정전체제의 형성과 부산 지역 문학사회의 동향

이순욱 부경역사연구소 2013 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.32

The signing of the Armistice Agreement and the returning of the national capital to Seoul resulted in a dramatic change in the status and characteristics of the provisional capital of Busan, which once served as a center of producing wat-time cultural discourse. This study aims at conducting an empirical research on the reorganization of regional literary circles newly established following the formation of the Armistice Regime in July 1953 and media environment, geographical changes and organizational composition of Busan’s regional literature and the problems of the regional literature of the time and its reform solutions. First, in the midst of the Korean War, the literary circles in Busan could find a growth engine for the regional literature based on Seoul’s literary system and assets, but upon the introduction of the Armistice Regime, it was faced with a paradoxical situation in which it had to put the glories and wounds of the refugee literary circles away in order while setting a new course for its own regional literature. In particular, the changes in the publishing environment after the returning of the national capital reorganized the media, through which literary works were produced and disseminated, created a quite different environment for literary creation from the war-time period. After most of the newspaper and magazine publishers moved to Seoul, 『Kukje Shinbo』, 『Busan Ilbo』, 『Minju Shinbo』, 『Jayu Minbo』, 『Gyeongnam Gongnon』 and 『Sinsaeing Gongnon』 still provided local writers with space on their papers, while established writers and young writers continued to follow the tradition of media publication used during the war. Nevertheless, it is an undeniable fact that the reorganized publishing media environment was a critical factor weakening the driving force to develop the regional literature. Second, the Armistice Agreement and the returning of the capital not only reorganized the media environment but dramatically changed the status and characteristics of the provisional capital of Busan which served as a base for anti-communist front and a foothold for the decisive war literature. The Save the Nation Federation, the Anti-communist Freedom Artists Association and other troop information and education organizations set up in Busan during the war began to dissolve or were forced to move to Seoul with the government, and the Federation of Artistic and Cultural Organization of Korea followed the same course. The reshuffle of the literary circles that caused changes in literary system and publishing environment led the regional literature in Busan to indulge in the “rhetoric of blankness.” As a result, the literary circles in Busan after the capital moved back to Seoul, without any pivotal organization, just irregularly organized study clubs activities, book publication parties, illustrated poems exhibitions or poem reading events. It was only January 1956 when the realigned Busan Writers Association, which succeeded the Busan Culture Club founded in February 1955 to strongly drive the regional cultural campaign, began its activities in earnest. Third, since the Armistice Regime had been put in place, discussions on the regional literature in Busan began to gain momentum and round-table talks to seek a new way for regional literature increased, which was the result of the changes in literary system and media environment in the wake of the Armistice Regime. It is obvious that the writers at the time realized that Busan’s regional literature was in crisis. They suggested, therefore, that they should focus on the region, not just on the rhetoric of blankness. Various approaches to further develop the regional literature in Busan and move away from the Seoul-centric mindset were explored, including the issues of facilitating the culture section in the local media, promoting the literary circles and nurturing the future literary generation and the efforts to define the concept ...

부산의 문화지도 그리기 광복기 부산 지역 문학사회의 형성과 창작 기반

이순욱 ( Soon Wook Lee ) 동아대학교 석당학술원 2011 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.50

