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국제투자중재상 포괄적 보호 조항 위반의 청구와 관련한 물적 관할과 중재절차의 적용에 관한 연구
허윤석,신수용 한국무역상무학회 2024 貿易商務硏究 Vol.101 No.-
As long as the investment host country's actions do not conflict with the entity protection provisions of the BIT, there are inevitably increasing cases where foreign investors cannot use BIT arbitration. Additionally, separately from these provisions, provisions that have the potential to expand the scope of protection of the BIT may be included in the entity protection provisions. Although it is often stipulated in different word depending on each BIT, the general purpose of the provision is that the contracting party must comply with the obligations borne by the other country's investors regarding investment. This clause is most commonly called an umbrella clause, and its name comes from the function of comprehensively covering the obligations under the investment agreement concluded by the host country with the foreign investor in the BIT. According to that understanding, the existence of this clause simultaneously constitutes a breach of obligations under the investment agreement and a breach of obligations under the BIT. In other words, if an umbrella clause is included in the BIT, a breach of the investment agreement constitutes a breach of the entity protection provisions of the treaty, which are called umbrella clasue, and therefore BIT arbitration can be used regardless of whether it breaches other entity protection provisions. Recently, whether all obligations in investment agreements are covered by umbrella clauses has become an issue in arbitration awards, and this has led to active discussions in academic about the meaning and function of umbrella clauses. However, even now, there is no consensus in arbitration awards and academic regarding the meaning and function of the umbrella clauses, and it has become one of the most problematic interpretation issues related to BITs. The purpose of this study aims to examine the ICS Inspection and Control Services Limited v. The Argentine Republic (II), a case in which ruled upholding jurisdiction ratione materiae and denying arbitration proceedings for claims of breach of umbrella clause.
허윤석,전영시,홍연기,홍태희,홍원희 한국화학공학회 2007 화학공학의이론과응용 Vol.10 No.2
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid produced as an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and also as one of the fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism. Among several alternatives for the recovery of succinic acid, reactive extraction is effective and economic separation process. Although the amines have good extractabilities for succinic acid they must always be used in the form of solutions in organic diluents due to their physical properties such as high viscous and corrosive property. Diluents can be classified into active and inactive diluents. To extract succinid acid from artificial solution and fermentation broth, the secondary, tertiary and quaternary amine extractant were used. In the case of active diluents such as MIBK and 1-octanol, distribution coefficient of succinic acid increased in the order secondary amine > tertiary amine > quaternary amine. However, distribution coefficient decreased with all amine species in the inactive diluent of Kerosen. Active diluents are good solvating medium for acid-amine complex because they have functional groups. Thus, active diluents have higher distribution of the succinic acid into the solvent phase than inactive diluents.
P3 Network가 국제물류에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 - 일본의 사례를 중심으로 -
허윤석,한낙현 경남대학교 산업경영연구소 2014 지역산업연구 Vol.37 No.2
The purpose of this study aims to analyse the influences of Logistics by mega-alliance of container shipping-companies. As yet though mega-alliance yet to bring stability to container shipping and the freight rate war sees lines struggling for profitability yet again. It will be interesting to see, regulatory approvals allowing, if the P3 Network will be large enough to give the three the required influence over the market to bring much needed stability to the main container trades. However, with the alliance only set for operation in the second quarter of 2014 it will be some time before we know its level of influence on the market. Negotiations are apparently still being made and this alliance would have to pass antitrust regulations as well as approval from relevant competition. The improved network is expected to reduce the disruptions for customers caused by cancelled sailings. Being able to load cargo on each other’s ships certainly increase efficiency and create cost savings for the carriers. 본 연구는 컨테이너선사의 거대제휴에 따라 로지스틱스에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것에 목적이 있다. 거대제휴는 컨테이너선사에 안정성을 도모하고 있으며 또한 정기선사 간에 운임률 경쟁은 이익을 추구하기 위해 경쟁하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 한편 2013년 6월 Maersk(덴마크), MSC(스위스), CMA․CGM(프랑스)은 P3 Network를 형성하여 2014년 4월부터 서비스를 개시한다고 발표하였다. 최대의 역할은 정시성 등 물리적인 운항서비스의 품질에 대한 공통기준에 기초하여 서비스의 품질을 유지하며 가능한 효율적인 운항을 도모하는 것이다. 한편 P3 Network의 실시에는 독점규제법에 기초한 각국 당국의 인가가 조건이 되지만 실현되면 이 거대제휴의 시장점유율은 35%를 초과할 전망이다. 더욱이 이 제휴는 타선사에도 파급되어 컨테이너선사는 몇 개의 그룹으로 집약될 가능성이 상당히 높다. 그러한 컨테이너선대 규모의 확대노선에 대한 대처로서의 제휴체제는 선사, 사용자 쌍방에 있어 유익한 선택지가 될 것이다. P3 Network의 목적은 다음의 세가지이다. 첫째, 동서항로(아시아-유럽, 태평양, 대서양)에서 보다 우량의 서비스를 고객에게 제공하는 것, 둘째, 선사 측에서 보아 비용효율이 높은 네트워크를 제공하는 것, 셋째, 수익성을 제고함에 있어 항해의 안전성을 향상시키고 환경보전에 기여하는 것이다.
허윤석,강석형,Ilhom Abdullaev,김노아 대한신경손상학회 2017 Korean Journal of Neurotrauma Vol.13 No.1
The clinical manifestations of vertebral artery (VA) injury (VAI) after cervical trauma range from asymptomatic to fatal cerebral infarction. Thrombotic occlusion and embolization to the distal arteries can cause cerebellar and brain stem infarction within days after trauma. We report a 64-year-old man who underwent arthrodesis surgery for C1 and C2 fractures. He had left VAI at the C2 transverse foramen site but was asymptomatic. The patient experiences brainstem and cerebellar infarction 3 months after injury to the VA, and we are here to discuss the treatment of VAI after cervical trauma
Chaotic Dynamics of a Chua’s System with Voltage Controllability
허윤석,정진우,김지만,조문규,송한정 한국물리학회 2012 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.60 No.7
This paper presents an integrated circuit oriented Chua’s chaotic system with voltage controllability. The proposed chaotic system consists of an OTA (Operational Transconductance Amplifier)-based ground inductor, two passive capacitors, a MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)-based active resistor and an OTA-based Chua’s diode with negative nonlinearity. A SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) circuit analysis using 0.5-μm CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) process parameters was performed for the chaotic dynamics, such as the time waveform and the attractor plot. We confirmed that the chaotic behaviors of the system could be controlled by using the gate voltage of the MOS-based active resistor. Also, various chaotic dynamics of the circuit were analyzed for various MOS sizes of the OTA in the Chua’s diode.