일본의 문학자들이 기록한 1964년 도쿄올림픽

김옥희 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2017 인문과학연구논총 Vol.38 No.1

Tokyo Olympics in 1964 was meaningful considering that it was a nationwide Olympics held about 20 years after the end of the World War ll. Japanese literary writers had left exemplary quantity of records showing the greatest interest in the Olympics since it was held in their country. Even called ‘the Olympics of ink brush’, the writers competitively wrote numerous articles. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to verify the meaning and the value of 1964 Tokyo Olympics based on their writings. To begin with, the first section as a prologue is looking at the relations between the city of Tokyo and the Olympics. Tokyo had been selected for the Olympics three times including the 1940 Olympics when Japan gave up holding the event because of the war. It is very rare to find a city that has this much frequent connection to the Olympics. Thus, the bond between the city and the Olympics is investigated in the paper, followed by the research focusing on contributions of literary writers on the Olympics, mainly based on the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Next, the ‘Missing Olympics’ in 1940 is scrutinized in the second section. The process of planning the 1940 Olympics purposely to celebrate the 2600th year since the birth of the country and giving up holding the event is depicted as well as its effect on Japanese citizens. As a result, it was found why a number of Japanese reminded of the ‘Missing Olympics’ in 1940 which naturally reminded the World War ll during the 1964 Olympics. The objectives of the third section is to analyze different scenes of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics by looking at relevant writings and categorizing them into the opening ceremony, the game and the closing ceremony. Two literary writers were selected to be compared among many writers since the two took opposite directions to one another. In other words, it was verified that Mishima Yukio, who was an extreme nationalist advocating the society ruled by Emperor, had a clearly distinguished view from that of Oe Kenzaburo, who denied the Emperor Government and advocated for the world piece, from the way they described the Emperor to their perspectives on the Olympics. Furthermore, the fourth section is written to investigate the writers who participated in the film Tokyo Olympiad, a documentary film for the Tokyo Olympics. This proved the literary writers who wrote the screenplay as well as directed the film were the significant contributors of the film's artistic excellence which is harder to achieve in the genre of documentary film. Lastly, the ending starts with the introduction of a novel about the Tokyo Olympics, Olympic no Minoshirokin, written by Okuda Hideo. This is a fiction carefully written based on the fact by vigorous research and verification of the preparation process of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. This novel teaches us how the city of Tokyo transformed with the event of the Olympics, what happened behind the scene of the transformation and how Japanese reacted to the change. Like this example, essays, novels and films documented by literary writers are the resources that is more valuable than any other historical documentation to envision the 1964 Tokyo Olympics.

2020년 도쿄 올림픽과 아베의 올림픽: 부흥 올림픽, 헌법 개정 그리고 올림픽 연기

윤석정 서울대학교 일본연구소 2020 일본비평 Vol.- No.23

The purpose of this article is to analyze the political use of the Tokyo Olympics 2020 by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, focusing on Abe’s Olympics as recovery Olympics ideology and constitutional amendment issue. Also, the paper will cover the postponement of Olympics due to the Covid-19 pandemic in terms of Abe’s Olympics. This paper focused on three points. First, for Abe, the recovery Olympics was not a creation of his own, but a medium to intervene in the Olympics. Abe started as a member of Olympics invitation team, which was led by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, and began to develop his own Olympics by gradually taking the initiative of the Olympics as an agent for recovery Olympics Second, Abe made 2020 the year of the Tokyo Olympics as the year to complete the revision of the constitution. For Abe, Tokyo Olympics 1964 was a stage to feel the national pride and sense of unity, hence nationalism, that Japan was rising as a great power. With these memories, Abe wanted to use the energy of nationalism raised after 2020 Olympic games as the force for the constitutional amendment, and that is how Tokyo Olympics 2020 became involved in Japan’s constitutional amendment politics. Third, Abe had prioritized his political schedule in the process of postponing the Olympics in the face of pandemic. Abe was uncertain when Covid-19 crisis would end, but he pushed for a one-year postponement to hold the Olympics within his tenure, which expires in September 2021.