This paper aims at studying the formation of Busan`s regional literary society and the foundation for its creation by mainly focusing on the media of newspapers and magazines. Studying media is one of the most effective methods for shedding light on the literary society of Busan during the Liberation Period. By taking a closer look at characteristics of a specific medium and literary activities of writers in the medium, it was found that Busan`s regional literature did not stay away from the mainstream Korean literature of the time, and literary society was realigned based on writers` course of action. First, the regional literature of Busan during the Liberation Period should be seen in a broader context of Gyeongnam literature. Many literary groups including the Joseon New Culture Association, the Busan Branch of Joseon Literary Alliance and the Samnam Literary Association were established, but there was no struggle between ideologies to seize hegemony of the literary circles. To pursue the predominating goal of building a new sovereign state and creating national literature, these groups were set up based on a specific ideology and continued to seek new approaches depending on constantly changing situation. A case in point is the Busan Branch of Joseon Literary Alliance, which was founded during the early Liberation Period and actively engaged in various activities, including the publication of its official paper, but it was restructured into a right wing literature due to the changing times and circumstances. Second, one of the most notable characteristics of Busan`s regional literature during this period is that the regional literature in Busan could obtain its future growth engine from outstanding activities by migrated writers, the exchange of a lineup of the writers based on their hometowns and horizontal alliance among small areas. This can be ascertained by checking the list of writers and their characteristics in such newspapers as 『Minju Jungbo』, 『Busan Ilbo』, 『Busan Sinmun』, 『Jayu Minbo』 and 『Saneop Sinmun (Industrial Newspaper)』. Taking a glance at the media publication during the early Liberation Period shows us a pronounced ideological divide among newspapers. While 『Minju Jungbo』, 『Inmin Haebangbo (People`s Liberation Newspaper)』 and 『Munye Sinmun (Literary Newspaeper)』 were left-leaning newspapers, 『Busan Ilbo』, 『Busan Sinmun』, 『Jayu Minbo』 and 『Saneop Sinmun』 tilted toward the right. It is difficult, however, to research the overall activities and trend of left-wing writers during the early Liberation Period due to the lack of substantial evidence of 『Inmin Haebangbo』 and 『Munye Sinmun』. Third, the regional literature of Busan during the Liberation Period was comprised of various generations, with active contributions from Song, Yeong-taek, Kim Wol, Yun Jae-won and many other students and the emergence of young writers including Yim, Ha-su, Jang Ho, Lee, Seok-in and Jeong, Yeong-tae. Based on the vertical alliance with the established writers, the horizontal alliance with regional young writers and the publication of media, they became the key players in Busan`s regional literary scene. It can be said that contributions from student writers and young writers served as an important catalyst for the formation of an independent literary society in Busan. They were incorporated into the established literary circles, one after another, after the Korean War Period, while solidifying their positions in the regional literary society. As part of Gyeongnam Literature, the regional literature in Busan during the Liberation Period produced a lot of literary works thanks to newspaper media and diversified the lineup of its writers. As the realignment of the literary circles during the Korean War Period gave rise to the war refugee literature, Busan`s regional literature began to build its own literary society.

