개화기 연설의 ‘근대적 말하기’ 형성과정 연구

이정옥 시학과언어학회 2011 시학과 언어학 Vol.0 No.21

Enlightening speech, which forms a systematic image of society and delivers messages based on the image, was started in modern times. Speeches in the Kaewhagy were first introduced as the concept of public speech for enlightenment, and then differentiated into various speech methods. Research on speech in the Kaewhagy has been conducted in various areas. However, they did not explain properly the process that speeches were produced and accepted in the social context of the Kaewhagy, and examined speeches in that period as an extension although the pattern and education of speech in the Kaewhagy were changed markedly through the enactment of the Newspaper Act in 1907 and the Publishing Act in 1909. In order to overcome these limitations, this study divided the Kaewhagy into the late 1890s and the late 1900s and examined the formation process of ‘modern speaking’ focusing on speech. Because most of people were illiterate in the late 1890s, intellectuals in those days used audible speeches as a means of education for people. Speech educators in the 1st period such as Seo Jae‐pil and Yoon Chi‐ho organized the Hyupseonghoi( Debating Society of Baejae School)the Debating Meeting of the Independence Association, and spread the ideas of enlightenment through these meetings, and they also educated speech methods. Because the period demanded people’s collective agreement urgently, speeches were mostly political speeches or discussions on national affairs, and passion for speech spread throughout the country with the holding of Manmingongdonghoi(Congress of Mass People) in February 1898. In this way, speeches in the late 1890s were instruments for the spread of enlightenment discourses and grounds for the exchange of public opinions and social communication, and at the same time, were used as a means of social mobilization for encouraging people’s political participation. In the late 1900s, strong regulations were imposed on speeches and discussions. As a result, speeches became considerably less political compared to those in the 1890s, and their purposes were changed to the reform of customs, civilization and enlightenment. Speech educators in the 2nd period such as Ahn Guk‐seon and Kim Gwang‐je delivered public speeches at schools, youth associations, women’s associations, etc. throughout the country, and published speech textbooks like Yeonseolbeopbang and Yeonseoldaehae. Along with these changes, the targets of speech education were also changed to literate ‘civilized gentry or promising youth.’ As text‐based speech education became possible, advanced education was executed on speech methods, speech writing, famous model speeches, etc. In response to the trend of advanced text‐based speech education, the concepts of lecture and speech were refined and the concept of speech, which was a generic term of public speech, was settled as ‘address.’Research on the formation process of modern speech is now at its introductory stage. This study was started from the general purposes of tracing the development of modern speech in the early modern times focusing on speeches in the Kaewhagy and examining its meanings. The present researcher will make long‐term research plans and conduct further research continuously.

식도발성 남성 발화의 말 속도

박원경,심희정,고도흥 한국음성학회 2012 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.4 No.3

The purpose of this study is to investigate the speech rate of an esophageal speech group that is capable of vocalization after surgery. The subjects in this experiment were 10 male esophageal speakers and 10 male laryngeal speakers. Each group read a reading passage that was recorded by a DAT recorder (Rolando, EDIROL R-09). These records were analyzed by using CSL (Computerized Speech Lab, model 4150). The results were as follows: (1) the overall speech rate of esophageal speech was 2.50 SPS (syllable per second) while the overall speech rate of laryngeal speech was 4.23 SPS. (2) The articulatory rate of esophageal speech was 3.14 SPS (syllable per second) while the articulatory rate of laryngeal speech was 4.75 SPS. Speech rates as well as articulatory rates of esophageal speech were significantly lower than laryngeal speech. These differences between the two groups may be due to reduced efficiency of airflows across the pharyngeal-esophageal segment for esophageal speakers when compared to airflow through the glottis for laryngeal speakers. These results would provide a guideline in speech rates for esophageal speakers in clinical settings.

