은폐된 대응으로서의 동일성

김동현 ( Donghyun Kim ) 한국논리학회 2021 論理硏究 Vol.24 No.3

진리 동일론과 진리 대응론은 일상적인 직관과 조화된다는 공통점을 지니지만 진리담지자와 진리확정자 사이의 관계에 대해서는 견해가 갈린다. 본 논문의 목적은 동일론의 타당성을 현대적 대응론과의 비교를 통해 평가하는 것이다. 이를 위해 동일론에 대해 매리언 데이빗이 제기한 두 가지 비판을 살펴볼 것이다. 첫 번째 비판은 내용의 외재성과 관련되는데, 필자는 동일론은 내용의 외재성 요구를 충족하는 데 있어 현대적 대응론과 비교하여 더 낫지 않다고 주장할 것이다. 두 번째 비판은 명제의 부정을 표현하는 것과 관련된다. 이 비판에 대한 검토를 통해, 동일론은 현대적 대응론이 채택한 것과 다르지 않은 장치를 불가피하게 받아들여야 함을 주장할 것이다. 다음으로, 필자는 대응론과 동일론 모두에서 진리의 담지는 의미론적이라는 점에 주목할 것이다. 그리고 진리는 기반을 가진다는 추가 전제와, 앞서의 두 중간 결론을 종합하여, 대응론과 동일론 둘 다에서 진리담지자는 그것의 의미를 진리의 기반으로 가진다는 귀결을 이끌어 낼 것이다. 필자는 이 수렴점으로부터 동일론 논제는 결국 대응론의 주장과 다르지 않은 불필요한 우회로라는 결론을 도출할 것이다. While the identity theory and the correspondence theory of truth are in accord with our ordinary intuition, the crucial difference concerns the relation between truthmaker and truth bearer. The aim of this paper is to assess the validity of the identity theory compared with the modern correspondence theory. I will start with two critics from M. David against the identity theory. The first critic is about the externality of contents. I will argue that the identity theory is no better than the correspondence theory in meeting the required externality of contents. The second critic is about expressing falsity of proposition. Considering this critic and related issues, I will assert that the identity theory inevitably accept an apparatus which is not significantly different from the choice of the modern correspondence theory. Collecting these two outcomes, I will focus on the point that, for both the identity and correspondence theories, the bearing of truth is semantical. Adding the premise that truth has ground, I will infer the consequence that the ground of truth bearing is the meaning of the truth bearer, in either theory. From this conversant point, my conclusion is that the identity thesis is a disguised version of the correspondence thesis, and therefore unnecessary roundabout.

특칭양화에 의한 중첩현상의 무표형 출현분석

조학행,서정민 대한언어학회 2003 언어학 Vol.11 No.1

This paper investigates the emergence of the unmarked (henceforth, TETU) in reduplication according to Correspondence Theory. In the original Correspondence Theory (McCarthy & Prince, 1995a), which is universally quantified, the alternation in the base for TETU brings about opacity. The opacity arises when the reduplicant contains materials which are not present in the base. In this paper the modified Correspondence Theory (Struijke, 2000) will be compared with the original Correspondence Theory (McCarthy & Prince, 1995a). We think these two correspondence models differ in their account of TETU. To explain the difference, first we will analyse TETU in Kwakwala according to Correspondence Theory (McCarthy & prince, 1995a). However, though the model can explain TETU in the reduplicant, it cannot analyse TETU in the base. Therefore, we apply a new TETU approach to Kwkwala according to the modified Correspondence Theory (Struijke, 2000). which is existentially quantified.

Corresponding Steps and Further Approaches for North Korean Nuclear Solution through Application of Game Theory, Bargaining Theory, and Prospect Theory

