활성화(activation), 활성화 레짐(activation regime) 그리고 한국 사회 보호 체계

심창학(Chang Hack Shim) 연세대학교 사회복지연구소 2008 한국사회복지조사연구 Vol.18 No.-

본 연구는 활성화(activation) 관점에서 한국 사회 보호 체계에 대한 분석을 통해 그 특징 및 문제점을 파악하고자 한다. 동시에 분석 도구로서 활성화 관점의 유용성을 확인하고 활성화 관점에서 한국 사회 보호 체계에게 주어진 과제를 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 활성화 관점의 세 가지 축, 즉 사회보호 정책과 여타 분야 정책간의 연계성, 둘째, 근로 유인 프로그램에의 참여 및 제재 조치의 실행, 개인의 활성화(취업가능성 제고)및 (사회적) 일자리 창출에 있어서의 국가 역할 등을 중심으로 한국 사회 보호 체계를 분석했다. 분석 결과, 한국의 사회보호체계는 2008년 도입된 근로 장려 세제 적용 대상의 협소성, 상징적 성격에 불과한 근로 유인 프로그램 제재 조치, 개인의 활성화 및 일자리 창출에 있어서의 약한 국가 역할의 성격을 띠고 있다. 활성화 레짐 유형을 기준으로 할 때 맹아적 레짐으로서, 그 방향은 자유주의적 레짐을 지향하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 활성화 전략으로서 본 연구는 기초 소득 보장 제도의 강화, 보편급여와 선별 급여의 제도적 분리, 개인의 취업 가능성 제고를 위해 사업 특성과 사업 참여간의 정합성 확보 방안의 마련, 제도간의 정합성, 일자리 창출에 있어서의 국가 역할 강화 등을 제시했다. This paper examines, in the comparative perspective of the activation, the characters of activation policies in the Republic of Korea. In order to that, we have analyzed its policies of social domain and particularly social protection policies, based on the criteria which must be considered as proper to the concept of activation: the connection between the social protection policies and the policies of another domain (ex. employment or taxation) ; the incentive rules of the benefits (reward or punishment) in exchange of the participation or not in the social integration programs which is offered by the State ; the role of State, not only in the progress of employability of the individual, but in the creation of social job, including the social enterprise. In conclusion, it is not evident that, in the Republic of Korea, the activation policies settle down in itself, in the social domain and particularly in the domain of social protection. As type of regime, we would call the activation in the Korea <<rudimentary regime>>, in the sense that, it is on the way to settle down in the social domain. As the activation strategy, this paper suggests the reinforcement of Guarantee Minimum Income(GMI), the institutional separation between the general benefit and the targeted benefit, the compatability between the program characters and the participants character in the domain of individual employability, and in the domain of the system activation, the compatability between the institutions, the reinforcement of state role for the job creation.

Formation of micro/mesopores during chemical activation in tailor-made nongraphitic carbons

Chun, Sang-Eun,Whitacre, J.F. Elsevier 2017 Microporous and mesoporous materials Vol.251 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The mechanism of chemical activation by potassium hydroxide (KOH) was studied in highly controlled non-graphitic carbon structures to explore the constituent reactions and the related pore formation processes involved in producing highly microporous activated materials. For this purpose, nongraphitic carbon was activated independently with intermediate species of either metallic potassium (K) or potassium carbonate (K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>) reduced from KOH (activating agent). Structural and morphological changes during activation were probed <I>ex situ</I> using X-ray diffractometry and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen gas adsorption. Reduced K and K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> disordered the stacking graphene layers to different extents. While micropore features were induced upon K evaporation following infiltration, the existing micropores were expanded into mesopores by K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> gasification. Exclusive activation with K or K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> induced ultra-small micropores, as measured using cyclic voltammetry. This work explains why activation using a KOH solution develops the preferable porous texture for use in many devices by creating open microporous structures as a result of the synergistic activation of both K and K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> In KOH activation of non-graphitic carbon, the constituent reactions and the related pore formation processes were explored to study the chemical activation mechanism. </LI> <LI> The micropores were induced upon K evaporation following infiltration in KOH activation. </LI> <LI> The existing micropores were expanded into mesopores by K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> gasification in KOH activation. </LI> <LI> The activation via KOH solution develops open microporosity as a result of the synergistic activation of both K and K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

애기장대에서 activation tagging system을 이용한 새로운 고염 스트레스 반응 유전자의 동정

석혜연(Hye-Yeon Seok),응웬부린(Linh Vu Nguyen),배형준(Hyoungjoon Bae),하지민(Jimin Ha),김하연(Ha Yeon Kim),이선영(Sun-Young Lee),문용환(Yong-Hwan Moon) 한국생명과학회 2018 생명과학회지 Vol.28 No.9