광복기 부산 지역 문학사회의 형성과 창작 기반

이순욱 동아대학교 석당학술원 2011 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.50

This paper aims at studying the formation of Busan's regional literary society and the foundation for its creation by mainly focusing on the media of newspapers and magazines. Studying media is one of the most effective methods for shedding light on the literary society of Busan during the Liberation Period. By taking a closer look at characteristics of a specific medium and literary activities of writers in the medium, it was found that Busan's regional literature did not stay away from the mainstream Korean literature of the time, and literary society was realigned based on writers' course of action. First, the regional literature of Busan during the Liberation Period should be seen in a broader context of Gyeongnam literature. Many literary groups including the Joseon New Culture Association, the Busan Branch of Joseon Literary Alliance and the Samnam Literary Association were established, but there was no struggle between ideologies to seize hegemony of the literary circles. To pursue the predominating goal of building a new sovereign state and creating national literature, these groups were set up based on a specific ideology and continued to seek new approaches depending on constantly changing situation. A case in point is the Busan Branch of Joseon Literary Alliance, which was founded during the early Liberation Period and actively engaged in various activities, including the publication of its official paper, but it was restructured into a right wing literature due to the changing times and circumstances. Second, one of the most notable characteristics of Busan's regional literature during this period is that the regional literature in Busan could obtain its future growth engine from outstanding activities by migrated writers, the exchange of a lineup of the writers based on their hometowns and horizontal alliance among small areas. This can be ascertained by checking the list of writers and their characteristics in such newspapers as 「Minju Jungbo」,「Busan Ilbo」, 「Busan Sinmun」, 「Jayu Minbo」 and 「Saneop Sinmun (Industrial Newspaper)」. Taking a glance at the media publication during the early Liberation Period shows us a pronounced ideological divide among newspapers. While 「Minju Jungbo」, 「Inmin Haebangbo (People's Liberation Newspaper)」 and 「Munye Sinmun (Literary Newspaeper)」 were left-leaning newspapers, 「Busan Ilbo」, 「Busan Sinmun」, 「Jayu Minbo」 and 「Saneop Sinmun」 tilted toward the right. It is difficult, however, to research the overall activities and trend of left-wing writers during the early Liberation Period due to the lack of substantial evidence of 「Inmin Haebangbo」 and 「Munye Sinmun」. Third, the regional literature of Busan during the Liberation Period was comprised of various generations, with active contributions from Song, Yeong-taek, Kim Wol, Yun Jae-won and many other students and the emergence of young writers including Yim, Ha-su, Jang Ho, Lee, Seok-in and Jeong, Yeong-tae. Based on the vertical alliance with the established writers, the horizontal alliance with regional young writers and the publication of media, they became the key players in Busan's regional literary scene. It can be said that contributions from student writers and young writers served as an important catalyst for the formation of an independent literary society in Busan. They were incorporated into the established literary circles, one after another, after the Korean War Period, while solidifying their positions in the regional literary society. As part of Gyeongnam Literature, the regional literature in Busan during the Liberation Period produced a lot of literary works thanks to newspaper media and diversified the lineup of its writers. As the realignment of the literary circles during the Korean War Period gave rise to the war refugee literature, Busan's regional literature began to build its own literary society. 이 글은 광복기 지역 문학사회의 형성과 창작 기반을 신문 잡지 매체를 중심으로 실증적으로 고찰하는 데 목적을 두었다. 매체 연구는 문학사회의 형성과 전개 양상을 구체적으로 확인할 수 있는 방법 가운데 하나다. 매체 활동을 통해 알 수 있는바, 광복기 부산 지역은 문학인들의 진퇴와 맞물려 새로운 문학사회가 형성되었다. 광복기 부산 지역문학은 전반적으로 경남문학이라는 큰 틀에서 규정할 수 있었다. 광복 직후 지역 안쪽에서 조선신문화건설회, 조선문학동맹 부산지부, 삼남문학회 등 각종 문화단체가 결성되었으나, 문단 헤게모니를 장악하기 위한 좌우파의 극렬한 이념 투쟁은 찾아볼 수 없었다. 새로운 국가와 민족문학의 건설이라는 당면과제를 실천해 나가는 과정에서 이념 노선에 따라 단체를 조직하고 정세에 따라 새로운 모색을 거듭했던 것으로 보인다. 특히, 광복 초기 조선문학동맹 부산지부가 결성되어 기관지를 발행하는 등 활발하게 활동했으나, 시대 상황에 따라 우파문단으로 재편되고 말았다. 이는 부산 지역의 독자적인 성격이라기보다는 한국문단의 전체의 일반적인 성격이라 볼 수 있을 것이다. 광복기 부산 지역문학은 유입문인의 두드러진 활동과 지역 연고에 바탕을 둔 필진의 교환, 소지역 사이의 수평적 연대, 학생 투고문단의 활성화와 청년문사들의 등장을 통해 지역문학 장(場)이 형성되었으며, 독자적인 문학사회를 형성하는 주요한 동력을 확보할 수 있었다. 지역문학의 세대 구성이 한결 두터워졌던 시기가 바로 광복기였다.

