풍류로서의 신라, 다시 쓰기로서의 신라

이유미(Lee, Yu-Mi) 우리문학회 2018 우리文學硏究 Vol.0 No.57

이 논문은 서정주의 신라정신이 함유한 의미망을 재검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 그동안 서정주의 신라정신은 그의 시집 『신라초』와 함께 영원성 혹은 초월적 미학의 성격으로 논의되어왔다. 하지만 시집 『신라초』 전에 출간한 『신라연구』에 주목할 필요가 있다. 『신라연구』는 박사논문자격으로 제출한 텍스트로서, 서정주의 신라관련 논의를 고찰할 수 있는 자료이기 때문이다. 또한 서정주의 『신라연구』가 김범부의 『화랑외사』와 비슷한 형식을 취하고 있는 점을 고려할 때, 그들의 신라정신이 어떠한 동일성과 차이가 있는지 구체적으로 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 서정주는 『신라연구』와 『신라초』로 나아가는 과정에서 신라정신의 핵심인 풍류를 신라인들의 삶의 태도로서 형상화했으며, 현대에 신라정신을 어떻게 창조적으로 접합할지 실험하였다. 그 결과, 그는 『신라연구』에서 신라인들의 삶의 태도와 사회적 상상으로서의 신라를 그려냈으며, 시집 『신라초』에서는 영적 성격을 구체화했을 뿐만 아니라 신라를 질마재로 전유함으로써 질마재 사람들이 신라정신을 계승하고 있음을 보여준다. 이처럼 서정주의 신라정신은 영원성뿐만 아니라 영적 성격, 자연 융화적 속성, 풍류를 통한 삶에 대한 사유를 담지하고 있다. 따라서, 서정주의 신라정신은 그의 문학 활동 전반에 유기적인 관련성을 지님으로써 다양한 의미를 함유한다. The purpose of this paper is to review the meaning network of Seo Jeong-ju’s Silla spirit. Seo Jung-ju’s spirit of Silla has been discussed in combination with his poetry, SillaCho, as eternal or transcendental aesthetics. However, there is a need to pay close attention to the Silla Studies that were published prior to the poetry Sillacho. Silla Studies is a text submitted as a doctoral dissertation, and it is material that has potential to examine the discussion of Seo Jeong-ju’s Silla. In addition, considering the fact that Seo Jung-ju’s Silla Studies are similar to Kim Bum-boo’s Hwa-rang-oi-sa, it is necessary to examine in detail the identity and difference of their Silla spirit. In the process of examining Silla Studies and the Sillacho, Seo Jeong-ju has shaped the spirit of Silla as the attitude of the life of Silla, and experimented on how to creatively connect the spirit of Silla to the modern age. As a result, he depicted Silla as the attitude and social imagination of Silla’s life in Silla Studies, and not only embodied the spiritual character in the poetry Sillacho, but also inherited the spirit of Silla by appropriating Silla as jilmajae. In this way, the Silla spirit is bearing not only eternity, but also spiritual personality, natural harmonious property, and reason for life through Pungryu. Therefore, Seo Jeong-ju’s Silla spirit contains various meanings through its organic relation to the entirety of his literary activities.

신라 문무왕대 삼국 통일의 완성과 水軍의 활약

한준수 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2021 新羅文化 Vol.59 No.-

This thesis examines Silla's naval forces, which played an important role in achieving the unification of the Three Kingdoms. Silla was the last to overhaul the system among the three kingdoms. and as a result, military power remained weak until the early 5th century. According to Samguksagi it appears that the Japanese also surrounded Geumseong, the capital of Silla. Silla overcame such aggression and gradually grew up. Isabu's conquest of Usanguk was a turning point for Silla's naval forces to grow. Silla, which grew its military strength, interacted with the Southern Dynasties of China to advance the nation's maritime power based on shipbuilding and navigation techniques. Silla strengthened its military power based on a new military strategy after forming the Silla-Tang Alliance. About 10 years from the formation of the Nadang Alliance to the beginning of the conquest war against Baekje was a time when Silla strengthened its internal stability in the military field. Silla naval forces were active in the fall of Baekje, the Battle of the Baekgang River, and the conquest of the Tamna Kingdom. The main activity was the acquisition of navigation information such as the sea route and depth of Baekje's territorial sea. Silla was able to achieve the unification of the three kingdoms by destroying Baekje and Goguryeo based on the Silla-Tang Alliance. However, due to the Tang Dynasty's ambition to dominate the Korean Peninsula, the Silla-Tang Alliance broke down, and Silla fought against the Tang's invasion. In the early days of the Silla-Tang War, Silla was at a disadvantage in the war, but it overcame it and continued its victory, and there was an important role of the Silla Navy in the process. The Battle of Gibeolpo was an event that determined the final winner of the Silla-Tang War. The Silla's naval forces opened the beginning as a leading force in the Three Kingdoms Unification War. It was the main character of history that led the beginning and the end of the war.