환경 스트레스는 식물의 성장을 저해하며 작물의 생산량을 감소시키는 주요 원인이다. 식물은 다양한 유전자의 발현 변화를 통해 스트레스에 대한 저항성을 나타낸다. 본 연구에서는 activation tagging system을 이용하여 기존에 밝혀지지 않은 새로운 고염 스트레스 반응 유전자들을 분리하였다. 애기장대의 발아 단계에서 고염 스트레스에 저항성을 보이는 9개의 activation tagging 라인을 선별하였다. 그 중 TAIL-PCR 방법을 이용하여 AT7508, AT7512, AT7527, AT7544, AT7548, AT7556의 6개 라인에서 T-DNA가 삽입된 위치를 확인하였으며 각 라인에서 T-DNA가 삽입된 주변 유전자의 발현을 RT-PCR로 분석하였는데 AT7508, AT7512, AT7527, AT7544, AT7556에서 각각 ClpC2/HSP93-III (At3g48870), plant thionin family (At2g20605), anti-muellerian hormone type-2 receptor (At3g50685), vacuolar iron transporter family protein (At4g27870), microtubule-associated protein (At5g16730)이 activation 된 것으로 밝혀졌다. 더불어 AT7548에서는 T-DNA가 삽입된 곳의 양쪽에 위치하는 두 유전자인 Arabinogalactan protein 13 (AGP13) (At4g26320)과 F-box/RNI-like/FBD-like domains-containing protein (At4g26340)이 모두 activation 되었다. Activation 된 7개 유전자는 기존에 고염 스트레스 저항성과 관련된 기능이 알려지지 않은 유전자로 본 연구를 통해 새롭게 고염 스트레스 반응에 대한 기능이 밝혀졌다. 7개의 activation된 유전자 중 ClpC2/HSP93-III, AGP13, F-box/RNI-like/FBD-like domains-containing protein의 3개 유전자는 고염 스트레스에 의해 발현이 증가하였다. 또한 AT7508과 AT7527, AT7544 라인은 발아 단계뿐만 아니라 유식물체발달 과정에서도 고염 스트레스 저항성을 보여 activation tagging 라인의 선별 결과의 타당성을 뒷받침 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 activation tagging system이 새로운 스트레스 반응 유전자를 찾아낼 수 있는 유용한 기술임을 확인할 수 있었다. Abiotic stresses limit the growth and productivity of plants. Cellular adaptation to abiotic stresses requires coordinated regulation in gene expression directed by complex mechanisms. This study used the activation tagging system to identify novel salt stress-responsive genes. The study selected 9 activation tagging lines that showed salt stress-tolerant phenotypes during their germination stages. Thermal asymmetric interlaced-PCR (TAIL-PCR) was used to identify the T-DNA tagging sites on the Arabidopsis genome in selected activation tagging lines, including AT7508, AT7512, AT7527, AT7544, AT7548, and AT7556. RT-PCR analysis showed that ClpC2/HSP93-III (At3g48870), plant thionin family (At2g20605), anti-muellerian hormone type-2 receptor (At3g50685), vacuolar iron transporter family protein (At4g27870), and microtubule-associated protein (At5g16730) were activated in AT7508, AT7512, AT7527, AT7544, and AT7556, respectively. Interestingly, in AT7548, both the genes adjacent to the T-DNA insertion site were activated: Arabinogalactan protein 13 (AGP13) (At4g26320) and F-box/RNI-like/FBD-like domains-containing protein (At4g26340). All of the seven genes were newly identified as salt stress-responsive genes from this study. Among them, the expression of ClpC2/HSP93-III, AGP13, F-box/RNI-like/FBD-like domains-containing protein gene, and microtubule-associated protein gene were increased under salt-stress condition. In addition, AT7508, AT7527, and AT7544 were more tolerant to salt stress than wild type at seedling development stage, functionally validating the screening results of the activation tagging lines. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the activation tagging system is useful for identifying novel stress-responsive genes.

Effect of activation reagent on micropore structure of pitch-based activated carbon in physical activation

곽철환,김민일,서상완,허윤석,임지선 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.1

In this study, the effect of the activation reagent on the pore structure of pitch-based activated carbon (AC) was investigated. The pitch based on petroleum residue was used as a raw material. The AC was prepared using CO₂ or steam with N₂ carrier under 900 °C. The activation time was 1 h with steam and varied from 1 to 5 h with carbon dioxide. It is noted that the pitch was oxidized by air before activation process. The pre-oxidation of pitch has a key factor to prepare microporous AC using CO₂ as the activation reagent. It is strongly assumed that the surface chemical structure of carbon material affects the degree of activation due to the weak activation nature of CO₂ activation. Finally highly microporous AC with high specific surface area was obtained from physical activation of pitch.

