Change of Cadastral Policy-Making Structure and Its Perspective in Korea

Lee Dong Hyun,Kim Young Hag 한국지적정보학회 2008 한국지적정보학회지 Vol.10 No.2

The new government reformed its organization and replaced it with a small government and the entrepreneurial government mind. Especially, the general directions of the government organization reform include a competent government, a pragmatic government, an attentive government and a small government. According to these general directions, they will be overseen by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MOLTMA) instead of existing Minister of Government Administration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA). In the reform process of central organization, the important issue is as follows; What is cadastral policy-making structure? What is the relationship between cadastral related system and cadastral policy-making structure? What is the condition and limitation before and after the reform of cadastral policy-making structure? What is ideally suited for cadastral policy-making structure which is being able to overcome the limitation? The purpose of this study is to set the desirable directions of cadastral policy-making structure in future by examining it on the basis of the cadastral related system and deriving its limitation in accordance with government organization reform. To achieve the research objective, the research range was limited to the cadastral related system and cadastral policy-making structure, a theoretical and policy research through the reference of literature was selected as the research method, and a descriptive access method and a comparative access method was applied. The research findings are as follows; First, the change environment of cadastral policy-making structure is reviewed in terms of the definition of change environment, the linking system of change object, and the major determinants of organization structure. Second, the change and limits of cadastral policy-making structure is reviewed from a viewpoint ofthe change framework, the cadastral policy-making structure before and after, and the change limits. Third, the ideal direction of cadastral policy-making structure refers to the flexible and creative decision-making system, the harmony of technical and managerial tendency, the management of future-oriented marine cadastre, and the establishment of ideal direction.

우리나라 의약분업 정책과정의 특성에 관한 연구

이상이 ( Sang Yi Lee ),윤태영 ( Tae Young Yoon ),김철웅 ( Chul Woung Kim ) 한국보건행정학회 2000 보건행정학회지 Vol.10 No.2

This study aimed at the analysis, from the perspective of rationality, of policy making process in the separation of prescribing and dispensing. This study is to identify the characteristics and problems of the policy process to introduce the new durg-prescription system, and make policy recommendations. In terms of separation of prescribing and dispensing, the development of policy making process can be divided into two periods; periods before and after the inauguration of the govemment of people. In the period before the govermment of poeple, one of the major characteristics of policy decision on the new system was the poweful influence of interset groups. At that time, the ministry lacked the problem-solving ability and commitment on the policy. Consequently, during the former period, the policy making process had been driven by interest groups. Therefore, the original purpose of the policy to secure the pulic health was lost. During the latter period, there was also the strong influence of interst groups, complexity of interest, the ministry`s inability of problem solving. However, in this period, it is notable that this has drawn nation-wide attention, severl civic grouos have participated in the policy making process, and that the number and voice of these groups have remarkably increased. With regards to rationality, incrementalish model is highly sutable to explain the policy making process in the former period. But in the latter period when the new drugperscripition system became a national issue and civic groups began to participte in this matter more actively, rational model is more explanatory that incrementalism to understand the process. During the latter period, the original goal of this policy was not distored by a few interest groups thanks to the rapid development of civil movement and therebly a big influence of civic groups on the policy making. For that reson, a jigh level of rationality is found in the policy-making process of the latter period. Some suggestions to achieve the rationality in the policy making process based on the results of this study are as follows; Frist, the public`s participation should be enered in the policy making process. Second, the govermment should make contiuns efforts to enhance its ability of long-term planning and policy implementation, and increase rationality of policy making process. Third, balance among interset groups should take place in the process of policy making. Forth, sound, constructive, and logical activity of interest groups is necessary to express and promote their interests.

