운동생리학 : 운동종목별 선수들의 ST 분절 하강 및 QRS 벡터의 변화

윤성(YunSeong),김남익(KimNamIg) 한국체육학회 2004 한국체육학회지 Vol.43 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of the ST segment depression(Sr/HR slope) and QRS vector axis, QRS vector amplitude in the athletes. The subjects consisted 42 college student men, aged 19-21 years were checked by a measurement of body fat and blood pressure, and exercise stress testing. Subjects were divided into five groups such as baseball group(n=8), basketball group(n=9), soccer group(n=8), icehockey group(n=7) and rugby group(n=10). HR, SBP, MVC₂, VO₂ and ST segment were measured during exercise with Bruce protocol. During the graded treadmill exercise testing, ECG was recorded and analysed ST segment position at V₂ and V₅ leads and then adjusted by ST`/HR slope. QRS vector were measured from lead I and III in frontal plane, from lead V₂ and V₆ in horizontal plane. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of oneway ANOVA and paired West. Results of this study were as follows; In the cardiovascular system function, resting and maximal heart rate was significantly higher in soccer and rugby group than other groups, resting MVQ₂ was significantly higher in soccer group than icehockey groups. In the ST segment, rest V₅ ST slope was significantly higher in soccer group than baseball and icehockey groups, max V₅ ST slope was significantly higher in basketball group than icehockey groups. VC₂max was significantly higher in soccer group than baseball and basketball groups, and significantly higher in rugby and icehockey group than baseball groups. Exercise time was significantly higher in soccer and rugby group than other groups. When ST/HR slope was compared with ST segment, ischemic symptoms were apt to early diagnose in ST/HR slope than ST segment. Especially, the maximal ST depression of soccer and rugby groups was -4.09μV, 0.78μV that was abnormal values indicating ischemic prognostics, but in V₅ ST/HR slope, soccer group was showed on the upsloping. In the QRS vector, frontal axis was significantly lower in rugby and icehockey group than other groups. And rest horizontal axis was significantly higher in baseball group than icehockey and basketball groups. These results indicated that the ST/HR slope and QRS vector by cardiovascular system function were increased in the soccer and rugby players.

St. Jerome’s Principles of Textual Criticism and Translation of the Bible: Focusing on Epistle 106

Park, Yong Kon 한국서양고전학회 2023 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.62 No.3

Among those who devoted themselves to Biblical study, St. Jerome stands out as the first scholar to emerge. In his Vulgate Latin Bible, he established a reliable text through textual criticism, presenting a version acceptable to intellectuals in the Roman Empire with its refinement into an elegant Latin translation. St. Jerome’s Epistle 106 is particularly significant in this context. The priests of Getae, Sunnia and Fretela, sent St. Jerome 177 questions about the so-called Gallican Psalter — the Latin psalms he translated from the Greek Septuagint around 386. Ep. 106 serves as a comprehensive response to these inquiries. This study aims to examine St. Jerome’s principles of textual criticism and translation through Ep. 106, exploring how he incorporated the classical tradition. St. Jerome’s textual criticism in Ep. 106 exhibits several distinctive characteristics. Firstly, he considered Origen’s revised Hexaplaric Septuagint to be the closest version to the original and followed this text. Secondly, he consulted not only the Greek text of the Septuagint but also the Hebrew text to identify variant readings. Thirdly, he selected a variant that best suited the context, relying on internal evidence and the assumption that the author wrote with consistent ideas. Fourthly, he rectified various scribal errors that occurred during transcription, noticing errors not only in Greek words but also in Hebrew words. Fifthly, he preserved the critical signs of the Hexaplaric Septuagint text, emphasizing their exact replication by scribes, thus inheriting this tradition from the Alexandrian textual criticism through Origen. Additionally, four principles of translation emerge in Ep. 106. St. Jerome consistently prioritized ensuring that the sense was not compromised. Secondly, he insisted on the translation being adorned with elegantia and proprietas. Thirdly, he respected the preceding translation, i.e., the translation of Vetus Latina. Lastly, he deemed the preservation of words important. Unlike Cicero, St. Jerome regarded a translation as superior if it managed to preserve words while also being elegant. Among St. Jerome’s four principles, a certain tendency of priority is evident, with the highest emphasis placed on maintaining the sense. Following this, an elegant and proper translation takes precedence over the translation of Vetus Latina or a word-for-word translation, and the translation of Vetus Latina was preferred to a word-for-word translation. However, this tendency is not absolute and may be reversed in some passages. Understanding these principles allows for a proper evaluation of St. Jerome’s Vulgate Bible and sheds light on the influence of the Classical tradition on St. Jerome.