가족을 우선하는 활성화정책(activation policy) : 독일사례를 중심으로

정재훈 한국여성정책연구원 2013 여성연구 Vol.85 No.-

본 연구는 독일 활성화정책이 갖는 가족정책적 의미를 한부모가족 노동력 활성화를 중심으로 분석함을 목적으로 한다. 돌봄비용 지원, 돌봄시간 보장, 사회적 돌봄시설 구축이라는 가족정책 영역에서 독일은 전통적으로 여성의 돌봄노동 부담을 전제로 한 가족정책을 실천해왔다. 그러나 저출산 등 인구학적 변동에 따른 가족정책 대응의 전환이 2007년을 기점으로 이루어지면서 취업활동 여성의 돌봄부담 분담과 남성의 돌봄노동 참여를 강조하는 경향이 나타나기 시작하였다. 반면 한부모가족만을 대상으로 하는 활성화정책 경향은 미국 등과는 달리 관찰하기 어렵다. 다만 취업훈련, 주거보장, 의료보장, 돌봄지원 등 보편적 사회보장제도 틀에서 활성화정책이 전개되면서 한부모도 정책 대상이 되고 있을 뿐이다. 2007년 가족정책 개혁은 비활성화되어 있는 (한)부모 활성화보다 이미 취업활동을 하고 있는 (한)부모의 지속적 활성화를 정책 목표로 도입했다는 의미를 갖는다. 하르쯔 개혁으로 대표되는 활성화정책도 가족관계와 가족돌봄을 노동력 활성화보다 우선시하는 경향을 보인다. 게다가 한부모만을 대상으로 하는 활성화정책은 존재하지 않는다. 활성화정책 목표를 공유하는 가족정책 역시 존재하지 않는다. 비활성화된 인구를 취업시장으로 유인하는 정책은 가족정책 영역에서 찾아보기 힘들다. 결국 독일 활성화정책은 취업시장으로부터 비활성화되어 있는 가족돌봄 담당자를 활성화하려는 정책 목표를 가지고 있지 않으며 오히려 가족 형태에 관계없이 가족돌봄과 가족관계 유지에 기여하는 차원에서 가족정책으로서 의미를 갖는다. The purpose on this article is to analyze the meanings of family policy the German activation policy has, focused on the labor activation of a single parent family. In the area of family policies as the support for caring expenses, guaranteeing care-work time, and establishing facilities for care as Germany has practiced the family policies on the premise the burden of women's care work traditionally. However, as it has been started that the action changes in family policy resulted from the demographic transitions such as the low fertility from 2007, the trends towards emphasis on sharing of working women's care burden and participating in men's care labour. On the other hand, different from the US, the activation policy tendency targeted only for a single parent family has been hardly discovered in Germany. Rather, a single parent family was regared just as a policy object as the activation policy was discussed in the frame of the social security system such as employment training, housing security, medical guarantee, and caring support. It is significant that the reformation of the family policy in 2007 introduced a steady activation for a working (single) parent as a policy objective. The activation policy represented Hartz reforms appears to put the stress on family relations and family caring rather than labour activation. In addition, there is no activation policy targeting for a single parent family, and family policy sharing the objectives of the activation policy, as well. After all, the activation policy in German doesn't pursue the activation policy objectives for people in charge of family caring and non-active in labour market, but it has the meaning of the family policy in terms of contributing to the family relations and family caring regardless of the type of family.

가족을 우선하는 활성화정책(activation policy)