2020년 도쿄올림픽과 도쿄 베이 존 : 부동산 주도 도시재생의 궤적

김은혜(Kim, Eun-hye) 지역사회학회 2020 지역사회학 Vol.21 No.2

이 연구는 2020년 도쿄올림픽의 주요 개최지인 도쿄 베이 존을 둘러싼 부동산 주도 도시재생사업과 환경친화적 도시 정책의 궤적을 분석한 논문이다. 코로나 사태가 장기화되면서 2020년 도쿄올림픽의 개최는 1년 연기되었다. 우리가 살아가는 도시경관은 계속 세계화되며 도시정책도 유사한 방식으로 재생산된다. 도쿄 사례는 유치 초반부터 런던 사례를 참고하면서 워터프런트 도시재생(집객도시 만들기)이 확장된 형태였다. 일본은 2020년 부흥올림픽을 위해 그린 올림픽과 지속가능성을 지향하며, 바다의 숲 조성이나 그린 건담 프로젝트 등 문화전략을 추진했다. 올림픽, 엑스포 등과 같은 메가 이벤트는 도심 공유지에 대한 투기적 개발 과정에서 중앙-지방정부 간의 정치-경제적 협력과 갈등을 겪으며 진행된다. 아베 총리는 도심 중심의 도시재생사업을 통해 건설 및 부동산 경기부양책으로서 올림픽을 적극적으로 활용했다. 도지사는 공유지 도쿄만의 도시재생에 대한 개입과 주도권을 행사해왔다. 올림픽 유치에 기초를 놓았던 이시하라 도지사는 교육과 복지 등의 재정 지출 삭감분을 도심의 인프라 정비로 전환했는데, 이는 도심에 민간자본을 투자하는 방식의 신자유주의 도시정책이었다. 결과적으로 세계도시를 지향하면서 도쿄 베이 존에 대한 선택과 집중 논리에서 추진한 부동산 주도 도시재생은 2020년 올림픽과 카지노 계획으로 수렴되고 있다. This study analyzes the trajectory of eco-friendly urban policy and property-led urban regeneration projects surrounding the 2020 Olympics and Tokyo Bay Zone. Due to the recent prolonged COVID-19, 2020 Tokyo Olympics have been postponed until 2021. Originally, the urban landscape continues to be globalizing and the trend of urban policy is reproduced in a similar way. Tokyo Olympics were promoted as part of the waterfront urban regeneration(complex attracting city), which were promoted by referring to examples from London etc. The mega-events such as the Olympics and Expo are held through strengthening speculative development over public lands in the urban core area, the relationship national-local governments experience conflict or cooperation. Prime Minister Abe planned the cultural strategy of compactness and sustainability for the 2020 Recovery Olympics such as sea forest project or Green Gundam project, but the city-centered urban regeneration actively was utilized the Olympics as a construction and real estate stimulus. The governor in Tokyo has took the initiative and intervention in urban regeneration in Tokyo Bay, a public land owned by TMG. The Ishihara regime, which laid the groundwork for the Olympic Games, was a neo-liberal urban policy by investing private capital in the city center by turning the cutbacks from the areas of education and welfare into infrastructure maintenance. As a result, the selection and concentration for Tokyo’s urban competitiveness toward a global city in Tokyo Bay Zone will converge in the property-led urban regeneration of the 2020 Olympics and Casino Plan.