ST6GALNAC1 promotes the invasion and migration of breast cancer cells via the EMT pathway

Luo Yunzhao,Cao Heng,Lei Chuqi,Liu Jun 한국유전학회 2023 Genes & Genomics Vol.45 No.11

Background A specific sialyl-transferases called ST6GALNAC1 has been proven to up-regulate abnormal O‐glycosylation, which is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, the precise pathological outcome of ST6GALNAC1 expression in breast cancer cells remains unknown. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the functional role of ST6GALNAC1 and its impact on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway in breast cancer cells. Methods Plasmids with siRNA were used to construct ST6GALNAC1 knockoff (si-ST6GALNAC1) MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 cells, while lentiviruses were used to construct ST6GALNAC1 over-expression (oe-ST6GALNAC1) MCF-7 and BT474 cells. Transfer efficiency was verified by Western Blot. Then we selected transfected cells and assessed the changes in cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT markers. Results The expression of ST6GALNAC1 significantly enhanced cell migration and invasion, which was confirmed by Wound Scratch Assay and Transwell Assay. Particularly, ST6GALNAC1 expression directly induced the EMT signaling pathway. E-cadherin was markedly decreased in oe-ST6GALNAC1 cells, accompanied by an up-regulation of mesenchymal markers including N-cadherin, snail, and ZEB1. However, no significant correlation was found between ST6GALNAC1 expression and cell proliferation. All of the outcomes were reversely validated in si-ST6GALNAC1 cells. Conclusions The expression of ST6GALNAC1 promotes cell migration and invasion probably by triggering the molecular process of the EMT pathway in breast cancer cells, which may provide new clues for designing novel molecular targeted drugs in breast cancer treatment.

