바울 윤리의 기원과 배경

김경식(Kyoung-Shik Kim) 한국복음주의신약학회 2008 신약연구 Vol.7 No.3

This study aims to examine the origin and background of Paul's ethical teaching in 1 Cor 8:1-11:1. Paul is well known for his teaching of justification by faith and this teaching is also closely related to his critique of the Mosaic law. Paul criticizes the law as not having any relevance to our salvation. Paul's criticism of the Mosaic law raises the question of the validity of the law for christian ethics. Does Paul look down on the law as a criterion for christian conducts? Pauline scholars have often expressed their negative view on the role of the law in Christian behaviors by arguing that the law is not a foundation on which Christians live. This view has their supporters such as Stephen Westerholm, H.J. Schoeps, Hamelton-Kelly, to name some of them. Brian Rosner indicates 8 reasons why majority of Pauline scholars have maintained the negative view on the contribution of the Mosaic law to Paul's ethical teaching. One of the reasons is that Paul makes negative statements about the law: Christians are died to the law(Rom 7:4); believers are not under the law any longer. Another reason is that Paul seldom quotes the Mosaic law to give ethical instructions. The current analysis goes beyond Paul's direct statements about the law and examines to what extent the apostle uses the Mosaic law for his moral teaching. The study starts with discussing the weaknesses of scholarly views represented by Brian Rosner, Richard B. Hays and James D.G. Dunn and argues that scholarly discussions have focused on Paul's direct statement about the Mosaic law rather than his subtle use of it. The survey of scholarly views also reveals that Paul's use of the Mosaic law for ethical teaching has not been discussed in conjunction with Jesus tradition. After setting forth our necessity for this study in the first part, the main body of this study deals with Paul's use of the Torah (the Mosaic law) with reference to 1Cor 8:1-11:1. While acknowledging there are several backgrounds to Paul's ethical teaching, the present study focuses on Paul's implicit and subtle employment of the Mosaic law for his moral instruction in the context of food offered to idols in 1 Corinthians. First, we examine Paul's reading and use of Exodus. Our analysis begins with Paul's explicit use of Exodus and turns to more implicit use of Exodus 23 and 34 where the term pro,skomma is used. Our examination of Paul's use of Exodus 23 and 34 shows that Paul does not simply allude to the verses where the word pro,skomma is employed but also takes into the whole context of Exodus 23 and 34. Paul evokes Exodus 23 and 34 to imply that God's people should not worship other gods but God. The next discussion considers Paul's reading of Deuteronomy which contributes to Paul's ethical teaching in more significant way than Exodus. The current study shows that Paul's ideas are directly dependent on several passages in Deuteronomy (1Cor 8:4/Deut 6:4; 1Cor 8:6/Deut 32:6; 1Cor 9:9/Deut 25:4; 1Cor 10:4/Deut 32:4, 15, 18, 31; 1Cor 10:13/Deut 32:4; 1Cor 10:20/Deut 32:17; 1Cor 10:22/Deut 32:21). Our discussion here reveals that Deuteronomy offers a kind of template for Paul's understanding of God in contrast to idols, unfaithfulness and foolishness of his people in spite of their claim to be wise. This study concludes that in his ethical teaching, Paul does not simply use a few words or phrases out of context. He takes into account the whole context of the Torah. Our analysis clearly indicates that Deuteronomy 32 contributes significantly to Paul's teaching as the template in 1Cor 8:1-11:1. Paul certainly is debted to the Mosaic law for his ethics in spite of his claim that Christians are died to the law.

