제17대 국회의원 선거구의 조밀성 측정과 GIS

강휘원(Hwi-Won Kang) 한국정치학회 2006 한국정치학회보 Vol.40 No.2

이 연구는 선거구획정 과정에서 선거구획정 당국이 과연 우리나라 선거구획정의 특징인 지역대표성의 목적을 반영하여 공정한 선거구를 창출하는지의 문제를 제기하면서, 자의적인 통폐합 또는 분할이 이루어지고 있는지를 평가하는 가장 중요한 기준으로 선거구획정의 조밀성을 다룬다. 이 연구의 목적은 GIS(지리정보시스템)의 발전에 따라 가능하게 된 우리나라 지역구 형상의 조밀성 정도를 측정할 수 있는 측정수단을 탐색하고 평가지표를 개발하여 우리나라의 실제 지역구의 조밀성 정도를 경험적으로(empirically) 평가하는 것이다. 이를 위해 이 연구는 첫째, 조밀성의 개념과 중요성에 대한 이론적 논의 및 관련 연구경향을 살펴본다. 둘째, 조밀성 측정수단의 선정 및 조밀성 측정을 위한 분석대상과 방법을 논의한다. 셋째, 실제 제17대 국회의원 선거구의 조밀성 평가를 위해 실제 조밀성 지수를 측정한다. 넷째, 분석결과에 대한 정치적 및 기술적 시사점을 논의한다. 하나의 선거구획정안을 평가하기 위해 선거구의 분산측정, 둘레측정, 인구 분산측정의 다양한 측정이 행하여 질 때에, 이 획정안이 내포하고 있는 문제점에 대한 증거는 매우 강하게 된다. 이 연구는 둘레측정과 분산측정을 행한 결과 우리나라 선거구의 조밀성 측면에서 많은 문제점을 내포하고 있음을 지적하고 있다. 따라서 향후 우리는 선거구획정을 위한 전자적 파일이나 GIS 지도를 일반에게 공개하여 환류(feedback)를 거쳐 이 결과들을 선거구 획정안 결정에 이용하는 민주적 절차를 취할 필요가 있다. The objective of this research is to explore the measures for calculating the degree of compactness which became available with the development of the GIS, to develop the indices for evaluating it, and then to empirically calculate the degree of compactness of electoral districts. First it examines the concepts and importance of compactness, and the trends in judicial suits and scholarly studies abroad as well as relation to domestic issues. Second, it discusses the types and selection of compactness measures, and then investigates the methods and the subjects of analysis for measuring the degree of compactness of electoral districts. Third, it measures compactness indices of electoral districts for the 17th National Assembly using GIS, which show the order of those districts in perimeter measures and dispersion measures. Fourth, it discusses the political and technical implications of the results analyzed. There are at least two components of geographic dispersion and perimeter length and arguably a third(adding population dispersion) to any satisfactory measures of compactness. Neither is adequate to give a proper assessment of compactness and thus it is multidimensional. After using a perimeter measure and a dispersion measure, the results of this research reveal several problems of redistricting in terms of compactness in Korea. Thus in the future there is a need to initiate democratic procedures that reveal electronic files or GIS redistricting maps to the public and obtain their opinion, so that the authorities can use the feedback results in determining the redistricting plan.

Roll Draft System에서 Grooved Cylinder에 의한 Ring Spun Yarn의 Compactness에 관한 연구

허유,곽도웅,김종성,김승훈,Huh You,Kwack Do Woong,Kim Jong Sung,Kim Seung Hoon 한국섬유공학회 2005 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.42 No.1

Ring spinning is a unit operation that is widely used in manufacturing staple yarn and is taken for granted in the textile industry as a standard method for manufacturing staple yarn because of its superior physical properties and its domination of the market share. Recent researches in ring spinning are conducted targeting to improve the yam qualities by introducing new accessory devices which lead to finer staple yarn without loss of linear density, to produce the so called compact yarn. This paper deals with developing a new method that can manufacture compact yarns, while using the conventional ring-spinning method, in that some samples of staple yam are prepared by introducing variously angled grooves to the front roll cylinder ant thus by realizing different nipping time to the fibers that are lying on the same cross-sectional position. This study suggests that the groove angle of front roll cylinder influences the compactness of the ring spun yarn and there exist optimal groove angles that can result in a most compact yarn, depending on the draft ratio. The optimal groove angle ranges from 5 to 10 degrees. In addition, we suggest an index that can be used to define the yarn compactness, i.e., the compactness index defined as the ratio of the yarn linear density to yam diameter. The apparent volume density can also be used as an alternative measure of the yam compactness.

