일한 번역과 번역투

오경순 동의대학교 인문과학연구소 2011 인간과 문화 연구 Vol.19 No.-

‘번역투(飜譯套, translationese)’는 국내외에서 아직 본격적으로 연구되지 않은 미개척 연구 분야이다. 번역투가 문제가 되는 것은 가독성과의 관계 때문인데 번역투 표현은 한국어 어법에 맞지 않아 낯설고 어색하며 어려워 독자의 가독성을 저해하기 때문이다. 이러한 문제의식에서 출발한 이 논문은 번역학의 특성상 학문의 경계를 넘나드는 통합적 시각과 접근 방법을 원용한 학제간(interdiscipl inary) 연구로써 일한 번역의 번역투 문제를 다루었다. 고찰 방법으로는 번역투의 개념과 기능을 개관하고 번역투와 오역의 차이를 일한 번역문의 실례를 들어 비교․고찰하였다. 그 다음 일한 번역문에 나타나는 번역투 문제를 다섯 가지 양상 ((1)일본식후치사 (2)이중부정문 (3) ‘~に違いない’, ‘~に他ならない’ 구문 (4)피동 표현 (5)사동 표현)으로 한정해 분석하고 번역투를 제거한 번역예시를 제시하였다. 한국어와 일본어는 언어 구조상 유사한 점이 크지만 차이점도 많다. 흔히 한․일 양 언어가 유사하다는 선입관 때문에 번역 과정에서 양 언어의 문법 구조와 어법, 화용적 특징, 관용어법, 맥락 등을 고려하지 않은 일대일 대응의 직역 방법은 자칫 번역 오류 및 품질이 좋지 않는 번역투로 이어지기 쉽고 그 결과 독자의 가독성을 저해하는 부정적 요인으로 작용한다. 이러한 관점에서 이 논문은 독자의 가독성을 저해하는 요인 중 한 가지인 번역투 문제에 착안하여 일한 번역문에 나타난 번역투의 문제를 조명하였고 독자의 가독성을 고려하여 자연스런 한국어 표현의 번역예시도 함께 제시하였다. 이러한 시도는 새롭게 등장하는 다양한 번역이론을 실제 번역 작업에 적용하기 위해서도 꼭 필요한 작업이며 궁극적으로는 가독성 높은 양질의 번역을 바라는 독자의 요구와 기대치를 충족시켜줄 수 있는 질 좋은 번역물 생산에 기여할 것이다. Translationese is an academic area that has not been formally researched yet. A problem with translationese is that it hinders readers’ readability for translationese expression does not fit with Korean grammar in such a way that it can be quite awkward and difficult to understand. With that said, this report deals with the problems concerning Japanese-to-Korean translationese as a interdisciplinary study with a broad range of views and methods that goes beyond the borders of individual studies. As one method, the report surveys through the concepts and functions of translationese and compares the difference between a translationese and a mistranslation by taking a look at a JK translation as an example. Afterwards, it analyzes the problems that occur in translationese through five aspects (①Japanese proposition, ②double negative sentence, ③expressions of 「~に違いない, ‘~に他ならない」, ④passive expression, ⑤causasive expression) and shows an example without any translationese. Korean and Japanese language are strikingly similar structure-wise, but they also have many differences. Usually, due to the prejudgment that Korean and Japanese are similar, a direct translation without concerning the grammatical structures, pragmatic features, idioms, and contexts of the two languages could lead to a low quality translationese with numerous errors, and, thus, may cause some difficulties in the readability. An alternative or methodology to reduce translationese is not only something that can lead to a better quality translation, but also a very important topic that many translaters must solve. In this point of view, this report focuses on translationese problems – one of the factors that hinders the readability – sheding light on the problems on current JK translations, and gives an example of naturally translated Korean expressions, with considerations to the readability. Such attempts are important for applying all the various new translation theories into real translation process, and would ultimately contribute to meet the demands of the readers who seek quality translations with higher readability.