8세기 신라ㆍ일본간 외교관계의 추이

金昌錫(Kim Chnag-seok) 역사학회 2004 역사학보 Vol.0 No.184

Silla entered a period of general peace after going through some administrative modifications during the reign of King Shin-mun(神文王), following the end of the 3-Dynasty war(統一戰爭) in 676. But Silla's relationship with the Tang(唐) dynasty in China had been in tension until the early 8th century because of the war. And the diplomatic channels between Silla and Parhae(渤海), which was founded in the area previously occupied by the Goguryeo dynasty, was not even established. Under these circumstances, it was important for the Silla to have a mutually beneficial relationship with the Japan. Until late 7th century, several diplomatic negotiations were conducted with the Japanese, yet conflicts ensued until mid 8th century. Then diplomatic contacts diminished during the period between the 760s and 780s, and eventually ceased. Every exchanges of emissaries, diplomatic remarks, souvenir items and protocols all mirrored the countries' or the kings' diplomatic strategies and their understanding of international situations. The early half of the 8th century was indeed a turning point for Silla in its relationship with Japan. This period marked the beginning of foreign goods trade between Silla and Japan. Encouraged by such changes, Silla intended to modify the existing relationship with Japan, which was previously rather a formal relationship based on protocols. In the early days Silla, based upon a perception of the world which had Silla at its center, perceived the other country as a subordinate, while also assuming a subordinate posture when emissaries were dispatched to the counterpart country, Silla wanted a more equal footing in its relationship with japan. What should be noted is that the trades between Silla and japan at the time were not entirely commercial in nature. Traces of civilian merchants' activities are yet to be found from the early 8th century Silla-japanese exchanges. The objectives of such trade relationship were various, ranging from political, religious exchanges, to cultural encounters and more. The dispatching of emissaries in the year 752 should be examined in that regard, as well. As we can see from the Mae-Silla-Mul-hae(買新羅物解) document, various types of items were traded, and there was a possibility of the fact civilian agents were included in the emissaries' party who were left behind in the Tajai-hu(大宰府) area. Indeed, the trade in 752 shows us the early stage of civilian commercial exchanges that existed during the late 8th century and early 9th century. The trade in 752 basically features the dimension that the politically-driven diplomatic relations started to show more vivid trade aspects in civilian levels at the expense of non-commercial diplomatic contacts in the process.

新羅의 對高句麗 戰爭과 北方大鎭 七重城

윤성호 고려사학회 2024 한국사학보 Vol.- No.94

Chiljungseong was the most important point in the Imjingang River basin, the northern frontier of Silla. This paper examines the battle between Silla and Goguryeo in the Chiljungseong amid the trend of the Three Kingdoms' resistance. The Imjingang River, where Chiljungseong is located, became a natural defensive line due to the development of columnar joints and created a natural boundary between the two countries. In 638, Silla's Chiljungseong was attacked by Goguryeo. At this time, Silla dispatched Daejanggun Alcheon. Immediately after the collapse of Baekje in 660, Silla engaged in the second Battle of Chiljungseong with Goguryeo. Feeling a sense of crisis, Goguryeo also attacked the Chiljungseong to stabilize the southern border, and damage occurred when the Pilbu was killed during the battle. Subsequently, Silla was also attacked by Goguryeo at Sulcheonseong and Bukhansanseong. Through this circumstance, it is highly likely that Silla lost Chiljungseong for a certain period of time. In January 662, the Silla army conducted a supply operation to Tang troops who entered Pyongyang by Doha of Chiljungha. The Silla army crossed the Imjingang River without being resisted by Goguryeo. In this respect, Silla seems to have recaptured Chiljungseong around this time. However, it is also confirmed that in 667, Silla attacked Goguryeo's Chiljungseong and secured a transportation route. In this way, Silla fought a fierce scramble with Goguryeo over the Chiljungseong. Later, during the Silla-Tang War, just as the Tang recognized Chiljungseong as the large military base on the northern frontier of Silla, Chiljungseong was at the center of the historical trend in Silla's expansion.