급성 하벽 심근경색증에서 측부 사지유도(Lateral Limp Leads)에서 ST절 하강의 임상적 의의

조진만,강흥선,조정휘,김권삼,송정상,배종화 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.11

St. John 니트의 디자인 분석 및 브랜드 성공전략에 관한 연구

고순영,이선명 한국니트디자인학회 2008 패션과 니트 Vol.6 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine St. John Knits Design and Brand Strategy to analyze design characteristics and the factors for success as the world’s top brand through analyzing strategies for differentiated brand and luxury brand and to utilize this study results as data for developing competitive high-grade knit products. The study results are as follows. First, with its core technology, St. John developed "Santana" fiber which has good elasticity and resilience enabling production of wrinkle-free knit to make suits with knits that are too delicate and too easily extensible. Second, ‘Vertical Integration’ is the important production system that determines St. John’s high quality products. More than 98% of production process from the early stage of fiber and dying to the ending stage of attaching buttons, jewelry and accessories is done within St. John,and the system is the company’s core secret of producing consistently high-grade knits and the strategy that is differentiated from other brands. Third, St. John brands succeeded in differentiating strategy as total brands that can totally coordinate suits, which can meet proper time, place and purpose through the subdivision of brands. Fourth, St. John Knits attempts to transform its brand image into younger and more active brand image by expanding target age and adding sportswear production lines. Moreover, the aggressive marketing through advertisement strategy of working with top models also has greatly contributed to the revitalization of new brand image and sales increase. The major factor for St. John Knits having succeeded in becoming the world’s top luxury knit brand maker is the development of new material that enables knit, whichis too extensible and delicate to be manageable, to be used to make top-grade tailored suits. This success can be attributable to the founder’s remarkable sense of design and his insight leading the times by identifying consumer needs and demand of the times ahead of others and presented the designs to consumers. Another factor for establishing the position of the world’s top knit brand is the artisan spirit that directly manages each production process maintaining high-grade product quality consistently, even if time goes by, with the continued trust in customers. The purpose of this study is to examine St. John Knits Design and Brand Strategy to analyze design characteristics and the factors for success as the world’s top brand through analyzing strategies for differentiated brand and luxury brand and to utilize this study results as data for developing competitive high-grade knit products. The study results are as follows. First, with its core technology, St. John developed "Santana" fiber which has good elasticity and resilience enabling production of wrinkle-free knit to make suits with knits that are too delicate and too easily extensible. Second, ‘Vertical Integration’ is the important production system that determines St. John’s high quality products. More than 98% of production process from the early stage of fiber and dying to the ending stage of attaching buttons, jewelry and accessories is done within St. John,and the system is the company’s core secret of producing consistently high-grade knits and the strategy that is differentiated from other brands. Third, St. John brands succeeded in differentiating strategy as total brands that can totally coordinate suits, which can meet proper time, place and purpose through the subdivision of brands. Fourth, St. John Knits attempts to transform its brand image into younger and more active brand image by expanding target age and adding sportswear production lines. Moreover, the aggressive marketing through advertisement strategy of working with top models also has greatly contributed to the revitalization of new brand image and sales increase. The major factor for St. John Knits having succeeded in becoming the world’s top luxury knit brand maker is the development of new material that enables knit, whichis too extensible and delicate to be manageable, to be used to make top-grade tailored suits. This success can be attributable to the founder’s remarkable sense of design and his insight leading the times by identifying consumer needs and demand of the times ahead of others and presented the designs to consumers. Another factor for establishing the position of the world’s top knit brand is the artisan spirit that directly manages each production process maintaining high-grade product quality consistently, even if time goes by, with the continued trust in customers.

10주간 수영훈련이 트레드밀 운동시 ST분절의 하강에 미치는 영향

고성경 한국운동과학회 2002 운동과학 Vol.11 No.2

고성경. 10주간 수영훈련이 트레드밀 운동시 ST분절의 하강에 미치는 영향. 운동과학, 제11권 제2호, 483-494, 2002. 수영훈련이 트레드밀 운동시 ST/HR의 경사 및 지수 변화와 Duke 트레드밀 운동점수 및 연중 사망 가능성에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 23-45세의 여성18명을 대상으로 최대 운동부하 검사를 실시하였다. 운동부하 검사시 심전도의 V_2와 V_5 유도에서 ST분절의 위치를 측정하였으며 심박수로 보정하여 ST/HR 경사와 지수를 구하였다. 훈련 전·후 변인들의 차이는 종속 t검정으로 유의도 .05 수준에서 검정하였다. 연구 결과, 심박수와 수축기 혈압은 운동강도에 따라 증가하였으며, 수영훈련 전에 비해 훈련 이후 그 값이 낮아지는 경향이 있었다. 운동지속 시간과 최대 산소소비량은 수영훈련 전에 비해 훈련 후에 유의하게(p<.05) 높았다. V2와 V5유도에서 ST분절은 운동강도에 따라 하강하였으나 훈련이후에는 하강 폭이 적어지는 경향이 있었다. ST/HR 경사와 지수도 운동강도에 따라 감소하였으며, 특히 ST분절에 비해 ST/HR 경사를 이용했을 경우 운동성 허혈 증세의 출현 시기가 빨라지는 것으로 나타났다. Duke 트레드밀 운동점수는 수영훈련 전에 비해 훈련 이후 유의하게(p<.05) 증가하였으며, 심혈관 질환에 의한 연중 사망가능성은 훈련 이후에 유의하게(p<.05) 감소하였다. 연구결과를 종합할 때, 운동부하 검사시 ST/HR 경사를 이용하는 것이 운동성 허혈 증세 진단에 유익할 것으로 생각되며, 수영훈련은 운동시 심장의 허혈성 증세의 출현을 지연시킬 뿐만 아니라 심혈관 질환을 예방하고 이 질환에 의한 사망률을 낮추는 것으로 판단된다. Ko, S.K The Effects of the Swimming on ST Segment Depression during treadmill exercise. Exercise Science 11(2): 483-494, 2002. The purpose of this study was both to research the effect of swimming on ST segment depression during treadmill exercise and to evaluate the cardiovascular risk and the annual mortality after swimming training. Subjects were 18 middle aged women who were 23-45 years old and healthy. During the graded treadmill exercise testing, ECG was recorded and analysed ST segment position at V_2 and V_5 leads and then adjusted by HR(ST/HR slop, ST/HR index). HR and SBP were increased by exercise intensity but increasing amounts were lower after training than before training. Exercise duration and maximal oxygen consumption were significantly(p<.05) increased after training. In V_2 and V_5 leads, ST segment were depressed by exercise intensity, but that deviation were decreased after training. ST/HR slop and index also decreased by exercise intensity, and ischemic symptom was diagnosed in ST/HR slop. Duke treadmill score was significantly(p<.05) increased after training, but annual cardiovascular mortality was significantly(p<05) decreased after training. These results indicate that ST/HR slop was more useful method for evaluation ischemic symptom during exercise than non-adjusted ST depression, and that cardiovascular disease risk and annual mortality were decreased by 10 weeks swimming.