언어장애인용 언어치료 솔루션 개발을 위한 사용성 평가 연구

김기욱(Gi-Wook Kim),강승록(Seung-Rok Kang),한갑수(Kap Soo Han),조윤주(Yun-ju Jo),김라연(Ra-Youn Kim),정영재(Young-Jae Jung),김준혁(Jun-Hyuk Kim),유희천(Heecheon You),고명환(Myoung-Hwan Ko) 대한구순구개열학회 2021 대한구순구개열학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Objective: We performed a usability test for the speech therapy solutions Smart SpeechTM and Smart NasometerTM to apply usability testing results for the development of an optimal speech therapy solution. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 health professionals (12 doctors and 7 speech therapists) practicing speech therapy were recruited. They performed a usability evaluation by simulating speech therapy tasks for the speech-impaired after being familiarized with Smart Speech and Smart Nasometer for 30 minutes. The participants performed the tasks using oral training contents, breathing training contents, and vocal training contents of Smart Speech. Then, they conducted tasks of wearing Smart Nasometer and checking nasalance data measured by Smart Nasometer. Lastly, they completed a satisfaction survey of Smart Speech and Smart Nasometer. Results: The usability evaluation showed that more than 60% of the participants were satisfied with Smart Speech and more than 50% with Smart Nasometer. The participantssuggested improvements of Smart Speech in the game description, content color, guide video, audio, data analysis and management, and difficulty-level control function. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the importance of usability evaluation with users when developing healthcare devices.

여성 리더 발화 분석을 통한 말하기 교육 방법론 연구

유혜원(Yoo, Hye-won),김유미(Kim, Yu-mi),김정녀(Kim Jeong-nyeo) 한국사회언어학회 2011 사회언어학 Vol.19 No.1

This study is aimed at suggesting the leaner-centered education methods in the formal speech education that is one of the liberal education in the university. It is important for learners to understand their style. Their own characters and style influence their speeches. So in order to show the various speech model, we analysed the women leaders’ speeches in Korea. These models help for learners to find their style and to improve their speech ability. As practices comprise a large portion of the speech education in the university, it is more important that learners prepare the speech and practice by themselves. Therefore, in this paper we present the 4 steps for speech practice. Through these steps, learners can understand their style, find their model, prepare speech and improve their speech ability. To find their model, the learners evaluate their characters, speech rate, tone, intonation, linguistic expression, gesture and face look. The method of learning suggested in this paper can help the learners overcome their fear and prepare the speech. Also, the college students that recognize the women leaders superficially will have an opportunity to aware women leaders in Korea at a new viewpoint.

식도발성의 숙련 정도에 따른 모음의 음향학적 특징과 자음 산출에 대한 연구

최성희,최홍식,김한수,임성은,이성은,표화영 한국음성과학회 2003 음성과학 Vol.10 No.3

Esophageal Speech uses the esophageal air during phonation. Fluent esophageal speakers frequently intake air in oral communication, but unskilled esophageal speakers are difficult with swallowing lots of air. The purpose of this study was to investigate the different of acoustic characteristics of vowel and consonants production according to the speech proficiency level in esophageal speech. 13 normal male speakers and 13 male esophageal speakers (5 unskilled esophageal speakers, 8 skilled esophageal speakers) with age ranging from 50 to 70 years old. The stimuli were sustained /a/ vowel and 36 meaningless two syllable words. Used vowel is /a/ and consonants were 18 : /k, n, t, m, p, s, c, ch, kh, th, ph, h, I, k', t', p', s', c'/. Fundamental frequency (Fx), Jitter, shimmer, HNR, MPT were measured with by electroglottography using Lx speech studio (Laryngograph Ltd, London, UK). 36 meaningless words produced by esophageal speakers were presented to 3 speech-language pathologists who phonetically transcribed their responses. Fx, Jitter, HNR parameters is significant different between skilled esophageal speakers and unskilled esophageal speakers (P<.05). Considering manner of articulation, ANOVA showed that differences in two esophageal speech groups on speech proficiency were significant; Glide had the highest number of confusion with the other phoneme class, affricates are the most intelligible in the unskilled esophageal speech group, whereas in the skilled esophageal speech group fricatives resulted highest number of confusions, nasals are the most intelligible. In the place of articulation, glottal /h/ is the highest confusion consonant in both groups. Bilabials are the most intelligible in the skilled esophageal speech; velars are the most intelligible in the unskilled esophageal speech. In the structure of syllable, 'CV+V' is more confusion in the skilled esophageal group, unskilled esophageal speech group has similar confusion in both structures. In unskilled esophageal speech, significantly different Fx, Jitter, HNR acoustic parameters of vowel and the highest confusions of Liquid, Nasals consonants could be attributed to unstable, improper contact of neoglottis as vibratory source and insufficiency in the phonatory air supply, and higher motoric demand of remaining articulation due to morphological characteristics of vocal tract after laryngectomy.