新羅의 새로운 경계, 加耶지역에 대한 신라 지배 - 아라가야지역을 중심으로 -

남재우 부산경남사학회 2020 역사와 경계 Vol.115 No.-

We looked at the process of Gaya's demise and the various Gaya kingdoms that were incorporated into Silla after the fall of Gaya. Gaya region was incorporated into Silla. The process of incorporated into Silla was different in many Gaya countries. The countries that surrendered themselves to Silla were Garakguk and Taksunguk. Daegaya was destroyed by Silla's attack.Many Gaya countries, including Aragaya, are not able to reveal the process of being incorporated into Silla. Silla's control over Gaya's various kingdoms was different. Especially in the case of Garakguk, the royal families of Garakguk were incorporated into Silla's highest ruling class. In comparison, the control over Daegaya, which was conquered by Silla, was enforced. In other words, Silla forced the people of Daegaya to move to other regions. It is not known how Silla ruled the kingdoms of Gaya, where the process of extinction was not revealed. However, there are some things you can guess through Aragaya. Aragaya became the main periphery of Silla and was placed under the strict rule of Silla. Silla conquered Aragaya and built Seongsan mountain fortress. Silla's construction of Seongsan mountain fortress was for stable control of the newly subjugated area. It also meant to check Baekje. Another reason was to expand the Silla area in the direction of Baekje by using the fortress as an advanced base. 가야 멸망과정과 멸망 이후 신라에 복속된 가야에 대하여 살펴 보았다. 가야 각국은 신라에 의해 복속되었다. 신라에 편입되는 과정은 가야 각국이 달랐다. 신라에 스스로 항복한 나라는 가락국과 탁순국이었다. 대가야는 신라의 침략을 막아내지 못해 멸망했다. 이들을 제외한 아라가야 등의 가야 각국은 신라로의 편입과정이 드러나지 않는다. 신라편입과정에 따라 신라의 지배형태가 달랐다. 신라는 자진 투항한 가락국과 탁순국에 대해서는 우대했다. 특히 가락국의 경우 왕족들이 신라의 최고지배층으로 편입시켰다. 전쟁을 통해 멸망한 대가야의 경우 철저한 통제정책을 펼쳤다. 사민정책으로서 대가야 사람들을 다른 지역으로 집단이주하게 하였다. 멸망과정이 드러나지 않은 가야의 여러 나라들에 대한 신라의 지배방식을 알 수는 없다. 다만 아라가야를 통해서 어느 정도 추측 가능하다. 아라가야는 신라의 주요한 변방이 되었고, 신라의 철저한 통치하에 놓이게 되었다. 신라는 아라가야를 정복하고 성산산성을 축조했다. 신라가 성산산성을 축조한 것은 새롭게 복속된 지역에 대한 안정적 지배, 그리고 백제 견제와 백제가 진출했던 가야진출로를 따라 신라의 영역을 확대하기 위한 전진기지의 의미였다.