Cather, Willa의 “Paul`s Case”의 번역에서 드러난 번역투 연구-번역투를 유발하는 원문 텍스트의 특징과 번역 방식에 근거해서-

박옥수 ( Park Ocksue ) 건국대학교 동화와번역연구소 2016 동화와 번역 Vol.32 No.-

번역은 목표 언어권의 원본과 번역본의 언어적 양식의 차이를 보여주는 번역투를 낳게 되었다. 번역투는 원천 언어 특유의 양식, 그리고 경직된 번역 방식 때문에 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 개별 자료 분석을 통해 번역투 문장을 유발하는 원문 텍스트의 특징과 번역투 표현의 유형을 제시하고, 해당 텍스트의 구체적인 번역 방식을 살펴보았다. 사례별 연구를 통해 입증된 번역투가 제시되고, 그 결과가 번역 실무에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 점에서 번역투 연구의 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 연구 방식은 번역투를 유발하는 원문의 특징과 번역투 양상을 기술(記述) 분석한 후에 그 결과를 정량 분석으로 정리하였다. 분석 자료는 번역투를 포함하는18개의 원천 텍스트와 38개의 목표 텍스트로 구성된다. 정량 분석 결과 38개의 텍스트에서 27개 항목이 번역투 양식을 보여준다. 정성 분석에서는 우선 원문 어휘에서 드러나는 번역투 유발 요인을 “목표 언어권에 생소한 사물과 문화”, “원천 언어권 고유의 문화 표현”, “목표 언어권에 생소한 원천 언어의 언어 규범”, “상투적인 번역투 표현을 유발하는 어휘”로 분류하였다. 각각의 항목에서 번역 방식을 분석한 결과 번역투는 번역투는 `목표 언어의 규범에 맞지 않는 표현`, `특정 어휘에 대한 습관적 번역어`, `보통 명사의 음역`, `문화와 관용표현의 축어역`, `주해 처리`의 방식으로 드러났다. 필요한 경우, 번역투 표현의 대안 번역을 제시했다. 대안 번역에서는 의미를 보충하거나 원문 텍스트에 기능적 등가를 적용하였다. Translation as a way of text production is obliged to make translationese showing difference in the linguistic style. Translationese happens to take place due to the typical forms of the source language, inflexible and awkward translation method in the operational process of main factors. Translationese is regarded as an abnormal phenomenon in the negative perspective. This study presents the features of the source text that triggers translationese, the types of specific translationese, and the translation norms of the relevant texts. The case study of the texts will define the concrete aspects of translationese. The comparative study of language interaction might contribute to deepening the existing stereotyped knowledge and structure of language model in translationese studies. The factors of the source text that triggers translationese are defined as `unfamiliar things and culture to the target culture`, `typical cultural expressions of the target culture`, `linguistic norms to the target language`, `vocabularies triggering stereotyped translationese`. On the basis of these factors, the analytical texts are selected, categorized into the cultural factor and syntactic one, and the translation norms are described according to the analytical items. As for the analytical results, translationese mainly takes place in literary translation or transliteration. A translator should consider readability the strategies of transliteration or literary translation and takes pains with structure of new expression. The readers might not prefer stiff or unfamiliar expressions in a target text.

Translationese Analysis and Its Implications in English-Korean Translation

( Gil Ja Byun ),( Won Bo Kim ) 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.30 No.4

This study deals with translationese related to readability in English-Korean translation based on the perspective of target text oriented translation method. To help translators minimize translationese, it is important to investigate which factors cause translationese and in which situation translationese happens. For the purpose, translationese is analyzed into 16 categories with 5 levels from students`` 44 assignments in English-Korean translation. The result of the analysis shows that the main causes of translationese are interlanguage and intralanguage interferences and the number of translationeses related to morphology level is large. It means that to produce a better translation, students should pay more attention to studying linguistic differences between English as an inflectional language and Korean as an agglutinative language and developing Korean language competence. This study can be helpful in both teaching and learning in that it offers the specific category indicating students`` weaknesses and strengths, the causes and solutions of translationeses. (Macquarie University·Jeju National University)

번역투를 이용한 한영 번역 방법의 효율성에 관한 실행연구

허준,표경현 현대영어교육학회 2014 현대영어교육 Vol.15 No.2

This action research was conducted with a view of ascertaining whether or not aKorean-English translation method through translationese for novice translators wouldhelp them to translate a Korean source text into English better. This research startedwith two questions: First, how are novice translators intervened by the Korean sourcetexts with and without translationese during the translation process. Second, wheneducated on Korean-English translation through translationese, would novicetranslators be able to translate Korean texts into English better? To answer the firstquestion, Think-Aloud Protocol (TAP) was employed to find differences in translationsbetween the novice translators with translationese and those without translationese. The TAP results showed that those translators with translationese were more intervened by the original text than their counterparts and produced fewer errors in English grammar and usage. To answer the second question, the researcher conducted a training session on translationese with an experimental group and compared its performance with the control group without a lecture on translationese. The post-test results showed that the experimental group scored significantly higher than its counterpart. This verified the efficacy of Korean-English translation method through translationese. Suggestions on future research are provided at the end of the study.

말뭉치를 활용한 "by"의 번역투 연구

이근희 ( Keun Heui Lee ) 건국대학교 동화와번역연구소(구 건국대학교 중원인문연구소) 2005 동화와 번역 Vol.10 No.-

A translated text sometimes shows unique characteristics that readers think that the text is a translated one instead of an originally created(non-translated) one. The reader senses that he/she is reading a translation when they find the text clumsy or unidiomatic. This phenomenon is called 'translationese', a term often used in discussing the qualities of translation. It is different from 'errors' of translation. That two language systems are different from each other accounts for the existence of translationese. When translationese is analysed and alternatives to translationese are suggested, the quality of translation will be improved. So this study aims at analyzing translationese of 'by', an agent marker in a passive sentence, found in translation from English into Korean. Monolingual corpus and parallel corpus are used for the study. The results of this study are as follows: First, translationese comes mainly from word-for-word or literal translation without considering the difference between the two languages, in terms of lexical items, syntactic structures, pragmatic and idiomatic usages, etc.. Second, the frequency of an expression considered translationese in the case of translating 'by' is approximately 30% higher in translated texts than in original texts. It means that generally translators tend to be stuck in a representative expression for words. Third, experts in translating are apt to interpret a word into as many different meanings as possible on the basis of the given contexts and collocations. In the case of translating 'by', they have translated it in 27 different ways including omission. Therefore, this study suggests that translationese can be reduced by having exact and comprehensive knowledge of the two languages, by avoiding a word-for-word or literal translation method, and by trying to find alternatives which are more appropriate to the given situation.