이헌경 사단법인 한국평화연구학회 2008 평화학연구 Vol.9 No.4

The purpose of this paper is to suggest corresponding steps and further approaches for dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons program through application of game theory, bargaining theory, and prospect theory. In pursuit of the Joint Statement, February agreement, and US-DPRK accord, some suggestions for North Korean nuclear denuclearization are as follows. First, North Korea has to allow verification measures to avoid a zero-sum game, as the US took the step of removing North Korea from the terrorism list. Second, North Korea has to fulfill its nuclear disablement, and the five nations of six-party talks should carry out economic aid to North Korea based on cooperation in economic, energy and humanitarian assistance in a non-zero sum game with the view of obtaining mutual gains. Third, North Korea should abandon all nuclear programs, and the participating nations in the six party-talks except the DPRK have to discuss, at an appropriate time, the subject of the provision of light water reactors to the DPRK for peaceful uses of nuclear energy rather than bombs, to reduce the possibility using of threats and brinkmanship towards each other. Fourth, there is a need to establish a security regime in the North for the purpose of guaranteeing North Korean security, inducing to forgo use of threats and violence, antagonism and confrontation, and instead engage in confidence-building measures. Fifth, the DPRK and the US have to take steps to normalize their relations to remove mistrust and hostility and promote reconciliation and cooperation. The purpose of this paper is to suggest corresponding steps and further approaches for dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons program through application of game theory, bargaining theory, and prospect theory. In pursuit of the Joint Statement, February agreement, and US-DPRK accord, some suggestions for North Korean nuclear denuclearization are as follows. First, North Korea has to allow verification measures to avoid a zero-sum game, as the US took the step of removing North Korea from the terrorism list. Second, North Korea has to fulfill its nuclear disablement, and the five nations of six-party talks should carry out economic aid to North Korea based on cooperation in economic, energy and humanitarian assistance in a non-zero sum game with the view of obtaining mutual gains. Third, North Korea should abandon all nuclear programs, and the participating nations in the six party-talks except the DPRK have to discuss, at an appropriate time, the subject of the provision of light water reactors to the DPRK for peaceful uses of nuclear energy rather than bombs, to reduce the possibility using of threats and brinkmanship towards each other. Fourth, there is a need to establish a security regime in the North for the purpose of guaranteeing North Korean security, inducing to forgo use of threats and violence, antagonism and confrontation, and instead engage in confidence-building measures. Fifth, the DPRK and the US have to take steps to normalize their relations to remove mistrust and hostility and promote reconciliation and cooperation.

역(易)의 감응론과 유학의 공감정치

이선경 ( Suhngyohng Yi ) 한국철학사연구회 2015 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.46

한국사회의 불신지수를 반영하듯, 최근 ‘소통’에 대한 논의가 활발하고, 소통을 위해서는 합리성과 사실을 존중하는 공론의 장을 형성해가야 한다는 논의 가 공감을 얻고 있다. 이 글에서는 진정한 사회적 소통을 위해 합리적 토론문화의 형성 이전에 전제되어야 할 것이 타인에 대한 ‘공감’임을 주장하고자 한다. 이 글에서는 전통 유학의 사회 및 정치사상은 타인에 대한 공감을 기저로하는 것임을 지적하고, 역의 감응론이 그 이론적 토대임을 논한다. 역의 감응론은 ‘이 세계를 구성하는 원리인 감응을 통하여 인간사회와 우주적 생명세계에 형통함을 가져오려는’ 목적을 지닌다. ‘한 번 음이 되고 한 번 양이 되는’ 음양의 율동은 자연세계와 인간사회를 관통하여 부단히 생생(生生)작용을 거듭해가며, 「주역」에서는 이러한 생생작용을 인(仁)의 가치로 수렴한다. 생명살림의 의미로서 ‘인’은 대대관계를 이루는 두 주체의 상호작용을 통해 이루어진다. 유학적 사회관계를 대표하는 오륜(五倫)은 대타자적 균형감각을 핵심으로한다. 오륜에서 ‘부모는 자애롭고, 자식은 효성스럽다’고 하여 쌍방향 윤리를 제시하는 것은 감응 이론의 확장이라고 해석할 수 있다. 그리고 이 감응과 소통의 책임은 기본적으로 윗자리의 지도자에게 있다. 군위신강(君爲臣綱), 부위자강(父爲子綱), 부위부강(夫爲婦綱)이라는 삼강(三綱)의 윤리에서 권력관계의 우월성을 읽을 수도 있지만 동시에 윗자리에 처한 사람의 책임과 소임에 대한 강조를 읽을 수 있다. “남의 슬픔과 고통을 차마 외면하지 못하는 정치[不忍人之政]”를 설파한 맹자의 측은지심(惻隱之心)의 정치, 더 나아가 ‘여민동락(與民同樂)’의 정치는 관계적 사유를 중시하는 역의 감응론이 정치적 원리로 발현된 형태로 볼 수 있다. 경연, 상소제도 등과 같이 조선의 지식인들이 추구했던 언로개방의 소통정치 또한 감응론에 입각한 정치 방법론이라 하겠다. 오늘날 한국정치현실에서 유학의 공감의 정치원리와 그 기초로서 역의 감응론은 새롭게 연구할 시의성이 있다. As if to reflect the current level of distrust in Korean society, a discussion of “communication” has been actively taking place, and the argument that a platform of public discussion that respects rationality and truth needs to be formed is slowly gaining ground. In this paper, I argue that in order to have true societal communication, the premise of forming a culture of rational discussion should center on empathy for other people. To this, I will highlight that traditional Confucianism society (and its political ideology) is based on empathy for other people, with the correspondence theory of I Ching as its background. The aim of the correspondence theory is to facilitate communication between human society and the natural world through correspondence between yin and yang. The dynamics of yin and yang embodied in the natural world and human society are always in motion, which signifies the value of benevolence(仁). The interaction between two opposing parties may form balance and harmony. The five cardinal principles of morality(五倫) that govern the human relationships in a Confucian society place equilibrium in considering others at the core. Among the five principles, “parents are benevolent and children are dutiful to their parents” indicates a two-way flow of ethics, which can be interpreted as an expansion of the correspondence theory. The responsibility for such correspondence and communication typically falls onto the leader of the relationship. In the morals of the three basic principles(三綱), which are “King set a good example for his servant(君爲臣綱),” “Parents set a good example for their children.(父爲子綱)” and Husband set a good example for his wife(夫爲婦綱)”, one may see the superiority in the power structure. However, the emphasis is clearly placed on the responsibility and duty of the person in charge. The empathetic(惻隱之心) ruling by Mencius-“politics that cannot neglect other people’s pain and suffering [不忍人之政]”-as well as the ruling of “the King and the people share joy together (與民同樂)” can be seen as embodying I Ching’s correspondencetheory, which stresses relations among two parties. The politics of open communication-which all intellectuals of Chosun dynasty strived for, such as the system of Gyeong Yeon(經筵, daily seminars between the King and scholar officials) and the system of Sang So(上疏, letters of contest and appeal by the officials to the King)-are all political methodologies based on the correspondence theory. In the current political situation in Korea, it would be worth while to study with fresh eyes the principles of empathetic ruling in Confucianism and its basis, the correspondence theory of I Ching.