1980년대 지역문학운동의 문화정치학 - 무크지『지평』과『전망』을 중심으로

김경연 한국문학회 2021 韓國文學論叢 Vol.89 No.-

This paper comprehends the cultural politics of regional literary movements driven by the magazine movement in Busan in the 1980s, focusing on Horizon and Prospect. In the 1980s, various magazines like Horizon (1983), Prospect (1984), Natives (1987), Literature and Practice (1987), and Literature and Reality (1989) appeared in Busan. These magazines functioned as a dwelling of struggles for consciousness resisting the violent political circumstance of South Korea in the 1980s and became the foothold of cultural struggles that triggered an introspection of the region, developed topographic imaginations, and confronted the authoritative literary system biased toward Seoul (center). In particular, Horizon and Prospect were the origins of the magazine movement of Busan and the avant-garde mediums that drove ‘regional cultural movements’ with a practical strategy while executing reflective disbandment of political and cultural hegemony. The magazine movement of Busan put up the banners of “pioneering inroads into regional literature,” “regionalism of literature,” and “Korean literature as regional literature and world literature as Korean literature.” At the same time, the magazine movement clarified its commitment to reappropriate the substitute awareness about the partial literary system and reinvent regions and literature. This movement was decisively more intense than the trends of magazines in other regions in the 1980s that insisted on the democratization of literature and the formation of local autonomous cultures. Horizon and Prospect were at the center of these regional cultural movements started from Busan. The critical subjects of Horizon and Prospect were at the core of cultural and political plans to specify the power relations latent in generality and specificity, uncover ‘regional literature of Seoul’ that had been dominating as the generality, overcome the marginality of regional literature of Busan, and reorganize the hierarchical structure of the generality and specificity into an equal system of ‘multiple generalities.’ This paper attempted to reread ‘regionalism’ as a method devised by the magazine movement of Busan in the 1980s, led by Horizon and Prospect, and explore cultural politics of regional literary movements in the 1980s that started from Busan by paying attention to the critical practice of Horizon and Prospect. 이 글은『지평』과 『전망』을 중심으로 1980년대 부산의 무크지운동이 추동한 지역문학운동의 문화정치학을 독해한다. 1980년대 부산에는『지평』(1983),『전망』(1984), 『토박이』(1987), 『문학과실천』(1987), 『문학과현실』(1989) 등 다양한 무크지들이 출현하는데, 이들 무크지는 80년대 한국의 폭력적 정치상황에 저항하는 의식투쟁의 거처가 된 동시에 지역에 대한 성찰을 촉발하고 지형학적 상상력을 발동하면서 서울(중앙) 편향의 권위주의적 문학체제에 대항하는 문화투쟁의 거점이 되었다. 특히『지평』과 『전망』은 부산 무크지운동의 기원이자 정치문화적 헤게모니의 반성적 해체를 수행하면서 실천적 전략으로 ‘지방문학운동’을 견인한 전위적 매체이다. “지방문학의 활로 개척”, “문학의 지방주의”, “지방문학으로서의 한국문학, 한국문학으로서의 세계문학” 등의 기치를 내걸고 편파적인 문학제도에 대한 대타의식과 지역을 재전유하고 지역/문학을 재발명하려는 의지를 선명히 한 부산의 무크운동은 문학의 민주화와 지방차지적 문화의 형성을 주장한 80년대 여타 지역 무크지들의 지향과 비교해서도 단연 강렬했다. 이러한 부산발 지역문학운동의 중심에 『지평』과 『전망』이 있었으며, 보편/특수에 잠재된 권력관계를 적시하고 보편으로 군림해온 ‘서울지역문학’을 적발하면서 부산지역문학의 주변성을 극복하고 보편/특수의 위계적 구조를 ‘복수 보편’의 평등한 체제로 재편하려는 문화정치적 기획의 중심에 『지평』과 『전망』의 비평주체들이 있었다. 이 글은 1980년대『지평』과 『전망』을 중심으로 부산의 무크운동이 기획한 방법으로서의 ‘지역주의’를 재독하고, 특히 지역문학운동을 견인했던 『지평』과 『전망』의 비평적 실천에 주목함으로써 1980년대 부산발 지역문학운동의 문화정치학을 탐사하고자 했다.