신라 미술의 미의식

정병모 慶州大學校 慶州文化硏究所 2006 慶州文化硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Silla art went through many changes through a century, but there is a tradition that has not changed. It is the "preference for simple shape and the belief which considers divine image as beautiful." The former is the taste of Silla people and the latter is Silla people's faith in shape. Especially, the beauty of simplicity was pointed out by many scholars, and it established the common ground of Silla art. This represented Silla people's aesthetic sense of respecting the nature rooted in the nature. Minimizing artificial elements while bringing out natural elements is an important characteristic of Silla art. Changes by period in Silla art are examined in the aspects of the introduction of the art of northern countries, the influence of Buddhist art and the new trend of unified Silla. The foreign art which brought changes in Silla art for the first time was the art of northern countries As the art of northern countries was introduced to Silla, the original aesthetic sense of Silla which emphasized simplidty was changed to take on the trend of abstract beauty. I called this, the 'Abstract Realism.' Buddhism was introduced in Silla in 527, and it brought enormous changes to Silla art. While influenced by the Buddhist art of Goguryeo and Baekje, Silla developed international sense of art. In the 6th and 7th centuries, Silla art displayed a wide variety of styles from the kind image of Buddha which approached the public quite closely to the representation of the metaphysical world. Silla art, influenced by the early Buddhism, can be summarized into the 'World of Humanism' for it has the familiar and humane disposition. The unification of three kingdoms brought more changes to Silla art. While it followed the 'Ideal Realism Style' which was the common style of the East Asia including Tang, it incorporated the traditional sense of respecting the nature with the humanism of the ancient Silla to create a unique aesthetic sense of Silla. Silla art has both simplicity and internationality obtained through the introduction of foreign culture. The simplicity is generally found in the early stages of history and is usually pushed aside or disappears when advanced and exotic sense of art is introduced, but it was kept even after the unification. This shows that Silla people preferred the beauty of simplicity as much as the beauty of refinement. In this aspect, the decorativeness of Hwangryongsa Temple(皇龍寺) gives us great implications. Silla people accepted the world culture upon the strong foundation of folk culture. There is a famous phrase by Goethe that goes "The most ethnic is the most international." This famous phrase is well-known to everyone and is even treated as if it is a phrase in the bible. This means the most folk culture carries international value. Referring to Goethe's logic in this phrase, Silla art can be defined as the culture which sought balance between international universality and the distinctiveness. 신라미술이 천년동안 변화를 거듭하는 동안 변하지 않은 전통이 있다. 그것은 바로 "질박한 조형에 대한 선호와 영험한 조형이 아름답다고 여기는 믿음"이다. 전자는 신라인의 취향이고 후자는 신라인의 조형에 대한 신앙이다. 특히 질박미는 여러 학자들이 지적한 특징으로 신라미술의 공통적인 기반을 이루었다. 이것은 자연에 기반을 두고 자연을 숭상하는 신라인의 미의식을 대표하는 것이다. 인공적인 것을 최소화하고 자연적인 것을 드러내 보이려는 것은 신라미술에서 찾아볼 수 있는 중요한 특징이다. 시기에 따른 변화는 크게 북방미술의 전래, 불교미술의 영향, 통일신라의 새 조류로 나누어 살펴보았다. 신라미술에 처음으로 변화를 일으킨 외래 미술은 북방미술이다. 북방미술이 신라에 전래되면서 질박한 조형세계를 펼친 신라 고유의 미의식에 추상화의 경향을 띠는 변화가 일어났다. 이것을 필자는 '추상적 사실주의'라 지칭하였다. 527년 불교가 전래된 이후 신라미술은 가히 혁명적인 변화가 일어났다. 고구려, 백제 등의 불교미술의 영향을 받으면서 국제적인 미의식을 갖추게 된다. 6, 7세기에는 대중 속에 파고드는 친근한 이미지의 불상으로부터 형이상학적인 세계까지 표현하는 폭넓은 조형세계를 펼친다. 초기 불교에 영향을 받은 신라미술은 친근하고 인간적인 성향을 띤다는 점에서 '휴머니즘의 세계'로 요약하였다. 삼국의 통일은 신라미술에 또 다른 변화를 가져왔다. 기본적으로 당나라를 비롯한 동아시아의 공통적인 양식인 '이상적 사실주의 양식'을 따르면서 전통적인 자연존중의 인식과 고신라의 휴머니즘과 조화를 이루어 신라의 독특한 미의식을 구현하게 된다. 신라미술에는 토속미와 더불어 외래문화의 수용에 의한 국제미가 공존하였다. 일반적으로 토속적인 미감은 초기에 나타나다가 보다 우위에 선 외래적인 미감에 눌려 의식의 수면 아래로 침잠하기 쉬운데, 신라에서는 유독 통일된 이후까지도 토속미를 드러내었다. 그만큼 외래적인 세련미 못지않게 전통적인 토속미도 더불어 애호한 민족이 신라인인 것이다. 그러한 점에서 황룡사의 치미는 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다. 신라인은 강한 토속문화의 기반 위에 세계문화를 받아들인 것이다. 괴테는 "가장 민족적인 것이 가장 세계적이다. "라는 유명한 말을 남겼다. 지금도 이 명구는 인구에 회자되고 심지어는 성경 구절처럼 신앙시되기도 한다. 가장 토속적인 문화가 세계적인 가치를 지닌다는 의미이다. 괴테의 논리를 신라문화에 적용하면, 국제적인 보편성과 특수성의 조화를 꾀한 문화가 신라미술인 것이다.