족삼리(足三里) 배혈(配穴)에 따른 전침(電鍼)이 흰쥐 대뇌피질(大腦皮質)의 NADPH-diaphorase와 nNOS, NPY, VIP 신경세포(神經細胞)에 미치는 영향(影響)

정인기,이재동,김창환,Jung, In-gy,Lee, Jae-dong,Kim, Chang-hwan 대한침구의학회 2003 대한침구의학회지 Vol.20 No.5

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Joksamni(ST36) combination on NAD PH-diaphorase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS), neuropeptide Y(NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cerebral cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Methods: The experimental groups were divided into four groups: Normal, Joksamni(ST36), Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9), and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11). Needles were inserted into acupoints at the depth of 0.5cm with basic insertion method. Electroacupuncture was done under the condition of 2Hz electrical biphasic pulses with continuous rectangular wave lasting for 0.2ms until the muscles produced visible contractions. Such stimulation was applied continuously for 10 minutes, 1 time every 2 days for 10 sessions of treatments. Thereafter we evaluated changes in NADPH-d positive neurons histochemically and changes in nNOS, NPY and VIP positive neurons immunohistochemically. Results: The optical densities of NADPH-d positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group in all areas of cerebral cortex and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group in primary somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex, perirhinal cortex were significantly increased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of NADPH-d positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group with the exception of primary somatosensory cortex. The optical densities of nNOS positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group in all areas of cerebral cortex and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group in auditory cortex, perirhinal cortex, insular cortex were significantly increased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of nNOS positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in all areas of cerebral cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group. The optical densities of NPY positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, cingulate cortex as compared to the Joksamni (ST36) and Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) groups. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group were significantly increased in all areas of cerebral cortex except for cingulate cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in auditory cortex, cingulate cortex, perirhinal cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in all areas of cerebral cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group. Conclusions: The result demonstrated that electroacupuncture on Joksamni(ST36) and its combination change the activities of the NO system and peptidergic system in the cerebral cortex of SHR and that acupoint combination is one of the important parameters for the effects.

심근허혈 진단을 위한 ST세그먼트 형태 분류 알고리즘

조익성,권혁숭,Cho, Ik-Sung,Kwon, Hyeog-Soong 한국정보통신학회 2011 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.15 No.10

