영어권 문화연구소 2012 봄 정기 학술대회

동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2012 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 학술대회 발표집 Vol.1 No.1

일시: 2012년 4월 14일(토) 장소: 동국대학교 다향관 세미나실 주제: 연극과 정치성

Exploring the Evolution of the Feminist narrative in A Doll's House and Barbie 2023: A Speculative Realism Perspective

( Kim Jin-kyung ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.1

This paper attempts to read familiar texts with a new perspective. Speculative Realism is employed as an inspiration to extend viewpoints of feminism. Speculative Realism is a philosophical movement that emerged at the beginning of the twenty-first century to extend our viewpoints beyond the operation of correlationism. Quentin Meillassoux defined correlationism as a system of understanding the world through the correlation between being and thought. The evil of correlationism lies in its confinement of knowledge and understanding to the realm of human perception and thought, effectively trapping reality within the confines of human subjectivity. This essay will argue that feminism has been trapped in a mode of correlationism by failing to encompass various realities of women in its package. To analyze the reality of women in general, Henrik Ibsen's Nora in A Doll's House (1879) will be summoned together with Mattel's iconic doll Barbie in a movie, Barbie 2023. Nora and Barbie are fictional and symbolic women in the socio-cultural context. With some notions of speculative realists, Barbie and Nora will be interrogated to suggest a way out of the myriad of deconstruction, binarism, and other discourses which are attached to feminism.

공간과 언어로 나뉘는 미국 역사의 지울 수 없는 기억들: 영화 <그린 북>을 중심으로

윤소영 ( Yoon So Young ),김혜경 ( Kim Hye-kyung ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.1

The Green Book is a film based on a true story, delving deep into the issue of discrimination against black people in 1960s American society. The protagonist, Dr. Don Shirley, is a courageous pianist embarking on a challenging music tour through the racially divided South. Accompanying him on this journey is his chauffeur, Tony Lip, an Italian-American bouncer. Over the course of the 8-week tour, the two could develop a close friendship by experiencing and overcoming various difficulties together. Space and music/language play crucial roles in their relationship. Specifically, space serves as an index of discrimination, exclusion, and segregation, vividly illustrating the challenges they face. It was impossible for both black and white people to share with some places such as restaurants, hotels and toilets. However, Dr. Shirley's classical music emerges as a powerful tool for bridging this gap as well as a form of communication that deeply impacts Tony, helping him understand the struggles of African Americans. Despite the hardships they encounter, their bond deepens to become lifelong friends. In conclusion, slavery's indelible scar on American society inflicts endless trauma upon Black people, persisting in the ongoing struggle for equality.

Sons and Lovers에 나타난 육체성의 복원

최진범 ( Choi Jinbeom ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.1

D. H. Lawrence's Sons and Lovers deal with the oppression of “the Body” and the liberation from it. Paul, the main character, grew up according to his mother's middle class values and puritan moral principles. This leads to a rejection of his father, a miner, and a close relationship with his mother. The mother's excessive attachment to her son and her will of possession are a major obstacle to the growth of her son's physical restoration. Another factor in Paul's physical oppression is his relationship with Miriam. Miriam is a person who devotes himself to spiritual and idealistic thinking and intense religious character. These characteristics greatly interfere with the protagonist, Paul, to establish a full relationship. Paul himself has limitations in his perception of physical oppression. However, he grows up free from the experience of oppression of his mother and Miriam. He learns about the vitality of life through the experience of Jordon Company and through the recognition of ‘otherness’ through physical union with Clara. Through this process, he was finally able to change from death to life, which can be said to be a valid conclusion in the overall flow of the work.