S1P1 Regulates M1/M2 Polarization toward Brain Injury after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia

( Bhakta Prasad Gaire ),( Young Joo Bae ),( Ji Woong Choi ) 한국응용약물학회 2019 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.27 No.6

M1/M2 polarization of immune cells including microglia has been well characterized. It mediates detrimental or beneficial roles in neuroinflammatory disorders including cerebral ischemia. We have previously found that sphingosine 1-phospate receptor subtype 1 (S1P₁) in post-ischemic brain following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) can trigger microglial activation, leading to brain damage. Although the link between S1P₁ and microglial activation as a pathogenesis in cerebral ischemia had been clearly demonstrated, whether the pathogenic role of S1P₁ is associated with its regulation of M1/M2 polarization remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether S1P₁ was associated with regulation of M1/M2 polarization in post-ischemic brain. Suppressing S1P₁ activity with its functional antagonist, AUY954 (5 mg/kg, p.o.), attenuated mRNA upregulation of M1 polarization markers in post-ischemic brain at 1 day and 3 days after tMCAO challenge. Similarly, suppressing S1P₁ activity with AUY954 administration inhibited M1-polarizatioin-relevant NF-κB activation in post-ischemic brain. Particularly, NF-κB activation was observed in activated microglia of post-ischemic brain and markedly attenuated by AUY954, indicating that M1 polarization through S1P₁ in post-ischemic brain mainly occurred in activated microglia. Suppressing S1P₁ activity with AUY954 also increased mRNA expression levels of M2 polarization markers in post-ischemic brain, further indicating that S1P₁ could also influence M2 polarization in post-ischemic brain. Finally, suppressing S1P₁ activity decreased phosphorylation of M1-relevant ERK1/2, p38, and JNK MAPKs, but increased phosphorylation of M2-relevant Akt, all of which were downstream pathways following S1P₁ activation. Overall, these results revealed S1P₁-regulated M1/M2 polarization toward brain damage as a pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia.

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Induced Migration and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Smooth Muscle Cells

Hae Young Song(송해영),Sang Hun Shin(신상훈),Min Young Kim(김민영),Jae Ho Kim(김재호) 한국생명과학회 2011 생명과학회지 Vol.21 No.2

중간엽 줄기세포의 이동과 분화는 손상된 조직의 재생을 위해 필수적이다. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)는 세포성장, 생존, 분화, 이동성 등 여러 가지 생명현상에 중요한 역할을 하는 생리활성 지질이다. 본 연구에서는 인체 골수유래 중간엽 줄기세포의 이동과 세포분화에 대한 S1P의 영향을 조사하였다. S1P는 중간엽 줄기세포의 이동을 증가시켰으며 pertussis toxin의 전처리는 S1P에 의한 세포이동을 억제하였다. 본 결과는 S1P에 의한 세포이동과정에 Gi에 연결된 수용체가 관여함을 제시한다. S1P₁과 S1P₃ 수용체에 대한 길항제인 VPC23019의 전처리나 siRNA를 이용한 S1P₁ 수용체의 발현억제는 S1P에 의한 세포 내 칼슘 증가와 중간엽 줄기세포의 이동을 저해하였다. 또한, S1P의 처리는 중간엽 줄기세포에서 평활근세포의 표지유전자인 α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)의 발현을 증가시켰으며 VPC23019의 전처리는 S1P에 의한 α-SMA의 발현증가를 저해하였다. S1P는 중간엽 줄기세포에서 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)의 인산화를 촉진하였으며 p38 MAPK의 저해제인 SB202190의 전처리 또는 p38 MAPK의 dominant negative mutant의 과발현은 S1P에 의한 중간엽 줄기세포의 이동 α-SMA 발현증가를 억제하였다. 본 연구결과는 S1P가 S1P1-p38 MAPK 신호전달기전을 통해 중간엽 줄기세포의 이동과 평활근세포로의 분화를 촉진함으로써 중간엽 줄기세포를 이용한 조직재생에의 활용 가능성을 제시한다. Migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells are crucial for tissue regeneration in response to injury. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates a variety of biological processes, including proliferation, survival, differentiation and motility. In the present study, we determined the role of S1P in migration and differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). S1P stimulated migration of BMSCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and pre-incubation of the cells with pertussis toxin completely abrogated S1P-induced migration, suggesting involvement of Gi-coupled receptors in S1P-induced cell migration. S1P elicited elevation of intracellular concentration of Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> ([Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i) and pretreatment with VPC23019, an antagonist of S1P₁/S1P₃, blocked S1P-induced migration and increase of [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]i. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous S1P1 attenuated S1P-induced migration of BMSCs. Furthermore, S1P treatment induced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a smooth muscle marker, and pretreatment with VPC23019 abrogated S1P-induced α-SMA expression. S1P induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and pretreatment of cells with SB202190, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, or adenoviral overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of the p38 MAPK blocked S1P-induced cell migration and α-SMA expression. Taken together, these results suggest that S1P stimulates migration and smooth muscle differentiation of BMSCs through an S1P1-p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism.