하버마스의 진리합의론의 의미연구

정대성 한국하이데거학회 2023 현대유럽철학연구 Vol.- No.71

The development of modern democracy, which seeks legitimacy by consensus, has demanded new changes in truth theory. One can say that the theory of truth consensus is the theoretical equivalent of this practical problem. A common criticism of consensualism is that if truth is merely a product of consensus, then truth is not robust. In response to this criticism, Habermas seeks to justify consensualism in a new way. The theory of truth consensus seeks, among other things, to critically overcome traditional correspondence theory and modern surplus theory of truth. Instead of seeing truth as some ultimate state or outcome of agreement, Habermas relates it to the problem of argumentation by calling it a request for validity as an a priori condition that makes possible our communicative acts, especially those of affirmative communication. He borrows Toulmin's logic of discussion to show the underlying structure of pragmatic use of language, while at the same time trying to find the minimal conditions under which the outcome of a consensus can be accepted by all. The so-called ideal discourse situation refers to such conditions, and hence refuses to read the ideal discourse situation as a utopian entity. Of course, for his consensus theory to succeed, it would have to be more explicit about whether the fundamental rules of discussion are drawn from consensus or from the nature of the discussion itself. If they are derived by consensus, then there is a danger that such principles may be rejected by consensus; if they are derived from the nature of the discussion, then there is a danger that the theory may become deductive and dogmatic. The present paper explores a series of these issues.

Consonant Disharmony and Local Dissimilation in English : An Analysis in Surface Correspondence Framework

Cho, Hyung-Mook 한국중앙영어영문학회 2017 영어영문학연구 Vol.59 No.3

This paper is an attempt to analyze long-distance consonant disharmony and local dissimilation in English within the surface correspondence theory. The surface correspondence theory that is an extended version of the input-output correspondence theory (McCarthy & Prince 1995) is the theory of correspondence between similar surface segments. Consonant disharmony in this paper refers to longdistance dissimilation of consonants that are separated at least by one consonant. Local dissimilation is a dissimilatory process of adjacent consonants. As an instance of local dissimilation in English, this paper examines liquid dissimilation and proposes positing reverse constraint rankings in different levels. To be specific, liquid dissimilation in English displays a different application pattern in level 1 and level 2, and this paper proposes the different application mode could be analyzed properly by a reverse ranking of the constraints. As a case analysis of consonant disharmony, this study analyzes long-distance /r/-dissimilation in English. The strengths of analyses within the surface correspondence theory is that a unified account of local dissimilation and long-distance consonant disharmony can be provided.