정재훈(Jung Jae-Hoon) 한국여성정책연구원(구 한국여성개발원) 2013 여성연구 Vol.84 No.-

본 연구는 독일 활성화정책이 갖는 가족정책적 의미를 한부모가족 노동력 활성화를 중심으로 분석함을 목적으로 한다. 돌봄비용 지원, 돌봄시간 보장, 사회적 돌봄시설 구축이라는 가족정책 영역에서 독일은 전통적으로 여성의 돌봄노동 부담을 전제로 한 가족정책을 실천해왔다. 그러나 저출산 등 인구학적 변동에 따른 가족정책 대응의 전환이 2007년을 기점으로 이루어지면서 취업활동 여성의 돌봄부담 분담과 남성의 돌봄노동 참여를 강조하는 경향이 나타나기 시작하였다. 반면 한부모가족만을 대상으로 하는 활성화정책 경향은 미국 등과는 달리 관찰하기 어렵다. 다만 취업훈련, 주거보장, 의료보장, 돌봄지원 등 보편적 사회보장제도 틀에서 활성화정책이 전개되면서 한부모도 정책 대상이 되고 있을 뿐이다. 2007년 가족정책 개혁은 비활성화되어 있는 (한)부모 활성화보다 이미 취업활동을 하고 있는 (한)부모의 지속적 활성화를 정책 목표로 도입했다는 의미를 갖는다. 하르쯔 개혁으로 대표되는 활성화정책도 가족관계와 가족돌봄을 노동력 활성화보다 우선시하는 경향을 보인다. 게다가 한부모만을 대상으로 하는 활성화정책은 존재하지 않는다. 활성화정책 목표를 공유하는 가족정책 역시 존재하지 않는다. 비활성화된 인구를 취업시장으로 유인하는 정책은 가족정책 영역에서 찾아보기 힘들다. 결국 독일 활성화정책은 취업시장으로부터 비활성화되어 있는 가족돌봄 담당자를 활성화하려는 정책 목표를 가지고 있지 않으며 오히려 가족 형태에 관계없이 가족돌봄과 가족관계 유지에 기여하는 차원에서 가족정책으로서 의미를 갖는다. The purpose on this article is to analyze the meanings of family policy the German activation policy has, focused on the labor activation of a single parent family. In the area of family policies as the support for caring expenses, guaranteeing care-work time, and establishing facilities for care as Germany has practiced the family policies on the premise the burden of women's care work traditionally. However, as it has been started that the action changes in family policy resulted from the demographic transitions such as the low fertility from 2007, the trends towards emphasis on sharing of working women's care burden and participating in men's care labour. On the other hand, different from the US, the activation policy tendency targeted only for a single parent family has been hardly discovered in Germany. Rather, a single parent family was regared just as a policy object as the activation policy was discussed in the frame of the social security system such as employment training, housing security, medical guarantee, and caring support. It is significant that the reformation of the family policy in 2007 introduced a steady activation for a working (single) parent as a policy objective. The activation policy represented Hartz reforms appears to put the stress on family relations and family caring rather than labour activation. In addition, there is no activation policy targeting for a single parent family, and family policy sharing the objectives of the activation policy, as well. After all, the activation policy in German doesn't pursue the activation policy objectives for people in charge of family caring and non-active in labour market, but it has the meaning of the family policy in terms of contributing to the family relations and family caring regardless of the type of family.

가족을 우선하는 활성화정책(activation policy) - 독일 사례를 중심으로

정재훈 한국여성정책연구원 2013 여성연구 Vol.79 No.-

The purpose on this article is to analyze the meanings of family policy the German activation policy has, focused on the labor activation of a single parent family. In the area of family policies as the support for caring expenses, guaranteeing care-work time, and establishing facilities for care as Germany has practiced the family policies on the premise the burden of women's care work traditionally. However, as it has been started that the action changes in family policy resulted from the demographic transitions such as the low fertility from 2007, the trends towards emphasis on sharing of working women's care burden and participating in men's care labour. On the other hand, different from the US, the activation policy tendency targeted only for a single parent family has been hardly discovered in Germany. Rather, a single parent family was regared just as a policy object as the activation policy was discussed in the frame of the social security system such as employment training, housing security, medical guarantee, and caring support. It is significant that the reformation of the family policy in 2007 introduced a steady activation for a working (single) parent as a policy objective. The activation policy represented Hartz reforms appears to put the stress on family relations and family caring rather than labour activation. In addition, there is no activation policy targeting for a single parent family, and family policy sharing the objectives of the activation policy, as well. After all, the activation policy in German doesn't pursue the activation policy objectives for people in charge of family caring and non-active in labour market, but it has the meaning of the family policy in terms of contributing to the family relations and family caring regardless of the type of family. 본 연구는 독일 활성화정책이 갖는 가족정책적 의미를 한부모가족 노동력 활성화를 중심으로 분석함을 목적으로 한다. 돌봄비용 지원, 돌봄시간 보장, 사회적 돌봄시설 구축이라는 가족정책 영역에서 독일은 전통적으로 여성의 돌봄노동 부담을 전제로 한 가족정책을 실천해왔다. 그러나 저출산 등 인구학적 변동에 따른 가족정책 대응의 전환이 2007년을 기점으로 이루어지면서 취업활동 여성의 돌봄부담 분담과 남성의 돌봄노동 참여를 강조하는 경향이 나타나기 시작하였다. 반면 한부모가족만을 대상으로 하는 활성화정책 경향은 미국 등과는 달리 관찰하기 어렵다. 다만 취업훈련, 주거보장, 의료보장, 돌봄지원 등 보편적 사회보장제도 틀에서 활성화정책이 전개되면서 한부모도 정책 대상이 되고 있을 뿐이다. 2007년 가족정책 개혁은 비활성화되어 있는 (한)부모 활성화보다 이미 취업활동을 하고 있는 (한)부모의 지속적 활성화를 정책 목표로 도입했다는 의미를 갖는다. 하르쯔 개혁으로 대표되는 활성화정책도 가족관계와 가족돌봄을 노동력 활성화보다 우선시하는 경향을 보인다. 게다가 한부모만을 대상으로 하는 활성화정책은 존재하지 않는다. 활성화정책 목표를 공유하는 가족정책 역시 존재하지 않는다. 비활성화된 인구를 취업시장으로 유인하는 정책은 가족정책 영역에서 찾아보기 힘들다. 결국 독일 활성화정책은 취업시장으로부터 비활성화되어 있는 가족돌봄 담당자를 활성화하려는 정책 목표를 가지고 있지 않으며 오히려 가족 형태에 관계없이 가족돌봄과 가족관계 유지에 기여하는 차원에서 가족정책으로서 의미를 갖는다.