류마티스 관절염 마우스 모델에서 뼈 손상 및 염증에 대한 Sphingosine-1 phosphate의 역할에 관한 연구

곽한복(Han Bok Kwak),권덕수(Deok-Su Kwon),장성조(Sung-Jo Jang),최은영(Eun-Yong Choi),이은경(Eun-Gyeong Lee),박병현(Byoung Hyun Park),김현대(Hyun Dai Kim),서필승(Phil-Seung Seo),김정중(Jeong-Joong Kim),최민규(Min-Kyu Choi),조해중(Hae 대한해부학회 2007 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.40 No.4

Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P)는 sphingolipid의 대사산물로 생체내에서 세포의 증식, 분화, 이동 및 혈관신생 등 여러 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있다. 그러나 S1P가 이렇게 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있음에도 불구하고 관절염에서의 역할에 대해서는 거의 알려진 바가 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 콜라겐으로 유도된 관절염 모델(collagen induced arthritis, CIA)에서 S1P의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 수행하였다. DBA/1J 쥐의 꼬리에 콜라겐을 피하 주사하여 관절염을 유도하였다. CIA 쥐에서 S1P의 효과를 분석하기 위하여 S1P를 관절염 유도 첫날부터 42일까지 복강에 2일마다 주사하여 관절염이 유발되는 상황을 관찰하였다. 관절염의 유발 정도는 육안으로 평가되었고 관절 염증의 진행정도와 뼈의 손상정도는 관절의 병리조직학적 검사와 CT 및 micro-radiography 등의 방사선적 검사를 통하여 관찰하였다. 또한 관절염의 병리과정에 중요한 역할을 하는 TNF-α, IL-6, RANKL 등 염증유도 및 골 파괴 매개물질들의 발현은 면역조직화학검사를 통하여 분석하였다. DBA/1J 생쥐의 꼬리에 콜라겐을 피하 주사하였을 때 무릎관절과 발목관절에 부종이 발생하면서 관절염이 유도되었다. 반면 S1P를 처리한 군에서는 CIA군에 비해 관절염의 유발 빈도 및 염증을 비롯한 관절의 손상 정도가 현저히 억제되었다. 관절의 조직학적인 소견 및 방사선적 소견에서도 콜라겐에 의한 세포의 침윤, 활막의 비후, 연골과 골의 미란 및 파괴등이 S1P 처리에 의하여 개선되었고 골의 손실도 현저히 억제되었다. 또한 콜라겐에 의하여 류마티스성 관절염에서 중요한 역할을 하는 TNF-α, IL-6, RANKL 등의 염증 매개물질들의 발현이 CIA군에서 증가한 반면 S1P를 처리한 군에서는 억제되었다. 더욱이 S1P는 골수세포가 RANKL에 의하여 파골세포로 분화되는 것을 현저히 억제하였다. 결론적으로 S1P가 CIA의 병리과정에서 발현되는 염증 및 골 파괴 매개 물질의 발현을 억제하여 염증 및 골 손상을 억제하는 것으로 생각되었고, 이는 S1P가 류마티스 관절염의 치료에 고려되어야 할 물질중의 하나임을 제시한다. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule that mediates cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis in vivo. However, the roles of S1P on pathogenesis of arthritis have been not completely understood. This study was designed to determine the effects of S1P modulation on collageninduced arthritis (CIA) model. DBA/1J mice were injected with collagen into the tail for induction of CIA model. S1P was administered into the peritoneal cavity every other days from day 1 to day 42 after collagen injection. To determine the degree of damage in CIA, we examined macroscopic findings of CIA. The inflammation and bone destruction of CIA mice were evaluated by histo-patholigy and radiography (CT and microradiography). The expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and RANKL which have important roles in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and bone destruction were observed by immuno-histochemical staining. After injection with collagen in the DBA/1J mice, CIA was induced by swelling in the knee and ankle joint. Administration of S1P suppressed damages and incidence of arthritis elicited by collagen. In histologic and radiographic studies, S1P strongly suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the swelling of synovial membrane, erosion, and the destruction of bone on CIA mice. Injection of S1P resulted in down-regulation of the expression of the pro-inflammatory and bone destruction mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, and RANKL on CIA mice. Furthermore, S1P suppressed the differentiation of bone marrow cells into osteoclasts by RANKL. In conclusion, this study suggest that S1P has protective effects on inflammation and bone destruction during pathogenesis of CIA, which indicates S1P can be a new possible therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis

SUMMING AND DOMINATED OPERATORS ON A CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF c₀ (𝓧) SPACES

Badea, Gabriela,Popa, Dumitru Korean Mathematical Society 2017 대한수학회지 Vol.54 No.3

We give the necessary condition for an operator defined on a cartesian product of $c_0(\mathcal{X})$ spaces to be summing or dominated and we show that for the multiplication operators this condition is also sufficient. By using these results, we show that ${\Pi}_s(c_0,{\ldots},c_0;c_0)$ contains a copy of $l_s(l^m_2{\mid}m{\in}\mathbb{N})$ for s > 2 or a copy of $1_s(l^m_1{\mid}{\in}\mathbb{N})$, for any $l{\leq}S$ < ${\infty}$. Also ${\Delta}_{s_1,{\ldots},s_n}(c_0,{\ldots},c_0;c_0)$ contains a copy of $l_{{\upsilon}_n(s_1,{\ldots},s_n)}$ if ${\upsilon}_n(s_1,{\ldots},s_n){\leq}2$ or a copy of $l_{{\upsilon}_n(s_1,{\ldots},s_n)}(l^m_2{\mid}m{\in}\mathbb{N})$ if 2 < ${\upsilon}_n(s_1,{\ldots},s_n)$, where ${\frac{1}{{\upsilon}_n(s_1,{\ldots},s_n})}={\frac{1}{s_1}}+{\cdots}+{\frac{1}{s_n}}$. We find also the necessary and sufficient conditions for bilinear operators induced by some method of summability to be 1-summing or 2-dominated.

Overexpression of CD44 Standard Isoform Upregulates HIF-1α Signaling in Hypoxic Breast Cancer Cells

Ryu, Dayoung,Ryoo, In-geun,Kwak, Mi-Kyoung The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology 2018 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.26 No.5

Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a cell surface receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA), is involved in aggressive cancer phenotypes. Herein, we investigated the role of the CD44 standard isoform (CD44s) in hypoxia-inducible $factor-1{\alpha}$ ($HIF-1{\alpha}$) regulation using MCF7 overexpressing CD44s (pCD44s-MCF7). When pCD44s-MCF7 was incubated under hypoxia, levels of $HIF-1{\alpha}$, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the $HIF-1{\alpha}$ response element-derived luciferase activity were significantly increased compared to those in the control MCF7. Incubation of pCD44s-MCF7 cells with HA further increased $HIF-1{\alpha}$ accumulation, and the silencing of CD44s attenuated $HIF-1{\alpha}$ elevation, which verifies the role of CD44s in $HIF-1{\alpha}$ regulation. In addition, the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was higher in hypoxic pCD44s-MCF7 cells, and $HIF-1{\alpha}$ accumulation was diminished by the pharmacological inhibitors of ERK. CD44s-mediated $HIF-1{\alpha}$ augmentation resulted in two functional outcomes. First, pCD44s-MCF7 cells showed facilitated cell motility under hypoxia via the upregulation of proteins associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, such as SNAIL1 and ZEB1. Second, pCD44s-MCF7 cells exhibited higher levels of glycolytic proteins, such as glucose transporter-1, and produced higher levels of lactate under hypoxa. As a consequence of the enhanced glycolytic adaptation to hypoxia, pCD44s-MCF7 cells exhibited a higher rate of cell survival under hypoxia than that of the control MCF7, and glucose deprivation abolished these differential responses of the two cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest that CD44s activates hypoxia-inducible $HIF-1{\alpha}$ signaling via ERK pathway, and the $CD44s-ERK-HIF-1{\alpha}$ pathway is involved in facilitated cancer cell viability and motility under hypoxic conditions.