단맛을 통한 모성부재의 양상과 치료

전혜선 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2014 영어권문화연구 Vol.7 No.3

Maternal absence is one of characteristic motifs of Toni Morrison's works. Shown in case of Cholly and Pecola in The Bluest Eye, Son in Tar Baby and Sula and Nel in Sula, most of main characters did not receive maternal benefit during their childhood. So did Guitar and Milkman Dead in Song of Solomon. But one interesting thing in connection with maternal absence is the fact that maternal absence is supplemented by the sense of taste. Those children who did not receive their mothers caring are forced to quench their deficiency with the sweet taste. Children who have a sweet tooth like sweet things are generally liable to get into tasting ‘sweet’ as a comfortable meaning or ‘delicious’ as feeling good through a sweet taste, which at the same time, makes them stimulate associations of happy memories such as comfort, consolation, stability, expectation and amused recollection. The main characters, Milkman and Guitar of the family in this novel however have undergone opposite way to the sweet taste. In this paper, by carefully examining the experiences of Milkman and Guitar, it will be proved that the sweet taste is presented on the one hand as assimilation with the white-oriented value and on the other hand as the reaction of exclusion and rejection. In Song of Solomon, Milkman is represented as the case of the former and Guitar as that of the latter. The maternal affection experienced by the two young boys is colligated with the experiences of a sweet taste by becoming corrupt with possession and distortion. From the perspective of Morrison, the western conception of love is brimful of property and perversion. That is another murder without shedding blood. This paper will focus on Milkman's growth journey through questing out his true identity by shedding off his white-oriented vanity value, and at the same time will make Milkman contrast with Guitar who is fitted with hostility and aggression due to the fixed memory of a sweet taste in his early period. It is worth noticing the fact that the common experience of maternal absence shared by the two main characters ended up with opposite results. Through the analysis of this work, this paper will show that it is Pilate Dead who provides the true maternal care to Milkman and the experience by Pilate's maternal care made Milkman possible to venture to make a southern journey. In addition I will show that this experience through southern journey, especially the hunting at night made possible not only for Pilate towards Milkman to do the maternal role latent in her, but also for Milkman to achieve human relations in a family and a society. Therefore, Milkman's growth is meaningfully influenced by Pilate's maternal care and through southern journey, while Guitar's vision of society and human relationship narrows to the point where he believes that segregation and disenfranchise to African-Americans determine everything regardless of their efforts. In this paper, these relationships are analyzed by object relations theories based on the theories of Melanie Klein and John Bowlby. Object relations theories have their root in psychoanalysis, but their theories differ each other in terms of time period and emphasis. Object relations theories are more appropriate in analyzing child growth and the growth-related problems in Morrison's novels than other psychoanalytic theories because they especially focus on relations rather than instinct. Hereby, Morrison illuminates past, present, and future of African-American children who are neglected by their own family members, especially by their mother, and society. In this paper, motherhood is presented as a solution of child's ideal and desirable growth while lack of maternal care is suggested as one of the most important causes of social problems related to African-Americans.

Under a Stifling Sky: Samuel Beckett, Albert Camus and the Existential Predicament of Absurd Man

( Ha Yoojin ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.1

The aim of this writing is to compare the concepts of absurdity which are presented in the works of the two authors: Albert Camus's The Outsider and The Myth of Sisyphus and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot and Happy Days. Both authors describe an absurd situation in which human beings want to clearly define themselves and the world, but the irrational world does not answer to their desire for meaning. A person who feels absurd is given two choices. They can plan to escape from an absurd world or choose to remain in search of the meaning of an absurd life. The method to escape the absurdity, described in Beckett's and Camus' works, is through suicide. Camus criticizes suicide, pointing out that suicide is nothing more than an act of confessing that one's life was worthless, however, Beckett points out that humans are weak beings who have no choice but to live an absurd life, because the fear of death is stronger than the pain of absurdity. A man who stays in an absurd world will try to find meaning in his life. Camus argues that humans can never find the meaning of life because it does not exist. The characters in Beckett's plays constantly explore what their's and others' lives mean, but alas remain inconclusive. Therefore, Camus and Beckett both emphasize that we must live an absurd life, not seeking a solution to the absurd.

초국가적 텍스트의 상호텍스트성: 『암흑의 핵심』, 『모든 것이 산산이 부서지다』, 『지옥의 묵시록』, 『동조자』를 중심으로

한재환 ( Han Jaehwan ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to make a critique of imperialism and war represented in the selected four transnational texts such as Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899), Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart (1958), Francis Ford Coppola's Apocalypse Now (1979), and Viet Thanh Nguyen's The Sympathizer (2015), delving into some characteristics of intertextuality and tactics of the transnational literacy among the texts. Conrad's Heart of Darkness, which sheds new lights on the criticism of colonialism in the 19th century, presents some limits in dealing with European imperialism. The novel's limits in depicting African people and women bring about the publication of Achebe's Things Fall Apart, which shows the dynamic representation of African culture and the positive role of African women through the strategy of fostering the transnational literacy. However, Achebe's limit is lack of the will of resistance against the European infiltration to African territory, as the suicide of the protagonist Owkonko shows Achebe's inertia in confronting European colonialism. Meanwhile, Coppola's Apocalypse Now, which is much indebted by Conrad's Heart of Darkness, plays a role as a critique of American imperialism and its intervention in Vietnam. Though Coppola's movie is different from the previous American movies about Vietnam War, Apocalypse Now fails to embracing the marginalized voice of Vietnamese people. Coppola's negative portrayal of Vietnamese people brings about the publication of Nguyen's The Sympathizer, which is the antithesis of Coppola's depiction of Vietnamese culture and women. Nguyen's message for showing the transnational literacy is well presented because he shows his critical stance against Coppola's work in Apocalypse Now. However, Nguyen's limit lies in its non-ideological ending, though he attempts to recuperate Vietnamese voice and history in his text. In conclusion, I argue that the four transnational texts are powerful in resisting the atrocity of war and imperialism in spite of their limits. By showing the characteristics of intertextuality in these novels and movie, I call for the attention on the current world situation where war and imperialism is going on even in the 21^st century.