학부 번역 수업에서 학습자의 언어 사용 양상 고찰: ‘번역 투’를 중심으로

신혜정 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2022 영어권문화연구 Vol.15 No.3

Translationese, in brief, is expressions that show traces of translation. These expressions are the ones that stand out in terms of grammar and fluency when reading a text translated from a foreign language into Korean. Students who study translation know that mistranslation is a severe error, but they do not seem to realize the seriousness of using translationese. Translationese expressions are common in students' translations which are submitted as their assignments. Even after they learn how to avoid or correct them in class, the same or similar cases of “translationese” remain in their translations. The problem does not stop at using translationese when translating. The bigger problem is that this “foreign language-style Korean” is prevalent both in the translated Korean text and the non-translated Korean text (text written in Korean originally). In view of this, this study analyzes students’ translationese that is present in their translations and suggests strategies for detecting and avoiding the obstacles.

Translationese Analysis and Its Implications in English-Korean Translation

변길자,김원보 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.30 No.4

This study deals with translationese related to readability in English-Korean translation based on the perspective of target text oriented translation method. To help translators minimize translationese, it is important to investigate which factors cause translationese and in which situation translationese happens. For the purpose, translationese is analyzed into 16 categories with 5 levels from students’ 44 assignments in English-Korean translation. The result of the analysis shows that the main causes of translationese are interlanguage and intralanguage interferences and the number of translationeses related to morphology level is large. It means that to produce a better translation, students should pay more attention to studying linguistic differences between English as an inflectional language and Korean as an agglutinative language and developing Korean language competence. This study can be helpful in both teaching and learning in that it offers the specific category indicating students’ weaknesses and strengths, the causes and solutions of translationeses. (Macquarie University․Jeju National University)

번역투 인지가능성과 가독성에 대한 소고

오미형 한국통역번역학회 2015 통역과 번역 Vol.17 No.1

This paper aims to explore the relationship between translationese andreadability. Translationese has been deemed as negative because ithampers the authenticity of target language culture and lowers thereadability of target text. While this paper agrees with such criticism, itquestions whether readers can actually recognize translationese in agiven text, and therefore, experience low readability. In order to answerthe question, a survey was conducted with 31 college students. Thesurvey provided 27 sentences and one passage that involvetranslationese and asked the students to check if they felt the givensentence read clear, natural or unnatural. The responses showed thatthe students did not necessarily evaluate readability lower fortranslationese. While many of them recognized translationese thatreflects syntactic differences between the source and the targetlanguages, they, at an individual level, did not show consistency inevaluating readability for translationese. The results of this study implythat the relationship between translationese and readability needs to beexamined from the reader's point of view, and specific types orcategories of translationese that harm readability more than others needto be further identified in order to improve the translation quality.

중학교 영어참고서에 나타난 번역의 문제와 대안번역

신순란 팬코리아영어교육학회(구 영남영어교육학회) 2020 영어교육연구 Vol.32 No.1

The goal of the study is to investigate translationese- awkward or unnatural translation due to overly literal conversion without consideration of the differences between languages- within the middle school English reference books and also to suggest interpretative translation as an alternative for students’ better reading comprehension. The problem areas of translationese are, in order, pronoun is (34%), and possessive case (11%), preposition (1.82%), Verbs direct, inanimate subject, multiple, passive and causative verb (1.51%). The reasons that translationese appears frequently in middle school English reference books are, first, that differences in the respective language systems between Koran and English are disregarded, and second, the belief that one vocabulary has just only one equivalence whereas actually, there are usually multiple translations, some of which are more natural to native Korean or English speakers. In fact, studying with static, unnatural translationese could lead to the same translationese expressions by undergraduate university students. Using interpretative translation, on the other could be a better alternative for students seeking acquire foreign-language skills, because it has been shown that there are multiple layers in translation and that students can recognize the linguistic differences between two languages, Korean and English. Overall, this study suggested that using interpretative translation in English reference books could produce natural and appropriate translations based on Korean linguistic features.

영한 번역시 발생하는 번역투에 대한 고찰

김도훈 한국통역번역학회 2009 통역과 번역 Vol.11 No.2

This paper aims to explore the various types of translationese” found in English-Korean translation and present useful translation strategies that can be employed to enhance the readability of the target language text. First, this study explores and accommodates the diverse perspectives related to translationese. Based on a clearer notion, this paper looks into the individual types of translationese-translationese related to pronouns, plural endings, and non-animate subjects. This paper will also provide model translations” so as to suggest ways to keep the target language natural in translated texts. The data that serves as a basis for the explanation is taken from the translation of novels; translationese found in such genre often undermines readability, without which a novel cannot serve its function. The author hopes the research will contribute to triggering further discussion on the study of translationese and to offering guideline for those in the translation profession.