심전도는 심근허혈, 부정맥, 심근경색과 같은 심장질환의 진단에 이용된다. 특히 심근허혈은 ST 세그먼트의 형태 변화가 나타나는데, 이러한 변화는 일시적으로 나타나며 특별한 증상을 동반하지 않는다. 따라서 지속적인 모니터링을 통해서 ST의 일시적인 변화를 검출하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 심근허혈 진단을 위한 ST세그먼트 형태 분류 알고리즘을 제안한다. 이는 전처리 과정과 적응가변형 문턱치를 통해 R파와 각 특징점을 검출 한 후 S와 T파사이의 굴곡점으로부터 특정한 기울기 정보를 추출하여 ST의 기울기 기준점과 비교함으로써, 검출된 ST를 6가지 형태로 분류하는 방법이다. 개발된 알고리즘은 심전도로부터 ST 레벨 변화 구간을 검출하고, 검출된 구간에 대해서도 ST의 형태를 분류함으로써 심전도 레벨 변화뿐만 아니라 형태에 대한 정보도 제공한다. 제안한 알고리즘의 심근허혈 패턴 진단 성능을 평가하기 위해서 European ST 데이터베이스를 사용하였다. 성능 평가 결과 가장 높은 분류성공률은 99.4%이며, 낮은 성공률은 68.48%를 나타내었다. ECG is used to diagnose heart diseases such as myocardial ischemia, arrhythmia and myocardial infarction. Particularly, myocardial ischemia causes the shape change of the ST segment, this change is transient and may occur without symptoms. So it is important to detect the transient change of ST segment through long term monitoring. ST segment classification algorithm for making diagnosis myocardial ischemia is presented in this paper. The first step in the ST segment shape classification process is to detect R wave point and feature points based adaptive threshold and window. And then, the suggested algorithm detects the ST level change, To classify the ST segment shape, the suggested algorithm uses the slope values of the four points between the S and T wave. The ECG data in the European ST-T database were used to verify the performance of the developed algorithm. The best correct rate was 99.40% and the worst correct rate was 68.48%.

Effect of herbal acupuncture with Ginseng Radix Extract at ST36 and GB39 on the growth of mice

이병렬,이현,홍권의,김영일,임윤경 대한침구의학회 2005 대한침구의학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Objectives: To investigate the effect of Ginseng herbal acupuncture at GB39 and ST36 on growth in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups (n=10); G-ST36 group treated with Ginseng Radix herbal acupuncture at right ST36, G-GB39 group treated with the same at GB39, Control-ST36 group and Control-GB39 group injected with saline at right ST36 and GB39 respectively. The saline injection and herbal acupuncture were performed 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The length( total height, body length and tail length), weight and the protein efficiency ratio were measured as well as IGF-I level in serum Results: The weights of Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups were not significantly increased compared to the control groups but the protein efficiency ratios were significantly higher in Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups compared to the control groups. The increases of the total length, body length and tail length were significantly higher in Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups than the control groups. The serum IGF-I level of G-GB39 was significantly increased compared to control-GB39, not that of G-ST36 compared to control-ST36. Conclusions: Ginseng herbal acupuncture at GB39 and ST36 are both effective to promote growth in terms of height and weight. GB39 may be effective for growth by way of increasing IGF-I, and more closely related to growth in height than ST36. . Objectives: To investigate the effect of Ginseng herbal acupuncture at GB39 and ST36 on growth in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups (n=10); G-ST36 group treated with Ginseng Radix herbal acupuncture at right ST36, G-GB39 group treated with the same at GB39, Control-ST36 group and Control-GB39 group injected with saline at right ST36 and GB39 respectively. The saline injection and herbal acupuncture were performed 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The length( total height, body length and tail length), weight and the protein efficiency ratio were measured as well as IGF-I level in serum Results: The weights of Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups were not significantly increased compared to the control groups but the protein efficiency ratios were significantly higher in Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups compared to the control groups. The increases of the total length, body length and tail length were significantly higher in Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups than the control groups. The serum IGF-I level of G-GB39 was significantly increased compared to control-GB39, not that of G-ST36 compared to control-ST36. Conclusions: Ginseng herbal acupuncture at GB39 and ST36 are both effective to promote growth in terms of height and weight. GB39 may be effective for growth by way of increasing IGF-I, and more closely related to growth in height than ST36.

족삼리-해계 전침치료가 정상인의 국소 뇌혈류에 미치는 영향

문상관(Sang-Kwan Moon),민인규(In-Kyu Min),박성욱(Sung-Uk Park),정우상(Woo-Sang Jung),박정미(Jung-Mee Park),고창남(Chang-Nam Ko),조기호(Ki-Ho Cho),배형섭(Hyung-Sup Bae),김영석(Young-Suk Kim),김덕윤(Deok-Yoon Kim) 대한한의학회 2010 대한한의학회지 Vol.31 No.1