1964년 도쿄올림픽과 도시개조

김은혜 ( Eun Hye Kim ) 한국사회사학회 2016 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.109

1964년 도쿄올림픽은 전전 기획되었던 1940년 도쿄올림픽을 복원함과 동시에, 일본의 고도성장과 평화체제를 세계에 알린 아시아 최초 올림픽이라 평가된다. 고도성장기 도쿄올림픽 주도의 도시개발은 GHQ와 일본 정부 간의 접수지 반환 교섭을 촉진했다. 미군 가족용 숙사 워싱턴 하이츠 부지는 단게 겐조 설계의 국립실내 총합경기장, 선수촌(이후 요요기공원), NHK방송센터로 변화되었다. 도쿄올림픽은 안보투쟁이 정점으로 치닫던 정치의 계절에서 이케다(池田勇人)내각의 소득배증계획의 대중소비사회로 변화했음을 상징했다. 도카이도 신칸센은 태평양벨트지역(도쿄-나고야-오사카)을 연결한 메갈로폴리스를 형성했다. 수도고속도로는 에도의 수로를 매립해서 건설되었고, 하네다 공항과 도심은 모노레일로 연결되었다. 그러나 부족한 생활기반 속에서 도쿄가 빠르게 팽창하면서, 도쿄 도지사는 IOC위원 아즈마 료타로에서 혁신자치체 미노베 료키치로 전환되었다. 도쿄올림픽은 도쿄의 도심과 주변 지역을 기존의 전쟁을 위한 군사적 공간에서 전후형 내셔널리즘의 공간으로 변화시킨 기폭제였다. The 1964 Tokyo Olympics restored the missing Olympics 1940, announced to the world the high growth and peace regime as the first Olympic games in Asia, and Tokyo Olympic-driven urban developments in high growth period provided new impetus to the negotiations for return of the requisition land between GHQ and the Japanese government. Especially, Washington Heights, U. S. Occupation Forces’ family housings have been changed by Olympics: Yoyogi National Gymnasium designed by Kenzo Tange, Olympic village (later Yoyogi’s Park), and NHK’s Broad Casting Center. Tokyo Olympics changed the Japanese society from the political period, ‘Anpo Toso’ - the national movement opposing the US-Japan security treaty in the early 1960s - to the Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda’s Income Doubling Plan, published in 1960 drastically. Tokaido Shinkansen (bullet) train linked the so-called Pacific Belt Zone, for Tokyo-Nagoya-Osaka megalopolis. The Metropolitan Expressway was built with waterway’s reclamation in Edo period, and the Tokyo Monorail linked between the urban core and Haneda Airport. Tokyo was expanding rapidly for the lack of life facilities, Tokyo governor was changed from IOC member Dr. Ryotaro Azuma to the progressive governor, Ryokichi Minobe after Olympics. Tokyo Olympics were the catalyst that has changed central and inner cities in Tokyo from the military space for war to space of nationalism in postwar Japan.

도쿄올림픽 키워드 담론분석

권재윤(Kwon, Jaeyoon),김성재(Kim, Sung-Jae),최경근(Choi, Kyong-Keun) 한국체육과학회 2021 한국체육과학회지 Vol.30 No.5

The purpose of this study was to analyze the overall perception of the Tokyo Olympics and related keyword using big data analysis. As a keyword for data search, keyword results for the Tokyo Olympics in From 23 April to 22 July 2021, and the top 30 keyword were analyzed to compensate for the limitations of network simplification and network visualization centering on important nodes in entire network. The N-gram network analysis and word cloud visualization were conducted in stages. The main analysis results of the study were as follows. First, the top 10 words extracted based on the keyword of the Tokyo Olympics, Tokyo Olympics (2018), Olympics (1534), Japan (1439), Tokyo (1363), Corona 19 (973), national team (513), IOC (423), Cancellation (401), Opening Day (393), and Pfizer (258). Second, as a result of conducting N-gram network craft, Tokyo/Olympic (1,079), Japan/Olympic (386), Tokyo Olympic/IOC (341), IOC/national team (313), Tokyo Olympic/Pfizer (288), aational team/Tokyo Olympics (273), Tokyo Olympic/Cinema county (248), national team/Tokyo (246), Cinema county/Tokyo Olympics (245), Tokyo Olympics/willingness to hold (244), we could see that it was necessary to improve overall at the professional volleyball association and the club level. It was confirmed that the keywords related to the Tokyo Olympics were mainly political keywords including Corona 19 and the international situation.