아모스의 열방 심판 말씀(1:3-2:5) ‐ 이웃 민족의 ‘서너 가지 죄’의 성격과 유다 심판 말씀의 기능 ‐

배희숙 장로회신학대학교 기독교사상과문화연구원 2022 장신논단 Vol.54 No.5

As a synchronic reading of Amos 1-2, this study seeks to identify the “three and four sins” of the seven neighboring nations of Israel (1:3-2:5), as well as the function of the oracle against Judah (2:4-5), which is commonly considered a later addition. According to Amos, every nation described in chapters 1 and 2 committed sins against YHWH. These sins are classified as follows: (1) sins against the neighboring nations (1:3-2:3); (2) sins against YHWH (2:4-5); and (3) sins against fellow citizens (2:6-16). This structure suggests that the three distinct types of sin are equivalent. However, the criterion of judgment employed by YHWH is different. The Judah oracle (2:4-5) presents it between the oracles against the nations (1:3-2:3) and the oracle against Israel (2:6-16). First, Judah had YHWH’s law. Since the foreign nations lacked YHWH’s law, they were judged in accordance with universal ethics. Second, in light of the oracle of Israel, the Torah of YHWH is a divine gift to Judah. YHWH’s salvific gifts to Israel are prophets and Nazarites (2:12). Both Judah and Israel, the two peoples of God, are identical in that they ignored YHWH’s gifts. Thirdly, the “YHWH’s law and his statutes” in Judah’s oracle can refer to the prophet’s teachings rather than the written law. Judah’s oracle provides the criterion by which Israel’s sins are judged; thus, it sets the stage for Israel’s oracle. The lack of respect for YHWH’s Torah and his prophets is the criterion for judging the sins of God’s peoples. Therefore, in Amos 1 and 2, Judah’s oracle serves the hermeneutic function as the criterion by which God will judge the nations and Israel. 이 연구는 아모스 1-2장에 대한 공시적 읽기로서 이스라엘을 제외한 일곱 이웃 민족(1:3-2:5)의 “서너 가지 죄”의 성격을 규명하고, 흔히 후대 추가로 여기는 ‘유다 말씀’(2:4-5)의 기능 고찰을 목적으로 한다. 아모스 1-2장에 언급되는 모든 나라는 야훼께 대한 서너 가지 죄로 고발당한다. 그것은 (1) 이웃한 타민족에 대한 죄(1:3-2:3), (2) 야훼의 법에 대한 죄(2:4-5), (3) 이웃 동포에 대한 죄(2:6-16)의 순서로 배열됨으로써 세 가지 서로 다른 유형의 죄가 같은 차원에 있음을 시사한다. 그러나 죄에 대한 야훼의 심판 기준은 상이한데 이는 ‘이방 민족 심판 말씀’(1:3-2:3)과 ‘이스라엘 심판 말씀’(2:6-16) 사이에 낀 ‘유다 심판 말씀’(2:4-5)에서 드러 난다. 첫째, 유다가 야훼의 법을 소유하였다는 것은 야훼의 법에 대한 태도에 따라 심판받으며, 반면 야훼의 법을 가지지 않은 이방 민족의 심판은 야훼의 법이 아닌 보편적 윤리가 기준이 된다는 것을 알려준다. 둘째, 이스라엘 심판 말씀에 비추 어보면 야훼의 토라는 유다에게 주신 하나님의 구원선물이다. 율법에 대한 유다의 태도는 야훼의 구원선물인 예언자와 나실인에 대한 이스라엘의 태도(2:12)와 비교 된다. 하나님의 백성 유다와 이스라엘의 죄는 세부적 표현은 다르나 모두 야훼의 구원선물을 무시하였다는 점에서 동일하다. 셋째, 유다 말씀의 ‘야훼의 율법과 율례’는 예언자의 가르침을 가리키며 이로써 유다 심판 말씀은 이스라엘의 죄를 판단하는 기준을 제시하는 동시에 이스라엘 말씀을 준비한다(E. Bons). 야훼의 토라즉 야훼의 예언자에 대한 태도가 하나님 백성의 죄를 판단하는 기준이 된다. 이렇게 유다 말씀(2:4-5)은 아모스 1-2장에서 한편으로는 이방 민족에 대하여, 다른 한편으로는 이스라엘에 대하여 하나님의 심판 기준을 제시하는 해석학적 기능을 수행한다.

