무의 다각화), 고부가가치 서비스 확대 및 전환, FTA 비즈니스 모델 개발 등 통관전 무역계약단계에서 컨설팅 강화, RPA 서비스 개발 및 구축에 적극적 참여 등을 들 수 있다. 또한 본 연구는 관세사의 RPA 서비스 시장 진출에 따른 관세사법 제2조(관세사 직무) 개정, RPA 프로그램에 대한 법인격 인정 여부, 관세법과관세사법에 따른 RPA 수출입 신고 가능성 및 RPA의 업무 가능 범위 등에 대한 검토·연구가 필요하다는 시사점을 주고 있다.

관세사 보수체계의 합리적 제도화 방안

김두형(Doo-Hyung Kim) 한국관세학회 2017 관세학회지 Vol.18 No.1

The customs brokers used to receive commission from clients in accordance with the Customs Law and customs legislation, and the commission was received from the shippers after their standard is approved by the minister of customs. However, this regulation was deleted from the Customs Law on February 5, 1999. After that, the customs fees have become liberalized and are completely left to the principle of free market competition. The governments aim is to ensure that clients are satisfied with the services by appropriate customs services and appropriate compensation according to the price controlled by the market. This change was not implemented to provide cheaper services below reasonable fees. Nevertheless, the current minimum customs fees and refund application fees are unrealistic, as there are price bidding practices due to overheated competition. This results with fees far less than actual expenses that incur. The decision on the customs brokerage commission is based on the influence of the client who is in a superior position to negotiate. Then, the quality aspect of the customs service often gets neglected, which in turn causes various side effects. Excessive competition for business leads to lowered commission and increases rebates to attract businesses, which can possibly cross the line of work ethics and lower the honorable social standing. Disruption of order due to excessive competition among the customs broker will not only hamper the normalcy of the customs administration, but also disable the protection of rights and interests of the taxpayer. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a fundamental measure to address this issue. In conclusion, the following measures are needed to prevent disputes between clients and customs agents, to secure transparency of fees, and to establish a sound contract system. First, as in the case of a lawyer or a licensed real estate agent, it is necessary to consider establishing a legal basis for the commission in the customs jurisdiction and to consider providing a specific commission standard to the customs regulations under the mandate of the customs jurisdiction. Second, it is considered possible to present the standard of commission within a range that does not violate the Fair Trade Act. Third, it is necessary to investigate the standard cost required to provide customs duties and to make this data available annually. This is so that those who provide the services at a price lower than the cost in order to eliminate their competitor can be charged with legal measures from the Fair Trade Act. There must be active and practical measures to address this problem.