『거인의 별』과 스포츠 근성론― 1964년 도쿄올림픽의 기억과 재생 ―

박수정 한국일본학회 2024 일본학보 Vol.- No.141

The 1964 Tokyo Olympics is remembered as a successful national event that showed the recovery of Tokyo, after it was devastated during the Asia-Pacific War, with respect to postwar economic growth, and Japan’s return to the international community. The success story of the Tokyo Olympics has been reinterpreted through various media and became a part of the collective memory. One of the frameworks that reproduces this collective memory is the genre of sports manga, specifically known as “spokon” manga. The present study analyzed Star of the Giants (1966-1971), often regarded as the origin of the “spokon” genre, to examine how the term “konjō”, a popular catchphrase in 1960s Japanese society, became associated with sports and the Tokyo Olympics. After identifying the underlying intent of the theory of konjō that emerged around the time of the Tokyo Olympics, the study explored how the Star of the Giants attempted to revive this concept and how it subverted or reconstructed the memory evoked by konjō, ultimately reflecting the true nature of konjō pursued by postwar Japanese society. Analysis revealed that the Tokyo Olympics, which is now primarily remembered as a success story, was perceived as another kind of defeat at one time, as it highlighted the gap between Japan and other foreign countries. The Star of the Giants can be viewed as performing a kind of alternate historical function, rewriting the defeat that needs to be experienced as a victory again. The Star of the Giants, therefore, overlays not only the memory of the Tokyo Olympics and the theory of konjō, but also the memory of the war itself.

2020 도쿄 올림픽이 남긴 레거시 - 내셔널리즘 관련 담론을 중심으로

오현석 한림대학교 일본학연구소 2024 한림일본학 Vol.- No.44

본고는 일본 사회에서 올림픽이라고 하는 국가대항전 스포츠 대회를 통해 어떠한 내셔널리즘의 구축이 이루어지고 있는지를 검토한 것이다. 일본의 도쿄는 1964년과 2020년 두 차례의 올림픽을 개최하였다. 이러한 스포츠 축제를 계기로 일본의 사회적 맥락과 맞물려 자국에 대한 내셔널리즘의구축이 이루어졌다고 할 수 있다. 본연구에서 검토한 결과, 1964년 도쿄 올림픽은 패전 후 지향해 온 ‘평화주의’ 관련 국가적 시스템과 경제성장을 통한 스포츠 이벤트로서의 특징을 나타낸다. 또한 이러한 담론을 중심으로 자국에 대한 내셔널리즘을 고양시키는 기능을 수행한다. 2020 도쿄 올림픽의 경우는 ‘축하자본주의’의 성격이 강하게 나타나는 담론 구축이 이루어진다. 즉 2020 도쿄 올림픽은 311 동일본 대지진 이후, 불안정한 사회구조를 망각시키고자 하는 이데올로기적 기능을 수행하였다. 나아가, 2020 도쿄 올림픽은 1990년대 이후 장기 불황으로 인한 경제 부흥을 기대하는 국가적 이벤트로서의 역할을 기대하는 경제 부흥 관련 내셔널리즘의 구축으로서 기능한다. 결론적으로 올림픽이나 축구 월드컵 대회를 포함한 국가대항전 스포츠 대회는 어떠한 방식으로든 내셔널리즘의구축이 이루어지고 있으며, 앞으로도 지속적으로 내셔널리즘의 구축이라고 하는 이데올로기적 기능이 이루어질 것이라고 하는 것을 의미한다. This study examines how nationalism is being built in Japanese society through national sports competitions called the Olympics. Tokyo has hosted two Olympic Games, in 1964 and 2020. It can be said that these sports festivals led to the establishment of nationalism toward the country in conjunction with Japan’s social context. As a result of the review in this study, the 1964 Tokyo Olympics were characterized as a sporting event through economic growth and a national system related to ‘pacifism’ pursued after defeat in the war. Additionally, these discourses serve the function of enhancing nationalism toward one’s own country. In the case of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, a discourse with a strong character of ‘celebratory capitalism’ is constructed. In other words, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics performed an ideological function to forget the unstable social structure following the 311 Great East Japan Earthquake. Furthermore, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics functions as a construction of nationalism related to economic revival, which is expected to serve as a national event in anticipation of economic revival due to the long-term recession since the 1990s. In conclusion, this means that national sports competitions, including the Olympics and the soccer World Cup, are building nationalism in some way, and will continue to carry out the ideological function of building nationalism in the future.