척추경 나사를 이용한 퇴행성 요추 변형 환자의 장분절 유합술에서 제 1천추하 익상골 나사 고정 유무에 따른 원위부 기기의 안정성 비교

김진혁,김성수,임동주,한정일,김태형,박찬근,석세일 대한척추외과학회 2010 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Study Design: This is a retrospective study. Objectives: We wanted to assess the stability of distal instrumentation using the bilateral S1 and sacral alar screws for the treatment of degenerative lumbar deformity. Summary of the Literature Review: Various instrumentation methods have been introduced for increasing the strength of lumbosacral fusion. However, there are not many clinical studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of a sub-S1 alar screw for treating degenerative lumbar deformity surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 39 patients with degenerative lumbar deformity were treated by long fusion and we retrospectively analyzed these patients after a minimum follow-up of 1 year. All the patients underwent an operation with distal instrumentation using either bilateral S1 screws alone (the S1 group) or additional bilateral sub-S1 sacral alar screws (the SA group). There were 19 patients in the S1 group and 20 patients in the SA group. The stability of the distal instrumentation was assessed by breakage or backout of a rod and/or screws based on simple radiography. Results: Instability of the distal instrumentation was detected in 6 cases (32%) in the S1 group and in 1 case (5%) in the SA group. The SA group had a more stability of the distal instrumentation than that of the S1 group with a significant difference (P<0.05). Distal instrumentation was unstable in 6 (19%) of the 32 cases with an anterior metal cage through posterior interbody fusion at L5-S1 and in 1(14%) of 7 cases without it at L5-S1. There was no significant difference in the stability of distal instrumentation in each group according to whether or not their L5-S1 was treated with an interbody cage (P>0.05). Conclusions: Bilateral sacral alar screws coupled with bilateral S1 screws can provide good distal fixation for stability of the distal instrumentation when performing long fusion for treating degenerative lumbar deformity. 연구 계획: 후향적 연구목적: 척추경 나사 고정술로 치료한 퇴행성 요추 변형 환자의 장분절 후방 유합술에서 제 1천추하 익상골 나사 고정 유무에 따른 원위부 기기의 안정성을 비교, 분석해 보고자 한다. 선행 문헌의 요약: 요천추부 고정과 유합에 대한 다양한 방법이 소개되어 왔으나 퇴행성 요추 변형 환자에 대한 수술에서 제 1천추하 나사 고정에 대한임상적 보고는 거의 없다. 대상 및 방법: 분절간 척추경 나사 고정술로 천추까지 5분절 이상 후방 유합술을 시행한 퇴행성 요추 변형환자 중에서 1년 이상 추시 관찰이 가능하였던 39예를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 절골술을 시행하였거나 수술 후 근위부 문제가 있는 경우는 제외하였다. 제 1천추 나사로만 고정한 19예와 제 1천추 나사와 함께 제 1천추하 익상골 나사로 고정한 20예를 비교하였다. 수술 후 추시 기간 중 촬영한 단순 방사선 사진에서 원위부 기기의 파손 및 이탈또는 원위 척추경 나사의 후방 전위가 있는 경우 불안정성이 있는 것으로 판단하였다. 결과: 두 군간의 나이, 성별, 진단에 따른 분류, 골밀도, 유합 분절의 수, 수술 전 요추 전만과 Cobb 각도 및 시상면상 균형의 정도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 원위부 척추경 나사의 불안정은 제 1천추 척추경 나사못까지 고정한 군은 6예(32%), 제 1천추하 익상골 나사까지 고정한 군은 1례(5%)에서 관찰되어, 제 1천추하 익상골 나사까지 고정한 경우가 제 1천추까지만 고정하는 경우에 비하여 원위부 기기가 유의하게 안정되었다(P<0.05). 그리고 제 5요추-제 1천추간 추간판에 후방 추체간 유합술로 금속 cage를 삽입한 32예 중 6예(19%)에서, cage를 삽입하지 않은 7예 중 1예(14%)에서 원위부 기기의 불안정성이 관찰되었으며, 두 군 모두 cage 삽입 여부에 따른 통계적 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 결론: 천추까지 척추경 나사 고정술로 치료하는 퇴행성 요추 변형 환자의 장분절 유합술에서 제 1천추 척추경 나사와 함께 제 1천추하 익상골 나사의추가적 고정이 원위부 기기의 안정성을 증가시키는 유용한 방법이라 사료된다.