김동리의 <미륵랑>에 나타난 화랑과 미륵신앙의 상관성 연구

방민화 한국문학이론과비평학회 2009 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.45 No.-

Kim Dong-ri tried to pursue and reproduce Silla people's sprits in his own historic novel. Accordingly, he studied relation between Maitreya faith and Silla chivalry through “Mireukrang” and exmained how Silla's sprit appears. “Mireukrang” based upon Sam-guk-yu-sa “Maitreya faithㆍMisirangㆍJinjasa” can be differentiated in terms of prologue before and after the priest, Jinja's entering into priesthood. The first half of it reflects Silla's reality around the beginning of Buddhism in Silla and it is developed centered around love between Guzi and Saedal. The first half of it is remarked with Silla chivalry's thought of loyalty and filial piety and plays a role to support Mireukrang's appearance. The monk, Jinja touched by a Silla chivalry, sadaham's bravery and a good deed wishes Mireukrang's appearance and it is realized. Miruek and Silla chivalry are beautiful youngsters. We can find a chivalry's aesthetic base in terms of appearance in that Miruek takes beautiful appearance and decent body. A baby Miruek and a Silla's chivalry symbolize hope and actualization of the ideal. Cakra-varti Ra's thought, Maitreya thought and Buddhism’s paradise are combined in Maitreya faith in which a royal family, aristocratic class and priests tried to build a paradise. “Mireukrang” shows Silla people's strong desire to thrive Maitreya faith.

신라 금석문과 「신라본기」의 천문역법사 고찰

김일권 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2013 新羅文化 Vol.42 No.-

In this article, I study about the Silla history of astronomy and almanac through the historical data appeared in the Silla literature records and epigraphs. To begin with, I took notice of the Silla records of leap month for searching evidence of using the lunisolar calendar system. So I surveyed both historical literature records of the Silla-bongi among Samguk-sagi and many Silla epigraphic data. As the result, the first use data of leap month recorded as Silla-bongi in the year of 680, on the other hand, as epigaph data appeared late in the year of 855. Before this record, Silla-bongi showed Silla dynasty introduced a formal almanac in the 764 year from early Tang dynasty by Silla diplomatic emissary, his name of Dukbok, and that almanac become known as the Induk-calendar of Tang dynasty. Therefore, I argued Silla could use the sytematic almanac from 7th century for the first time. On the other hand, I analysed Silla national ritual system of Rituals to progenitor shrine and Sin-gung of a so-called worship of national shrine records. As a result, Silla held the rituals usually at January or February during Silla millenary. This result shows the first month of the year would be Jan. or Feb. al least to the Silla people. It is different from present monthly system. And I found out the epigarph calendar day-data of the Maunryong monument commemorating King Jinhung’s Tour was applied by the calendar of North Qi(550-577) not a North Zhou(557-581), and its name could be the Chen-bo calendar. Outside of that, I studied many issues about ancient calendar of Silla. For instance, middle and late Silla dynasty could use the ancient Indian calendar, so-called Bum-ryok, like showing in some epigraphic data and some Silla Buddhist records.