진리, 속성 그리고 진리잉여론

이종왕(Jong, Wang-lee) 대한철학회 2013 哲學硏究 Vol.127 No.-

이 논문은 주로 진리잉여론(the redundancy theory of truth)이 형이상학에 기초를 둔 진리론이 연루될 수 있는 문제들로부터 자유로운 진리론 인지를 검토할 것이다. 필자는 진리는 속성이 아니라는 주장을 바로 진리담지자들(truth-bearers)에 관한 주제를 비판적으로 논의하면서 검토할 것이다. 필자는 램지(Ramsey)식과 프라이어(Prior)식의 진리잉여론을 진리는 속성이 아니기 때문에 진리담지자가 존재하지 않는다는 논리를 따라서 검토할 것이다. 그러면서 성가신 존재인 명제를 제거 하는 데에 있어서 프라이어식의 이론이 더 정교하다는 결론을 내릴 것이다. 램지의 이론과 프라이의 이론을 구별하는 핵심적인 차이는 램지는 "p"를 명제로 다루고 프라이어는 "p"를 문장으로 다룬다는 것이다. 한편 대상언어와 메타언어 사이에 대한 타르스키의 구별과는 달리 프라이어식의 잉여론은 타르스키의 "참 문장"의 문제와 "거짓말쟁이"의 문제를 한 언어 안에서 설명 하는데 적절 하다는 것이 드러날 것이다. 이런 잉여론은 진리라는 속성의 본성에 대한 이해와 이것의 담지자에 대한 존재론적인 토대를 찾아야 하는 추가적인 어려움을 겪을 필요가 없어 어느 정도 진 일 보한 진리론으로 보인다. 그러나 필자는 잉여론이 두 가지의 근본적인 어려움들에 직면한다고 주장할 것이다. 그리고 이 어려움들은 이 이론의 틀 안에서는 결코 해결되지 않는 그런 본질적인 어려움들 인 것처럼 보인다. 만약 이것이 사실이라면 진리대응설(the correspondence theory of truth)의 적절성에 대한 재고가 필요하다고 주장할 것이다. 필자는 이런 논의들이 바로 진리잉여론과 대응설에 대한 더 깊은 이해에 기여할 것이라 생각한다. The primary goal in this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the redundancy theory of truth. To do this, I seek out desideratum which shows that truth is not a property by critically discussing the issue of truth-bearers. Two versions of redundancy theory, Ramsey's and Prior's versions are examined. I suggest that the redundancy theory faces two fundamental difficulties which cannot be solved within the boundary of this theory. This leads us to reconsider the adequacy of a correspondence theory.

Consonant Disharmony and Local Dissimilation in English: An Analysis in Surface Correspondence Framework

조형묵 한국중앙영어영문학회 2017 영어영문학연구 Vol.59 No.3

This paper is an attempt to analyze long-distance consonant disharmony and local dissimilation in English within the surface correspondence theory. The surface correspondence theory that is an extended version of the input-output correspondence theory (McCarthy & Prince 1995) is the theory of correspondence between similar surface segments. Consonant disharmony in this paper refers to long- distance dissimilation of consonants that are separated at least by one consonant. Local dissimilation is a dissimilatory process of adjacent consonants. As an instance of local dissimilation in English, this paper examines liquid dissimilation and proposes positing reverse constraint rankings in different levels. To be specific, liquid dissimilation in English displays a different application pattern in level 1 and level 2, and this paper proposes the different application mode could be analyzed properly by a reverse ranking of the constraints. As a case analysis of consonant disharmony, this study analyzes long-distance /r/-dissimilation in English. The strengths of analyses within the surface correspondence theory is that a unified account of local dissimilation and long-distance consonant disharmony can be provided.

Corresponding Steps and Further Approaches for North Korean Nuclear Solution through Application of Game Theory, Bargaining Theory, and Prospect Theory

Hun Kyung Lee 대한공간정보학회 2008 한국지형공간정보학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.12

The purpose of this paper is to suggest corresponding steps and further approaches for dismantlement of North Korea's nuclear weapons program through application of game theory, bargaining theory, and prospect theory. In pursuit of the Joint Statement, February agreement, and US-DPRK accord, some suggestions for North Korean nuclear denuclearization are as follows. First, North Korea has to allow verification measures to avoid a zero-sum game, as the US took the step of removing North Korea from the terrorism list. Second, North Korea has to fulfill its nuclear disablement, and the five nations of six-party talks should carry out economic aid to North Korea based on cooperation in economic, energy and humanitarian assistance in a non-zero sum game with the view of obtaining mutual gains. Third, North Korea should abandon all nuclear programs, and the participating nations in the six party-talks except the DPRK have to discuss, at an appropriate time, the subject of the provision of light water reactors to the DPRK for peaceful uses of nuclear energy rather than bombs, to reduce the possibility using of threats and brinkmanship towards each other. Fourth, there is a need to establish a security regime in the North for the purpose of guaranteeing North Korean security, inducing to forgo use of threats and violence, antagonism and confrontation, and instead engage in confidence-building measures. Fifth, the DPRK and the US have to take steps to normalize their relations to remove mistrust and hostility and promote reconciliation and cooperation.

Reconsidering the Formal Accounts of Continuity in the Theory-Change from Newtonian to Einsteinian Physics

양경은 한국논리학회 2009 論理硏究 Vol.12 No.2

This essay will consider evolutionary views that attempt to capture the continuity of theory-change from Newtonian to Einsteinian physics via the formal aspects of these theories. Although it cannot be denied that the formal aspects such as ‘correspondence principles’ and ‘covariance principles’ provide important information concerning this theory-change, these formal properties are not sufficient to capture the essential elements of any evolutionary account of the development of Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity from Newtonian mechanics.