사무엘상 13:1의 번역 제안 - 사울의 즉위 나이와 ‘2년’의 역사적 의미 -

이긍재(Keungjae Lee) 대한성서공회 2021 성경원문연구 Vol.- No.49

1 Samuel 13:1 contains important information about the age of Saul’s accession and reign of Saul, the first king of Israel. However, many Old Testament scholars doubted the historical reliability of this information. The Hebrew text of this verse does not mention a detailed number regarding the age of Saul’s accession, but suggests a relatively short, two-year reign of Saul. Why is the detailed age of Saul’s accession not mentioned in 1 Samuel 13:1a? The reason is that it was not possible to know exactly when Saul, who started as a military leader of the chiefdom centered on the tribe of Benjamin became the king of Israel. For this reason, the age of Saul’s accession had to be left blank. Given the historical context where the age of Saul’s accession is unknown, the total duration of Saul’s reign would neither have been known because information on the age of a king’s accession is essential to mention the entire reign of a king. After all, the ‘two years’ mentioned in 1 Samuel 13:1b does not mean Saul’s entire reign lasted two years, but can be seen as referring to a specific two-year period during Saul’s reign because the entire content of 1 Samuel 13-14 is far from the situation in the first two years of Saul’s reign. For example, a significant number of standing armies were organized (1 Sam 13:2, 15) and the existence of the Philistines cannot be confirmed in Gibeah, the capital of Saul’s kingdom, where the Philistine garrison previously stayed (1 Sam 13:2; 14:2). Above all, Saul and Jonathan attacked the Philistine garrison at Geba (1 Sam 13:3, 16) and Michmash (1 Sam 13:23; 14:11, 31), and expelled them from Israeli territory (1 Sam 14:46). This fact indicates that Saul’s reign had passed considerably, and that his system of governance was relatively stable. In other words, it means the last two years after Saul’s first victory in the battle against the Philistines (1 Sam 13-14), that is, from the moment he escaped from the political influence of the Philistines until his death at the Battle of Gilboa (1 Sam 31). Through such acts of Saul in the last two years, Saul is regarded as the first king of Israel who changed the former political dynamics of subordination to the Philistines.