도시 압축도와 주거밀도가 통행발생에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 서울시 출근 통행을 중심으로

Muhammad Zia Mahriyar,노정현 대한교통학회 2017 대한교통학회지 Vol.35 No.1

The compact city usually provides good accessibility of residents with multiple transportation modes. However, in a compact city, annual average of travel distance per household by car is relatively short due to more congested traffic condition and larger travel cost than disperse city. As a result, total travel demand is decreasing when the region becomes more compact. Therefore compact development is regarded as one of the sustainable choices for future urban planning in many countries. This study aims at an empirical analysis of the relationship between urban compactness and travel demand based upon land-use and travel data for city of Seoul. In this study, 424 sub-districts with the mixed land-use patterns are assessed in a hexagonal diagram. The measurement is based on the relative deviation of each sector‘s characteristics including numbers of residence, manufacture, and trade & service. Multiple linear regression models are developed to analyze the effects of urban compactness on zonal trip generations. As a result, the trip generation rate in the residence-intensive and mixed-use areas is found to be relatively low. Furthermore, residents in high-compact areas tend to use public transport more often than residents in less compact areas. 일반적으로 고밀도 도시는 더 많은 접근성도 높고, 다양한 교통시스템을 운영한다. 그러나 반대로 차량 속도도 늦고 통행 비용이 많이 들기 때문에 가구 당 년간 평균 차량주행거리는 상대적으로 적다. 결국 도시압축도가 높은 도시일수록 교통수요가 작아지는 현상이 나타난다. 오늘날 각국의 토지이용계획에서는 압축도시를 지지한다. 상당한 논쟁에도 불구하고 압축도시는 지속가능한 도시화의 중요한 대안으로 간주된다. 본 연구의 목적은 도시압축도가 높을수록 교통수요를 줄일 수 있는지에 대하여 실증적으로 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 서울시의 각 동(dong)간의 도시압축도와 통행발생에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 특히, 대도시 통행발생의 근원이 되는 출근통행을 대상으로 한다. 혼합용도, 이용 패턴을 고려한 서울시 424개의 동을 육각 다이어그램으로 나타내었다. 가구 수와 제조업, 상업/서비스업 종사자 수 간의 상대적인 편차를 근거로 존의 통행발생율에 대한 도시압축도의 효과를 분석하기 위해 다중선형회귀 모형을 개발하였다. 결과적으로 주거밀도와 혼합용도지역의 통행발생율이 비교적 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이 압축지역의 사람들은 타 지역에 비해 대중교통 이율이 높은 경향을 보였다.

R-SEMI-GENERALIZED FUZZY COMPACTNESS

Park, Chun-Kee,Min, Won Keun The Kangwon-Kyungki Mathematical Society 2008 한국수학논문집 Vol.16 No.3

In this paper, we introduce several types of r-semi-generalized fuzzy compactness and fuzzy r-compactness in fuzzy topological spaces and investigate the relations between these compactness.

Comprehensive review of compactness measures to political redistricting problems

김명진 국토지리학회 2012 국토지리학회지 Vol.46 No.4

Political redistricting is to redraw districts with respect to redistricting criteria such as population equality, contiguity and compactness. In the United States, spatial compactness is widely used as one of ways to prevent Gerrymandering, show internal cohesion and prohibit against boundary irregularity. However, there is no unique measure of compactness in the literature which may leads to controversial outcomes in political redistricting. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review various compactness measures related to political redistricting problems and discuss implications of such variety on political redistricting.

Importance of bubble bed characteristics in dissolved-air-flotation

Jongtai Jung,박현주,Mooyoung Han,김충일 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.7

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) is a water treatment process widely employed in various facilities such as water treatment plants,sewage treatment plants, and seawater desalination plants. In this process, tiny bubbles are released, which adhere to suspendedparticulates causing them to float to the surface where they may then be removed by a skimming device. Although the removalefficiency of DAF can be improved by increasing bubble bed depth , not much is known about the effect of the characteristics of thebubble bed on the removal efficiency. Therefore, the effect of bubble bed depth and compactness on the removal efficiency wasinvestigated in this study. The results showed a trend of increasing bubble bed depth and compactness with increases in pressure andrecycle ratio. In particular, the change in depth was mainly attributable to recycle ratio, and that in compactness was mostly due topressure. As the depth and the compactness of bubble bed increased, the removal efficiency also increased up to 99% at maximumand there was a large difference in the removal efficiency of tiny particulates < 30 μm. At the same depth, removal efficiencyincreased with increases in compactness. At higher loading rates (over 10 m3/m2·h), greater removal efficiency was obtained withdeep beds. The depth of the bubble bed however did not play a significant role at lower loading rates (5 m3/m2·h). Under thisexperimental condition, when the loading rate doubled, the bubble bed also needed to be doubled to achieve the same removalefficiency. In cases where it was difficult to increase the bubble bed, the compactness was increased instead by increasing pressure.