Kinetic Studies on Physical and Chemical Activation of Phenolic Resin Chars

Agarwal, Damyanti,Lal, Darshan,Tripathi, V.S.,Mathur, G.N. Korean Carbon Society 2003 Carbon Letters Vol.4 No.3

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) has been proven to be an excellent material for many industrial applications. A systematic study has been carried out of the kinetics of physical as well as chemical activation of phenolic resin chars. Physical activation was carried out using $CO_2$ and chemical activation using KOH as activating agent. There are number of factors which influence the rate of activation. The activation temperature and residence time at HTT varied in the range $550{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$ and $\frac{1}{2}{\sim}8$ hrs respectively. Kinetic studies show that the rate of chemical activation is 10 times faster than physical activation even at much lower temperature. Above study show that the chemical activation process is suitable to prepare granular activated carbon with very high surface area i.e.$ 2895\;m^2/g$ in short duration of time i.e. 1 to 2 hrs at lower temperature i.e. $750^{\circ}C$ from phenolic resins.

Kinetic Studies on Physical and Chemical Activation of Phenolic Resin Chars

Damyanti Agarwal,Darshan Lal,V.S. Tripathi,G.N. Mathur 한국탄소학회 2003 Carbon Letters Vol.4 No.3

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) has been proven to be an excellent material for many industrial applications. A systematic study has been carried out of the kinetics of physical as well as chemical activation of phenolic resin chars. Physical activation was carried out using CO2 and chemical activation using KOH as activating agent. There are number of factors which influence the rate of activation. The activation temperature and residence time at HTT varied in the range 550~1000℃ and ½~8 hrs respectively. Kinetic studies show that the rate of chemical activation is 10 times faster than physical activation even at much lower temperature. Above study show that the chemical activation process is suitable to prepare granular activated carbon with very high surface area i.e. 2895 m2/g in short duration of time i.e. 1 to 2 hrs at lower temperature i.e. 750℃ from phenolic resins.

하수슬러지의 물리적 화확적 활성에 따른 흡착특성

정동현 ( Dong Hyun Jung ),백원석 ( Won Seok Baek ),김승호 ( Seung Ho Kim ),전영남 ( Young Nam Chun ) 조선대학교 공학기술연구원 2008 공학기술논문지 Vol.1 No.1

This study produces absorbent through physical and chemical activation. Optimum activation conditions are established from changing the variables that are CO2 input amount, chemicals mixing rate, activated temperature and activated time. As result of this study, Physical activation method is confirmed in case of CO2 activation that CO2 input amount “80 ml/min”, activated temperature “700℃” and activated time “90 min”. At the time, iodine adsorptivity and specific surface area shown that 272.53 mg/g and 115.04 ㎡/g. Chemical activation method is confirmed with optimum condition among chemicals in case KOH activation that activated temperature “600℃”, KOH mixing rate “1:1”, activated time “90min”. At the time, iodine adsorptivity and specific surface area shown that 412.0 mg/g and 163.92 ㎡/g. Also, the pore development and characteristic was confirmed by nitrogen adsorption and SEM.