2030 부산세계박람회 추진에 나타난 지역 경제 발전 이슈에 대한 인식

최현영,김동진 한국호텔관광학회 2023 호텔관광연구 Vol.25 No.12

This study aims to derive implications for confirming the regional economic necessity and purpose of promoting the 2030 Busan World Expo through big data analysis from a regional economic perspective. Data was collected using TEXTOM and was collected for one year, from July 1, 2022, to June 30, 2023. Data was derived from documents on Naver, Daum, and Google using the keywords ‘2030 Busan World Expo + Regional Development,’ and a total of 7,525 keywords were derived by conducting unnecessary research and preprocessing words such as stop words. Word frequency, TF-IDF, and N-gram were analyzed, and the UCINET6 program was used for network analysis. As a result of the analysis, the frequencies of important keywords related to regional development at the 2030 Busan World Expo were jobs, balanced development, economy, leap forward, and industry. In particular, pairs of words that can infer the role and performance of the host city, Busan, such as region-balanced development, traction vehicle-role, and Busan-jobs, were derived, confirming that positive expectations for regional development in Busan are recognized, and local activities. The importance of the Busan region, which has been identified as a primary cluster, is also recognized. On the other hand, in terms of the content of the discussion, there is a lack of in-depth discussion on regional economic development due to abstraction and superficial approach. Most importantly, each item of regional economic development that was raised as a necessity for hosting the World Expo, especially the purpose of regional development as the country's second growth axis, must be continuously discussed and promoted. Moreover, as seen in other mega event holding cases, we hope that the discussion and activities for the above development will continue through continuous re-challenge.

선거를 통해서 본 부산 지역주의의 변화와 특성

이정호(Rhee Jung ho) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2014 인문사회과학연구 Vol.15 No.3

This article studies the progress and the changes in the Busan regionalism during last 25 years since the 1987 Korean democratization. It also tries to analyse the characteristics of the Busan regionalism. In doing so, it depends on aggregated election statistics collected by the National Election Commission of Korea, which need macro analyses rather than micro ones. With the macro-level data, this study cast some questions. First, how has the Busan regionalism changed over time? Second, what have been the political driving forces in the ups-and-downs of the regionalistic rally? Third, in comparison to the Daegu which is another heart city of the Korean regionalism, what is the distinct feature of the regionalism of Busan? In order to answer those questions, this study analysed the percentages of popular vote of the Busan's regional predominant party in the 13 national level elections. The results are as follows: First, the regionalism of Busan has been alleviating since the former president Young-Sam Kim left the political stage. The gradual alleviation of Busan regionalism presents a sharp contrast to the regionalism of Daegu which has been constant over time. Second, the regionalistic vote rally of Busan has been even more alleviated when there existed a third party or candidate. Third, the results of the 19th General Election and the 18th Presidential Election held in 2012 casts a significant sign regarding the end of strong regionalistic vote in Busan. 본 연구는 지난 25년간 이어져온 부산 지역주의의 전개와 변화 및 그 특징을 고찰한다. 이를 위해 유권자들의 집단적인 의사결정인 선거결과에 대한 집합자료를 중심으로 한 거시적 분석에 집중하였다. 그리하여 부산 지역주의는 어떤 정치적 국면에서 어떻게 발현되고 정치 환경의 변화에 어떻게 대응해왔으며, 그 특징은 무엇인지를 거시적인 차원에서 분석하고자 하였다. 지역주의의 변화 양상을 비교하기 위해 지역우세정도와 지역균열지수를 통해 각 선거시기의 정치적 환경과 지역지배정당의 득표율 변화 추이를 거시적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 부산 지역주의의 변화와 그 특징은 다음과 같이 정리하였다. 첫째, 부산의 지역주의는 변화하고 있다. 지역지배정당의 지도자였던 김영삼의 퇴장 이후 부산의 지역주의적 투표결집은 점진적으로 약화되는 추세를 보여주었다. 이러한 결집의 약화는 다른 영남지역 특히 대구와 비교할 때 현저한 차별성을 보이는 것이다. 둘째, 김영삼의 퇴장 이후 부산의 지역주의적 투표결집은 제3정당이나 후보가 존재했을 때 더욱 약화되는 모습을 보였다. 대통령 선거에서는 이인제, 이회창 등 제3후보, 총선에서는 친박연대라는 제3정당에 의한 표의 분산으로 지역지배정당을 지지하는 지역주의적 투표결집이 약화된 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 2012년에 있었던 총선과 대통령선거에서 지역주의적 투표결집은 매우 약화되었다. 특히 두 선거는 지역지배정당과 도전정당의 일대일 구도였음에도 불구하고 도전정당에서 지역출신의 대통령 후보 급 정치지도자가 등장하면서 지역주의적 투표결집이 현저히 완화되었다.