B형 간염바이러스 감염에서 불투명 유리상 간세포(Groundglass hepatocyte)의 원인으로서 pre-S1 변이종의 의의

조용균 ( Yong Kyun Cho ),김병익 ( Byung Ik Kim ),배지철 ( Ji Cheul Pae ),박승하 ( Seung Ha Park ),김상훈 ( Sang Hoon Kim ),박정호 ( Jung Ho Park ),김홍주 ( Hong Joo Kim ),박동일 ( Dong Il Park ),김향 ( Hyang Kim ),성인경 ( In Kyu 대한내과학회 2005 대한내과학회지 Vol.69 No.4

목적 : 불투명 유리상 간세포는 만성 간염 환자에서 나타나는 독특한 조직학적 특징이다. HBV의 LHBs 중 pre-S1 지역은 HBsAg의 조립(assembly), 처리(processing) 및 분비를 조절하는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 간세포 내에서 HBV pre-S1 유전자의 변이가 정상 분비 경로의 영향과 불투명 유리상 간세포의 반응에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 만성 B형 간염 판정을 받은 HBeAg 양성 환자로부터 pre-S1 region을 포함한 HBV 염기 배열을 조사하였다. 환자의 간조직과 혈액내 존재하는 바이러스 유전자를 조사하고자 간조직을 얻어 파라핀으로 고정시켰고, 환자의 간조직내 불투명 유리상 간세포를 분리하기 위해 파라핀으로 고정된 간조직으로부터 일부 조직을 anti-HBs 항체로 염색 후 laser capture microdissection (LCM) 방법을 이용하여 불투명 유리상 간세포를 추출하였다. 추출된 anti-HBs 항체에 염색된 불투명 유리상 간세포와 정상 세포를 각각의 HBV DNA 유전자 서열을 분석하였다. 변이형의 HBsAg 분비를 측정하기 위해 변이형을 야생형의 클론에 삽입하였고 ELISA에 의해 transfected된 세포의 부유물에서 HBsAg의 발현을 관찰하였다. 결과 : 혈청에서 분석된 12 클론 중 9개의 클론은 HBV envelope 단백의 분비와 축적에 중요한 역할을 하는 pre-S1 단백 중 N-terminal 지역에서 염기서열이 모두 동일한 야생형으로 나타났다. 이런 야생형 클론의 하나에서 pre-S2 지역 안에 결실은 가지고 있었다. 불투명 유리상 간세포에서 정상 간세포에 비해 변이형이 우세하였고, 정상 간세포에서는 야생형이 더 우세하였다. 결론 : HBV pre-S1 단백의 변이형이 불투명 유리상 간세포의 형성에 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 비정상적인 pre-S1 단백의 표현은 간세포 안에 이들 단백질의 축적 및 간세포 손상을 야기 시킬 것으로 생각되며 좀 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Background : Ground glass hepatocytes are unique histological feature of chronic hepatitis B viral infection. The pre-S1 region of large surface protein has been shown to regulate assembly, processing, and secretion of HBsAg. The purpose of this study was to elucidate that a mutant form of pre-S1 affects this normal secretory pathway and is responsible for ground glass hepatocyte. Methods : We examined HBV sequences spanning the pre-S region from a patients with HBeAg positive chronic HBV infection. HBV DNA was extracted from serum, cloned, and sequenced and determined the intrahepatic viral composition by extracting HBV DNA from paraffin embedded liver tissue. To analyze the viral population of single groundglass hepatocytes, we used the technique of laser capture microdissection to isolate individual hepatocytes from biopsy specimen. Groundglass hepatocytes that stained positively with anti-HBs and normal hepatocytes were harvested individually and their subjected HBV DNA sequences were analyzed. To define the responsible mutations for the HBsAg secretion, we introduced the mutant gene into molecular clone of wildtype (adwR9) and assayed their HBsAg amounts in the transfected cell supernatants by ELISA. Results : Of 12 clones in serum analyzed, 9 clones had identical wild type sequences in the N-terminal region of the pre-S1 protein which plays an important role in the secretion and retention of HBV envelope proteins. One of the wild type clones has deletion within pre-S2 region. 3 identical mutant clones were isolated. Mutant type clones were predominant groundglass hepatocytes. Conclusions : We speculate that a mutant form of the HBV pre-S1 protein may result in the formation of ground-glass hepatocytes. Expression of abnormal pre-S1 may lead to its retention and accumulation within hepatocytes.(Korean J Med 69:357-363, 2005)