번역 은유의 재해석: 역사적 맥락에서 AI 시대 응용으로

신지선 ( Shin Ji-sun ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.1

This study revisits and reinterprets five historical metaphors of translation in the context of AI-driven translation, drawing on Young-Shin Kim's article on conceptual metaphors. It focuses on metaphors of translation as a ‘movement’ from ‘there’ to ‘here’, ‘clothing’ and ‘painting’, ‘conquest’, ‘refraction’ and ‘rewriting’, and ‘cross-fertilization’ and ‘marriage’. The research assesses the ongoing validity of these metaphors and proposes new interpretations that reflect the dynamic changes in the translation process brought about by AI technology. The rise of machine translation is reshaping the traditional roles of human translators and the methods used in translation. While the core essence of translation―bridging languages and cultures―remains unchanged, the means and processes are evolving. The study highlights the metaphor of translation as a ‘cross-fertilization’ and a ‘marriage’, emphasizing the future need for collaboration and adaptation between humans and AI in the field of translation.

『빌러비드』의 다층적 서술기법 연구

김선옥 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.2

This paper aims to explore representative narrative techniques in Toni Morrison's Beloved, which contributed to making the story of slavery and its survivors the great novel that won the Pulitzer Prize in 1988. Beloved treats slavery as a collective experience of African Americans, addressing issues such as history, motherhood, recovery of self, and the relationship between individuals and the community. These universal themes are built on unique narrative techniques rooted in black traditional culture. First, Morrison creates a world of magical realism, where magic is naturally combined with reality, based on the traditional beliefs and worldview of black people. In this ‘real unreal world,’ Beloved, the ghost of Sethe's dead daughter, serves as a guide to the truth of the past by stimulating characters to confront the nightmare of slavery. Another technique is the narration method of “circling the subject” around the main event, representing characters' painful rememories. The narration alternates between the past and the present, dealing with characters' fragmented memories and their current psychological state under the repression of past memories. Lastly, Beloved includes various kinds of storytelling by characters with the omnipresent narrator supplementing them. The storytelling is based on ‘call and response,’ the black oral tradition that involves other characters and readers as listeners. This kind of storytelling is very effective in helping characters understand one another, heal their trauma, and eventually recover their sense of self, with readers gaining a comprehensive understanding of the truth of the past.

『햄릿』(Hamlet) 연구: 고전과 기독교 가치관을 중심으로

강희경 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2024 영어권문화연구 Vol.17 No.2

This paper aims to examine Hamlet as a hero in Renaissance context. Renaissance, as the name suggests, is a rebirth of ancient- Greek and Roman- classical culture within a Christian culture. As a result, Renaissance is characterized by uneasy, unstable and incompatible alliance of classical and Christian elements. Because the values of classicism and Christianity are so difficult to fuse like the terms “cold fire”, “sick health” in Hamlet. Hamlet is a representative Renaissance hero whose inner world is divided into two cultures. On one side, Hamlet, a noble mind, as Ophelia described, has a deep knowledge of and pursues ancient Greek hero's glory, or honor through ‘immortal fame’. The great ancient classical heroes and warriors sacrificed their lives for winning ‘immortal fame.’ Revenge is related with warrior - hero's value in ancient classical world. Hamlet, the son of murdered king, thinks revenge as a kind of ‘honorable’ obligation, and “enterprises of great pitch and moments”. With this regard, Hamlet shows respect Fortinbras as his role model, because Fortinbras pursues the causes when honour's at the stake. On the other hand, Hamlet strongly believes in immortality of soul and after-death. “The dread of something after death” and religious “conscience” make Hamlet hesitate revenge Ghost Hamlet commanded. When he has a perfect opportunity to kill Claudio, Hamlet refuses to strike out against Claudius. If Hamlet is to take revenge on Claudius, it must be revenge on his immortal soul. Likewise Christian perspective of his makes his task of revenge even more difficult. The other Hamlet, old and ghost, plays a role in extremely deepening the conflict between two cultures, externally and concretely. He commands young Hamlet to do two things-“revenge” and “remember”. Old Hamlet commands young Hamlet to revenge “foul and unnatural murder” as a obligation of a son and to “bear it not” honorably, while Ghost Hamlet asks him to remember the suffering soul in the purgatory. These commandments of his make Hamlet more confused and pretend “antic disposition”. Finally Hamlet asks Horatio to report his story “aright to the unsatisfied” who need to be explained. Horatio, as his name (Oratio: oration) suggests, is related with the role of bards, Muse’ descendants in ancient Greek. They are beings who sing the honorable deeds of heroes and pass them on to future generations. As it were, heroes in ancient Greek can get their ‘immortal fame’ through bards’ song and poetry. Hamlet dying, wants not to leave “a wounded name”, but to leave an honorable name behind him like ancient heroes through messenger-bard, Horatio. It's because “the rest” Hamlet has so longed for is “silence” that he can not deliver directly.