부산의 산동네와 해역 이주 : 근현대의 연속성에 주목하여

최민경(Choi Minkyung) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2021 인문사회과학연구 Vol.22 No.3

본 연구에서는 부산 산동네의 역사적 형성 과정을 근현대의 연속성에 주목하여 살펴보았다. 고찰의 결과, 부산의 산동네는 크게 세 시기에 걸쳐 등장, 전개, 확대되어 왔으며, 모든 시기에서 해역 이주 현상과 뒤얽혀 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 구체적으로는 1920년대 중반부터 1930년대 초반, 1940년대 후반, 그리고 1950년대 초반의 급격한 인구의 사회적 증가가 부산 산동네의 역사적 형성의 결정적인 배경으로 작용하였다. 일제강점기 부산역과 부산항을 중심으로, 도일을 희망하는 노동자의 적체로 인해 등장한 산동네는 해방공간과 한국전쟁을 거치면서, 귀환동포와 피난민의 대규모 유입을 통해 부산 내 여러 지역으로 확대되었다. 바꾸어 말하자면, 부산의 산동네를 근현대 전반에 걸쳐 장기적인 시각으로 바라보면 그것은 바다를 통하여 여러 가지 의미에서 경계를 넘나드는 다양한 사람들의 이동과 맞물리는 형태로 역동적인 형성 과정을 거쳐 왔다고 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 본 연구의 고찰은 일반적으로 한국전쟁 피난민 유입에 부산 산동네의 기원을 찾는 기존 연구에 해역인문학적 시각을 더하여 부산 도시 형성의 역사를 살펴보는 작업으로서 의미를 지닌다. 즉, 한국전쟁 피난민 유입은 부산의 산동네가 오늘의 모습에 이르는 가장 극적인 계기가 되었음은 분명하지만, 이는 부산이 근대와 현대에 걸쳐 경험한 바다를 통한 고유의 인구 이동과 증가의 역사를 바탕으로 중층적으로 형성된 것이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 부산이라는 지역, ‘로컬’은 해역, 구체적으로는 동북아 해역을 가로지르는 인문 네트워크와의 상호 작용 속에서 초국가성/국가성을 내포하며 전개되어 왔음을 알 수 있었으며 향후 국제 비교 연구를 통해 이론적, 사례적 함의를 높일 수 있을 것이다. In this study, the historical formation process of hillside town in Busan was analyzed focusing on the continuity of modern and contemporary times. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the hillside town in Busan had appeared, developed, and expanded over three major periods, and was intertwined with the phenomenon of migration through sea region at all times. Specifically, the rapid social growth of the population from the mid-1920s to the early 1930s, late 1940s, and early 1950s played a critical role in the historical formation of hillside town in Busan. During Japanese colonial era, hillside town appeared mainly in Busan Station and Busan Port area due to the congestion of workers who wanted to move to Japan. And afterwards, the area was expanded to various parts of Busan through the liberation space and the Korean War with large influx of repatriated Korean diaspora and refugees. In other words, the long-term analysis of Busan s hillside town throughout modern and contemporary times shows that it has undergone a dynamic formation process in which it coincides with the movement of various people across borders throughout the sea. This study s analysis is generally meaningful as a work to examine the history of Busan s urban formation by adding a perspective of sea region humanities to the existing research on the origin of Busan s hillside town which only focusing on the influx of refugees during the Korean War. That is the influx of refugees from the Korean War was the most dramatic point for Busan s hillside town to reach its present appearance, but it was formed multi layered way based on the history of unique migration movement through the sea and population growth that Busan experienced throughout modern and contemporary times. Through this study, we can see that the ‘local’, Busan has been developed with transnationality/nationality in interactions with humanities networks across sea region, specifically Northeast Asian sea region, and future comparative international studies will enhance theoretical and case implications.