내측 측두엽 간질에서 간질발작 중 언어증상

이장준,이승환,이형,김지언,임정근,손은익,이상도,박영춘 계명대학교 의과학연구소 2000 계명의대학술지 Vol.19 No.1

Background and Objectives : Several speech manifestation are observed in temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE). We studied the frequency of ictal speech manifestations and their localizing and lateralizing value in TLE. Methods : We reviewed 379 seizures recorded on videotape in 135 patients who underwent temporal lobectomy for intractable TLE. We divided patients into group A(n=75) who became seizures free after surgery, and group B(n=60) who were only slightly benefited or unchanged after surgery. Speech manifestations were classified as normal speech, vocalization, or abnormal speech. Abnormal speech was subdivided into speech arrest, dysarthria, dysphasia, or nonidentifiable speech. Results : Speech manifestations occurred in 70(18.5%) seizures of 28 patients. Forty eight seizures of 20 patients were observed in group A, and 22 seizures of 8 patients were observed in group B. In group A, 25 seizures of 11 patients were originating from dominant hemisphere, 23 seizures of 9 patients from nondominant hemisphere. In group B, 13 seizures of 5 patients were originating from dominant hemisphere, and 9 seizures in Lt. side and 6 seizures in Rt. side, respectively) of group A(P>0.05), and eleven seizures of 4 patients(8 seizures from Lt. side and 3 seizure from Rt. side) in group B(P>0.05). Normal speech was observed only seizures from Rt. side in both groups(3 seizures in 1 patient, each group). Dysphasia occurred only in seizures originating from Lt. side. Nonidentifiable speech occurred in 22 seizures of 9 patients(11 seizures from each side) in group A(P<0.01), and 3 seizures of 1 patient occurred only from Lt. side in group B. Conclusion : Ictal speech manifestations were not uncommon(18.5%). All kinds of ictal speech manifestations except normal speech have no reliable lateralizing and localizing value in TLE. Normal speech could be a good indicator of seizure originating from nondominant hemisphere.

A Speech Homomorphic Encryption Scheme with Less Data Expansion in Cloud Computing

( Canghong Shi ),( Hongxia Wang ),( Yi Hu ),( Qing Qian ),( Hong Zhao ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2019 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.13 No.5

Speech homomorphic encryption has become one of the key components in secure speech storing in the public cloud computing. The major problem of speech homomorphic encryption is the huge data expansion of speech cipher-text. To address the issue, this paper presents a speech homomorphic encryption scheme with less data expansion, which is a probabilistic statistics and addition homomorphic cryptosystem. In the proposed scheme, the original digital speech with some random numbers selected is firstly grouped to form a series of speech matrix. Then, a proposed matrix encryption method is employed to encrypt that speech matrix. After that, mutual information in sample speech cipher-texts is reduced to limit the data expansion. Performance analysis and experimental results show that the proposed scheme is addition homomorphic, and it not only resists statistical analysis attacks but also eliminates some signal characteristics of original speech. In addition, comparing with Paillier homomorphic cryptosystem, the proposed scheme has less data expansion and lower computational complexity. Furthermore, the time consumption of the proposed scheme is almost the same on the smartphone and the PC. Thus, the proposed scheme is extremely suitable for secure speech storing in public cloud computing.