Salient Object Detection Based on Regional Contrast and Relative Spatial Compactness

( Dan Xu ),( Zhenmin Tang ),( Wei Xu ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2013 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.7 No.11

In this study, we propose a novel salient object detection strategy based on regional contrast and relative spatial compactness. Our algorithm consists of four basic steps. First, we learn color names offline using the probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA) model to find the mapping between basic color names and pixel values. The color names can be used for image segmentation and region description. Second, image pixels are assigned to special color names according to their values, forming different color clusters. The saliency measure for every cluster is evaluated by its spatial compactness relative to other clusters rather than by the intra variance of the cluster alone. Third, every cluster is divided into local regions that are described with color name descriptors. The regional contrast is evaluated by computing the color distance between different regions in the entire image. Last, the final saliency map is constructed by incorporating the color cluster`s spatial compactness measure and the corresponding regional contrast. Experiments show that our algorithm outperforms several existing salient object detection methods with higher precision and better recall rates when evaluated using public datasets.

Control of Stretching of Cucumber and Tomato Plug Seedlings Using Supplemental Light

김일섭,진가오 장,강호민,브루스 매케이 한국원예학회 2008 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.49 No.5

This study was initiated to select the most efficient EOD light treatment for the control of stretching of cucumber and tomato plug seedlings in the plant factory using four different EOD light qualities, three light intensities, and four different EOD light irradiation period treatments. Compared with control, R, R LED, and B LED light treatments decreased the plant seedling height 23.8%, 25.1% and 15.6% in cucumber and 14.3%, 15.6% and 8.9% in tomato, respectively; in contrast, FR LED light irradiation increased plant height about 21.9% in cucumber and 15.1% in tomato. The seedlings treated with R and FR LED lights had significantly higher values of compactness than those of other treatments. R and R LED light treatments showed the lower T/R ratio than other treatments in cucumber and tomato. In the irradiation period experiment, 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of R irradiation reduced the plant heights about 8.8%, 14.0%, 25.5% and 30.2% in cucumber and 11.4%, 18.0%, 22.5%, and 25% in tomato plant seedling, respectively. As the irradiation period increased, both plant seedlings showed the lowest T/R ratio and the highest compactness. The seedlings treated with 2, 8, and 16 μmol・s-1・m-2 of R light intensities reduced 11.7%, 15.3%, and 22.3% of cucumber seedling heights and 7.8%, 12.4%, and 14.8% of tomato seedling heights after 30 d and 50 d of treatments, respectively. The higher intensity of R light had the shorter lengths of hypocotyls and internodes in both plant seedlings. Lengths of petioles in both plant seedlings were significantly decreased by the EOD R light irradiation. Both plant seedlings treated with 8 μmol・s-1・m-2 of R light intensity had the lowest T/R ratio and the highest compactness.

Control of Stretching of Cucumber and Tomato Plug Seedlings Using Supplemental Light

Il-Seop Kim,Chenghao Zhang,Ho-Min Kang,Bruce Mackay 한국원예학회 2008 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.49 No.5

This study was initiated to select the most efficient EOD light treatment for the control of stretching of cucumber and tomato plug seedlings in the plant factory using four different EOD light qualities, three light intensities, and four different EOD light irradiation period treatments. Compared with control, R, R LED, and B LED light treatments decreased the plant seedling height 23.8%, 25.1% and 15.6% in cucumber and 14.3%, 15.6% and 8.9% in tomato, respectively; in contrast, FR LED light irradiation increased plant height about 21.9% in cucumber and 15.1% in tomato. The seedlings treated with R and FR LED lights had significantly higher values of compactness than those of other treatments. R and R LED light treatments showed the lower T/R ratio than other treatments in cucumber and tomato. In the irradiation period experiment, 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of R irradiation reduced the plant heights about 8.8%, 14.0%, 25.5% and 30.2% in cucumber and 11.4%, 18.0%, 22.5%, and 25% in tomato plant seedling, respectively. As the irradiation period increased, both plant seedlings showed the lowest T/R ratio and the highest compactness. The seedlings treated with 2, 8, and 16 of R light intensities reduced 11.7%, 15.3%, and 22.3% of cucumber seedling heights and 7.8%, 12.4%, and 14.8% of tomato seedling heights after 30 d and 50 d of treatments, respectively. The higher intensity of R light had the shorter lengths of hypocotyls and internodes in both plant seedlings. Lengths of petioles in both plant seedlings were significantly decreased by the EOD R light irradiation. Both plant seedlings treated with 8 μ㏖ㆍs?¹ㆍm?² of R light intensity had the lowest T/R ratio and the highest compactness.

Compactness of The Borel Probability Measure

Gui Seok Kim,Kyung Bok Lee 호서대학교 기초과학연구소 2013 기초과학연구 논문집 Vol.21 No.1

Given a compact metric space (X,d), we denote by M(X) the set of all Borel probability measures in X . To show that M(X) is metrizable, we will define metric p :/M (X) X M (X) →R0+ by p(μ,v) = ∑∞n=1 2n/1 I ∫x φ ndv I. Finally, we prove that If is a compact metric space, then a metric space (M (X),p) is compact.