한국전쟁기 문단 재편과 피난문단

이순욱 동남어문학회 2007 동남어문논집 Vol.24 No.-

Reorganization of Literary Circles during the Korean War and Refuge Literary Circles. Dongnam Journal of Korean Language & Literature 24. The Korean War period was the time when Busan could heighten its status as a regional literature, as a new literary environment was created in Busan after the reorganization of literary circles. This paper aims at examining the real situation of writers who sought refuge in Busan, their literary activities, and the characteristics of refuge literature and studying the impact the refuge literature had on the regional literature of Busan.<BR>First of all, the refuge was mostly a political asylum, rather than an option for survival. So, the geographical movement by writers accelerated the realignment of the Korean literary circles. In particular, the literary assets of Seoul were relocated to Busan, a last front and provisional capital, into which the biggest number of refuge writers flowed. It was mostly right-wing writers who took shelter without having any difficulty in making a decision between remaining and seeking refuge. Detailed characteristics and status of the writers who temporarily stayed in Busan can be found in "Curricula Vitae of Poets," a supplement to Collection of Patriotic Poems by 33 People published by the Korean Military Relief Culture Association and in "Comprehensive Biographies of Contemporary Korean Writers," a special supplement to Vol. 1 and No. 3 of the monthly magazine Literary World. <BR>Second, writers flowing into Busan constituted the refuge literature, passing their time in cafes or publishing their works through diverse media, while actively participating in wartime literary lectures hosted by the National Association of Cultural Organizations, exhibitions of illustrated poems, public reading of poems, art festivals in memory of the Independence Movement on March 1 and etc. Some of them even joined the naval war writers unit based in Busan. A variety of cultural events led by the National Association of Cultural Organizations gave a new impetus to Busan"s modern art and an opportunity to bring together local figures with passion for promoting literature and carry out relevant activities. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that the reorganized literary circles and the subsequent formation of refuge literature during the Korean War period played a key role in laying groundwork for Busan"s regional literature. Yet, a wave of the refuge writers flowed out of Busan after the returning of a capital to Seoul, making the refuge literature more like a literature by temporary visitors. <BR>Third, the nation"s central literary environment relocated into Busan dramatically increased the number of newspaper novels during the Korean War. Writers who sought refuge in Busan published their literary works mostly through this media. Magazines published in Busan because of the war including A New World , Literary Art , Literary World , New Trend , New Public Opinion , Ideas , Ethics , Foundation , Daily Sports , Politics and Economy , Korean Administration , Lightning Friend , Youth , Sea as well as newspapers, which substituted national newspapers, such as Busan Ilbo , Kukje Shinbo gave space for refuge writers to publish their works and paved the way for the development of Busan"s regional literature during the Korean War. The 17 collections of poems published in this period by refuge writers included 12 individual collections, one collection of translated poems, two joint collections and two compilations. These literary activities by refuge writers through such diverse media as newspapers, magazines   d independent collections of poems had a significant impact on building a new literary trend in Busan. Notably, the growth of young writers and their coterie activities can be said to be the most remarkable achievement that Busan"s regional literature made during the Korean War period.