도쿄 올림픽과 패전의 풍경: <이다텐: 도쿄 올림픽 이야기>와 새로운 대하드라마의 가능성

김보경 서울대학교 일본연구소 2020 일본비평 Vol.- No.23

This paper discusses the significance of the NHK taiga drama Idaten: A Tale of the Tokyo Olympics, which was the first such drama to thematize the darker corners of modern Japanese history against the backdrop of the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics. In this respect Idaten was unprecedented as a taiga drama, and was thus largely neglected by viewers. In light of this fact, this paper examined the narrative conventions of Japanese taiga drama and how the 1964 Summer Olympics was typically portrayed in visual media, that is, the norms that Idaten subverted. The characters in Idaten, “running” as a mot if, and its narrative structure were analyzed in terms of their affinity with rakugo storytelling, so as to identify the dramatic possibilities and limitations exposed by Idaten, which serves as an authoritative framework for remembering and communicating the history of Japan. On the surface, Idaten places the spotlight on the sports heroes of modern Japan who competed on the international stage for the country’s honor, not for money. At the same time, it highlights how these iconic figures deviated from the approved version of the spirit of the times or fell into conflict. The drama evokes memories of the Shōwa period, including the most problematic and circumvented events of that time. In other words, it boldly includes characters and events that should have been excluded according to the conventions of taiga drama. In the final episode, the rakugo Tomikyu is used as a medium for this exposure. The opening ceremony of the Tokyo Olympics is overlaid by the story of a Japanese soldier who lost his life in Manchuria when Japan was defeated, which was once occupied by Japan. Idaten inserts an uncomfortable theme from the past into the narrative of the 1964 Summer Olympics, which was used in the attempt to sublimate Japan’s past war crimes and ignominious defeat into the image of Japan as a center of culture and an economic powerhouse. Before Idaten, the history reflected in NHK taiga dramas had mostly excluded conflict and division. Viewers were thus able to complacently watch characters who were not surrounded by controversies which still ripple through modern Japan. Idaten’s focus was discomfiting because it intentionally deviated from the conventions established by tacit agreement between the producers and viewers of taiga drama. However, the discomfort caused by Idaten should be seen as indicative of an attempt to open up a new world of possibilities for taiga drama.

도쿄올림픽 4위가 주는 인식적 함의: 야구와 여자배구를 중심으로

권헌수 ( Gwon Heon-su ) 한국융합과학회 2021 한국융합과학회지 Vol.10 No.6

Pupose: In this study tried to examine the cognitive implications of 4th place in baseball and women's volleyball at the Tokyo Olympics. To this end, we wanted to explore a series of processes that focused more on process-oriented ‘storytelling’, away from the result-oriented ‘gold medal supremacy’. Methods: In order to do so, this study searched for the name ‘Tokyo Olympic Baseball’, ‘Tokyo Olympic Volleyball’s in the YouTube and analyzed related posts and comments from 23 July 2021 to 30 September 2021. The analysis employed the Internet Ethnography method in order to facilitate the analysis of discussions and opinions from many people in this online space. Conclusion: The findings are as follows. First, it caused controversy in professional baseball for violating the quarantine law called “hotel drink”. Since then, he has been criticized by the public for the controversy over his unfaithful attitude at the Tokyo Olympics. Second, the twin sisters' school violence in women's professional volleyball caused controversy. However, it was enough to receive the title of 'one team' in the match where the veteran player threw himself away despite the fighting spirit and injuries. Third, both baseball and women's volleyball were ranked 4th, but the public was cheering rather than consoling the volleyball team that did their best.