발표 능력 향상을 위한 자기 평가 활용의 의의

오현진 한국 리터러시 학회 2019 리터러시 연구 Vol.10 No.4

This study presents ‘self-evaluation’ as a way to improve the speech skills of university students, organizes how students feel about it when it is utilized, and attempts to observe how ‘self-evaluation’ contributes to the speech skill improvement of students. Speech education that is needed by university students who have learned speech knowledge several times provides an opportunity for students to experience entire speech situations within actual and detailed situations and accurately recognize their own speech skills while having the identity and distinction of university education. ‘Self-evaluation’, which allows students to not only observe speech in themselves but also allows them to reflectively observe the entire process of presenting while looking into their own strengths and weaknesses, is significant because it places focus on the speech skills of individual students and allows them to improve their negative perceptions on past speech. Through self-evaluation made through actual videos, students were able to recognize various aspects of their own speech skills that they were not aware of before and they gained interest in interactions with the listening audience and reports were given that self-evaluation methods had a positive effect on the improvement of speech skills and that they can be used as learning tools. This shows the utilization possibilities and educational significance of ‘self-evaluation’ in the speech education of university students and it implicated the need for the development of detailed self-evaluation methods or models. 이 연구는 대학생을 대상으로 발표 능력을 향상시키기 위한 방법으로 ‘자기 평가’를 제안하고 그것을 활용했을 때 학생들의 소감을 정리하여 ‘자기 평가’가 학생들에게 미친 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 발표에 관한 지식을 여러 차례 학습한 바 있는 대학생에게 필요한 발표 교육은 실제적이고 구체적인 상황 속에서 발표의 전 상황을 경험해 보고 자신의 발표 능력에 대한 정확한 인식할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 것이어야 하고, 이것은 대학 교육만의 정체성과 차별성을 확보할 것이다. 발표만이 아니라 발표의 전 과정에 대해 스스로 반성적으로 살펴보고 자신의 장, 단점을 파악해 보는 과정인 ‘자기 평가’는 학생 개개인의 발표 능력을 중심에 두고 이전 발표에 대한 부정적 인식을 개선할 수 있게 한다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 실제 동영상을 통한 자기 평가를 통해 학생들은 이전에 알지 못했던 자신의 발표 능력의 다양한 측면을 인지할 수 있었고, 청중과의 상호작용에 관심을 갖게 되었으며, 자기 평가 방법이 발표 능력 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며 학습 도구로 활용가능하다는 것을 알게 되었다고 보고하였다. 이는 대학생을 위한 발표 교육에 ‘자기 평가’의 활용 가능성과 교육적 의의를 보여주는 것이며, 향후 구체적인 자기 평가 방법이나 모형 개발의 필요성을 시사한다.

잡음음성 음향모델을 이용한 VTS 기반의 음성특징 보상

정용주(Yong-Joo Chung),정민우(Min-Woo Chung) 한국정보기술학회 2013 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.11 No.3

In the conventional VTS-based noisy speech recognition methods, they used methods where an acoustic model is trained using clean speech and then the parameters of the acoustic models are adapted to the new noisy speech or the original speech is estimated using VTS. However, these approaches have a drawback that acoustic models trained using noisy speech can not be used. We think that improved noisy speech recognition performance is possible by employing the noisy speech acoustic models trained by methods like the MTR and MMSR instead of the acoustic models trained with clean speech. In this paper, motivated by this idea, we derived the mathematical relation in log-spectrum domain between test noisy speech and train noisy speech considering channel noise and after approximating the relation using VTS, the mismatch between test and train noisy speech is reduced through the MMSE of the train noisy speech. We applied the proposed method to the noisy speech acoustic models trained by the MMSR and MTR method and could reduce the word error rate by 10.3% and 10.8%, respectively, compared with the MTR and MMSR method in noisy speech recognition experiments on Aurora 2 database.

Comparison of Speech Rate and Long-Term Average Speech Spectrum between Korean Clear Speech and Conversational Speech

유제은,오홍엽,정승엽,진인기 대한청각학회 2019 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.23 No.4

Background and Objectives: Clear speech is an effective communication strategy used in difficult listening situations that draws on techniques such as accurate articulation, a slow speech rate, and the inclusion of pauses. Although too slow speech and improperly amplified spectral information can deteriorate overall speech intelligibility, certain amplitude of increments of the mid-frequency bands (1 to 3 dB) and around 50% slower speech rates of clear speech, when compared to those in conversational speech, were reported as factors that can improve speech intelligibility positively. The purpose of this study was to identify whether amplitude increments of mid-frequency areas and slower speech rates were evident in Korean clear speech as they were in English clear speech. Subjects and Methods: To compare the acoustic characteristics of the two methods of speech production, the voices of 60 participants were recorded during conversational speech and then again during clear speech using a standardized sentence material. Results: The speech rate and longterm average speech spectrum (LTASS) were analyzed and compared. Speech rates for clear speech were slower than those for conversational speech. Increased amplitudes in the mid-frequency bands were evident for the LTASS of clear speech. Conclusions:The observed differences in the acoustic characteristics between the two types of speech production suggest that Korean clear speech can be an effective communication strategy to improve speech intelligibility.