나당전쟁기 칠중성 전투의 의미에 대한 고찰

윤성호 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2024 한국학논총 Vol.61 No.-

Many studies have been conducted on the process of the Silla-Tang War and individual battles. This paper focuses on the Battle of Chiljungseong, which was the starting point for Silla's victory in the Silla-Tang War. Silla aggressively attempted to territorialize Goguryeo by supporting Goguryeo Reconstruction Army on the old land of Goguryeo, where the Tang established Andong Dohobu. However, Silla was unable to maintain defense system on Goguryeo's old land .Silla suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Seokmun on the flatland in 672, forcing it to revise its strategy to a defensive position. Silla established a detailed defense system around the Imjin River in the process of confronting Goguryeo. Silla strengthened the existing defense line and maintained defense facilities on the main transportation routes connecting the capital. In February 675, Silla suffered damage from Tang in a battle at Chiljungseong, but the castle was not captured. And in September, when the Tang troops were prevented from landing at the Battle of Cheonseong, the main forces of the Tang were tied up in Maesoseong. Eventually, the Tang army was attacked by Silla and retreated from Maeseong, and the lead of the war was handed over to Silla. The Tang recognized Chiljungseong as a large military base in northern Silla. Silla blocked Tang's advance south at Chiljungseong, and the Tang failed to advance south by breaking through Silla's defense line. The defense line established by Silla against Goguryeo became the basis for preventing the Tang's offensive, and its historical significance can be found in that it was located at the center of it.

新羅冠의 양식변화와 자립화 시기 신라정치- 황남대총남분 출토 신라관들을 중심으로 -

김정희 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2019 新羅文化 Vol.54 No.-

Silla crowns underwent a changing process in a couple of stage until the standard form of its golden crowns with three right-angled branch types and two antler types. The early crowns of Silla made a start with no standardized style and used the Goguryeo style common to them. Many gilt-bronze crowns in the branch type that had the same form as the early crowns were excavated at the Hwangnam Daechongnam Tombs, which indicates that Silla crowns had become increasingly standardized. This study focused on changes to Silla crowns and politics before their standard, golden crowns. The study thus began by asking a question about the internal and external driving force behind changes to Silla crowns at the stage of the Hwangnam Daechongnam Tombs, which were the first important junction in the standardization process of its crowns. The investigator focused on changes to Silla's relations with Goguryeo and the reinforcement of the Kim family's royal power as the biggest driving force that affected the society and politics of Silla those days and examined Silla crowns and politics. The individual buried in the Hwangnam Daechongnam Tombs was assumed to be Nulji Maripgan according to the estimation of years based on the gold craftwork excavated at the tombs and the excavation patterns of Silla crowns. In turn, the study examined the effects of Silla politics during the era of Nulji Maripgan, which was characterized by the self-reliance policy and the reinforcement of the Kim family's royal power, on changes to Silla crowns at the tombs. Of Silla crowns excavated at the tombs, the feather-type ones, which were the earliest form of them, were under the influence of Goguryeo and reflect the political situation under the powerful influence of Goguryeo in the early days of Nulji Maripgan. Early Silla crowns excavated locally also show the strong influence of Goguryeo. Later, the Goguryeo style disappeared with the appearance of the branch-type crowns that could be called the Silla style, which is supported by the local excavation patterns. These findings indicate that Nulji Maripgan's efforts and determination to pursue self-reliance from Goguryeo led to the creation of golden crowns in the Silla style. They also reflect his political efforts to control local areas and make them his supportive base by giving golden crowns in the Silla style to local heads as prestige goods. When the appearance of right-angled branch-type crowns of Silla is understood in the same context as the Sujeupgisa of Nulji Maripgan's tomb, they can be seen as part of his efforts to integrate the groups of the Kim clan and establish the sacredness of the Kim family's royal power. It is thus likely that the myth of the Kim family as the founder was embodied in the icons of three branch-type crowns of Silla. Finally, the crowns in a primitive form with the addition of an antler element can be estimated to be in the transitional period right before the golden crowns at the Hwangnam Daechongnam Tombs, but there is a question about whether this particular fragment means only an antler. The present study shows that the changing patterns of Silla crowns in the early days of Maripgans reflect fully the changing relations of Silla with Goguryeo and the Kim family's strong determination to establish its royal power and offers some inspirations about the following creation of Silla golden crowns and their political functions.