2020년 도쿄올림픽과 글로벌 문화도시 구상‒긴자와 긴자식스의 사례‒

조규헌 한국일본근대학회 2019 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.63

As the host of 2020 Tokyo Olympic, Japan puts emphasis on ‘Cool Japan’, an overseas development project for Japanese Culture, and looks forward greatly to the revitalization of local economy and tourist industry through policies such as increasing the convenience of foreign visitors. Particularly for Tokyo as the Olympic host city, it is worthy to pay attention to its complex shopping mall project driven in association with its recent urban regeneration project. This study investigated Japan’s culture contents strategy in association with Tokyo Olympic called ‘Global Culture City’ and ‘National Prosperity through Tourism’, as well as its characteristics, through Ginza Six, the complex shopping mall newly opened in 2017. Ginza Six is newly redefining the essence and meaning of Japanese culture in order to pave the way for ‘Global Culture City’ and ‘National Prosperity through Tourism’, bearing 2020 Tokyo Olympic in mind. Tokyo’s Ginza is trying to change its city brand image to Global Ginza and this means a formation of Japan’s new cultural platform that connects the world with region, evolving from Ginza’s history. AT the same time, Ginza is now reborn as a space of new luxury where domestic and foreign people can enjoy traditional culture and art in ‘Original Luxury 1st Street’. Accordingly, it is expected that, in Japan’s various policies of urban regeneration and regional prosperity, region’s cultural transformation and new value creation shall be appearing in a form of implementing more from the aspect of foreign tourists. 일본은 2020년 도쿄올림픽 개최를 맞이하여 일본문화 해외 개척사업인 ‘쿨 재팬(Cool Japan)’에 역점을 두면서, 해외 방문객 편의성을 높이는 정책 등을 통해 지방창생(地方蒼生)과 관광산업 활성화에 큰 기대를 걸고 있다. 특히 올림픽 개최도시 도쿄는 최근 도시재생 사업과 연계한 복합쇼핑몰 추진이 주목할 만하다. 본 논문에서는 2017년 새롭게 오픈한 긴자식스(GINZA SIX)라는 복합 쇼핑몰을 통해 도쿄올림픽과 연계한 ‘글로벌 문화 도시’ 및 ‘관광입국(觀光立國)’이라는 일본의 문화콘텐츠 전략과 그 특징을 고찰하였다. 긴자식스는 2020년 도쿄올림픽을 염두에 둔 ‘글로벌 문화 도시’와 ‘관광입국’의 기틀을 마련하기 위해 일본문화의 정수(精髓)와 의의를 새롭게 재구성하고 있다. 도쿄의 긴자는 세계의 긴자로 도시브랜드의 변화를 꾀하고 있으며 이는 긴자의 역사가 진화되어 세계와 지방을 연결하는 새로운 일본문화플랫폼의 형성을 의미한다. 2020년 도쿄올림픽은 관광입국을 위한 ‘문화 인프라’를 구축하는 계기가 되고 있다. 이와 동시에 긴자는 ‘원조(元祖) 럭셔리 1번가’에서 내국인과 외국인이 함께 전통문화와 아트를 체험하는 뉴럭셔리(new luxury)의 공간으로 재탄생되고 있다. 즉 긴자 지역도 지역 고유의 문화정체성에 방일 외국인 관광객의 관점이 수용되면서 도시문화의 변용 및 새로운 가치가 창출되고 있다.