도시 지역발전과 거버넌스 : 부산 · 울산 지역혁신협의회의 비교연구

조형제(Jo Hyung-Je) 한국지역사회학회 2006 지역사회연구 Vol.14 No.4

This article compares two cases of regional development in Korea in terms of 'regional governance'. Two cases of regional development are Busan and Ulsan. This article tries to explain why these two cases have followed different trajectories of regional development. The main concept to explain these differences is 'institutional capacity'. Institutional capacity is defined as the ability of agents who reacts to the change of structural environment. The concrete indexes of institutional capacity are the degree of social capital formation which are expressed as information, network relations and resources. In Busan where the regional economy has been in the state of stagnation since 1980s, the regional governance which has embodied into 'regional innovation committee' has utilized high degree of institutional capacity which are composed of information, relations, and resources. However, in Ulsan where the regional economy has been in the state of growth since 1970s, the regional governance which has embodied into 'regional innovation committee' has just utilized low degree of institutional capacity. These differences in terms of institutional capacity have resulted into the differences in the intensity of social conflicts in these two regions.

한국전쟁기 부산 지역문학과 동인지

이순욱 ( Soon Wook Lee ) 영주어문학회 2010 영주어문 Vol.19 No.-

This paper aims at closely examining the overall state and characters of student coterie magazines published in Busan area during the Korean War period. Reshuffle of the literary circles and changes in literary fields during the war period, literary conditions driving young writers to the literary field, foundations and procedures for the formation of student literary coteries, their organization and ideological orientation, changing status of coterie members, literary exchanges and regional solidarity and the advance to the institutional literary circle have been explored. First, the newly established refuge literature following the reshuffle of the literary world during the Korean War period, extensive production and utilization of media, occasional experiences of publishing media by the Busan and Gyeongnam Literary Society, hosting of nationwide literary events such as Yeongnam Arts Festival Writing Contest provided substantial and physical foundation to usher in the era of student literary coterie magazines. In particular, various events arranged by the Federation of Cultural Organizations, including literary lecture and poetry recitation events served as important factors in reshaping the cultural and artistic landscape, and provided young writers aspiration in literature. The publication of new magazines motivated young writers to create literary works, providing a stepping stone for the transition to the students` literary world. The Yeongnam Arts Festival Writing Contest where respected writers across the nation participated provided young and promising writers with an important opportunity to boost their literary enthusiasm. Second, it is hard to regard student literary coteries as professional organizations strongly advocating specific literary ideologies. But, beginning with 『Seoji』(『瑞枝』), which was followed by 『Cheonyeoji』(『處女地』), 『Sinjakpum』(『新作品』) and 『Sijo』(『詩潮』), they were leading the coterie literature in Busan area in the 1950s. Against this backdrop, students` coteries continued to strengthen their solidarity with young writers in Busan and Gyeongnam areas, laying the groundwork for the regional literature for the post-war period. Third, students` coteries in Busan area during the Korean War period continued to promote horizontal and vertical combinations as well as literary exchanges between areas (Busan and Jinju, Busan and Masan, Masan and Tongyeong) and between generations (older generation and literary follow-up generation). It seems that these efforts allowed them to grow into regional coteries with professional capabilities, making it easier for their members to enter the bigger institutional literary circle. Regional literature in Busan during the war period was faced with a challenge to establish its own literary society as the refuge literature began to be dissolved. Persistent literary activities of student literary coteries played a key role in solidifying its identity. Though short-lived due to the temporary refuge literature and internal problems, student literary coteries were able to enhance their status in the major literary institution, serving as a key factor in forming and developing Busan`s regional literature. Their literary activities during the Korean War period can be said to be the milestone demonstrating the growth and development of post-war literary generation in the history of Busan and Gyeongnam Literature and its relationship with the institutional literature.