중국의 대기정책결정 구조 분석과 한중 협력의 시사점

강택구,심창섭,김예경 한국환경연구원 2020 수시연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Aims of this study □ The purpose of this study is to roughly understand the air pollution policy decision-making process at the central government level in China. ㅇ More attention is being paid to the structure of China’s air pollution policy decision-making as fine dust is an issue currently being discussed between Korea, China, and Japan. ㅇ As such, there is a growing need to find out about its structure and process. ㅇ This study will examine the overall structure of China’s air pollution policy decision-making process, based on previous studies conducted on China’s policy decision-making processes in other fields, with the focus on identifying the key players. 2. Study content and process □ Although the academic world has much interest in China’s policy decision-making, relatively few studies have been conducted on the subject, as much of the structure and process remains hazy. ㅇ Previous studies mostly analyze China’s policy-making process in the fields of foreign policy and the economy. ㅇ No previous studies have earnestly dealt with China’s air management policy-making. ㅇ Some previous studies discussed certain Chinese air management policies, but these studies lacked an understanding of the unique characteristics of the Chinese political system and simply enumerated agencies in the administrative system of related departments in the central government. □ This study analyzed the air policy decision-making by the central government in the following categories: the Communist Party of China (CPC), and the official/unofficial organizations of the Chinese government. ㅇ This study examined policy decision-making with a focus on the relationship between the CPC and the State Council. The National People’s Congress related to legislation was excluded. ㅇ This study is expected to provide reference data to related departments within the Korean government in using channels to cooperate with China for air pollution reduction in both countries. Ⅱ. The Structure of the Chinese Political System and the Players 1. The basic structure and operation principles of the Chinese political system □ The Chinese political system is based on the party-state dual political system. ㅇ In actuality, the CPC leads the state, and the key political players consist of those in the CPC and those in the Chinese government. ㅇ After Xi Jinping began his second term, the CPC took the lead in the entire Chinese political system and there began a growing trend to strengthen the “leadership of the party.” 2. Key players □ The key players and organizations in the CPC are as follows: ㅇ The CPC National Congress is an organization that holds supreme authority in the CPC, and it consists of the Central Committee, the Politburo, the Politburo Standing Committee, the Central Secretariat, General Secretary, the Central Military Commission, and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. ㅇ Unofficial organizations called “Leading Small Groups (LSGs)” are part of China’s special task performance method, and LSGs have been seen to have a greater influence on policy-making than ever before since Xi Jinping started his second term. - LSGs are formed for the launch and organization of specific tasks, as well as the legislation and management of related laws and projects. ㅇ The Group Study Session of the CPC Central Committee’s Political Bureau (政治局集体学习), which has been held periodically since 2002 when Hu Jintao became the General Secretary of the CPC, is a venue in which the Chinese leadership grasps domestic and overseas situations by listening to regular lectures given by experts and exchanging opinions with those experts. □ The key players and bodies in the Chinese central government are as follows: ㅇ Organizations representing the national people include the National People’s Congress (NPC), the president of the People’s Republic of China, the Central Military Commission, the State Council, the Supreme People’s Court, and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. - The State Council has unofficial LSGs as does the CPC. - The executive meeting of the State Council, one of the court meetings, is held every week. 3. Major characteristics of the Chinese political system □ Based on the discussion above, the characteristics of the Chinese political system can be summarized as follows: ㅇ The CPC exercises substantial influence on state agencies and maintains its influence on the government sector through the party, and policy decisions are made using experts’ advice in areas requiring expertise. Ⅲ. Key Players in China’s Air Policy Decision-Making □ In March of 2018, the 13th National People’s Congress (NPC) approved a constitutional amendment that added “social and ecological” civilizations to “material, political and spiritual” civilizations. ㅇ In 2013, the year after Xi Jinping took office, the State Council issued the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, also referred to as the “Action Plan.” ㅇ China revised the Environmental Protection Law and announced a series of policies to protect the ecological environment, which were strongly enforced. ㅇ According to the revised Government Organization Act of 2018, the Ministry of Environmental Protection was expanded to cover the related functions of other ministries and renamed the Ministry of Ecology and Environment. ㅇ To understand China’s decision-making, which focuses on the environment and air-quality management, we need to identify the players involved in the decision-making process and their roles. 1. Key players in the CPC and major organizations □ Playing the role of forming discourse on environmental policies, the CPC is in the central position of the power structure in policy decision-making. ㅇ The CPC produces related policies based on macroscopic strategies and goals in relation to environmental and air policies. ㅇ The CPC suggested and established not only a “view of scientific development,” one of the major pieces of discourse during the Hu Jintao era, but also “building of an ecological civilization,” a major piece of discourse on environmental policies during the Xi Jinping era. □ China’s economic and public administration policies, which include air-quality management, are managed by Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council, and Han Zheng. ㅇ Han Zheng, Senior Vice Premier of the State Council, is in charge of affairs relating to macroscopic economic planning, government budget and restructuring, economic development, social security, energy, natural resources, and the environment. ㅇ Han Zheng also serves as the head of the Leading Small Group for Air Pollution Prevention in the Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei Region and Surrounding Areas (京津冀及周边地区大气污染防治领导小组). □ A total of 32 and 43 Group Study Sessions of the CPC Central Committee’s Political Bureau were held respectively in the 17th and 18th CPC Central Committees, which began in 2007. ㅇ There were 2 group study sessions based around ecology and the environment in both the 17th and 18th CPC Central Committees. ㅇ The ecology and environment themes made up 6.25% and 4.65% (low percentages) of all themes in both the 17th and 18th CPC Central Committees. 2. Key players in the Chinese government and major organizations □ As part of the government reorganization of 2018, the Ministry of Environmental Protection was expanded and reorganized to cover the tasks and functions of other ministries and renamed the Ministry of Ecology and Environment. ㅇ The Ministry of Ecology and Environment is responsible for air management, and air affairs are managed by the Air and Environment Officer (大气环境司), a position at the same level as secretaries and directors in the Korean government. ㅇ The Project of Identifying the Causes of Serious Air Pollution Problems and Managing and Solving the Problems (大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目) is managed under the direction of the Leading Small Group for Identifying the Causes of Serious Air Pollution Problems and Managing and Solving the Problems (大气重污染成因与治理攻关领导小组), which was established within the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2017. - The National Center for Air Pollution Prevention and Control was established as a platform to manage this project. □ In the State Council, there is an unofficial organization named the Leading Small Group for the Air Pollution Prevention in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and Surrounding Areas. ㅇ In September of 2013, China issued their so-called “Action Plan,” which includes ten key actions to reduce air pollution, as well as a series of measures, and undertook a reorganization of the structure. - The Cooperative Small Group for the Air Pollution Prevention in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and Surrounding Areas (京津冀及周边地区大气污染防治协作小组), chaired by Beijing’s Communist Party Secretary, was formed in October of 2013, to effectively manage and implement the air pollution prevention policies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region based on the aforementioned Action Plan. - Afterward, in July of 2018, Han Zheng, Vice Premier of the State Council and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, was appointed as the head of the Cooperative Small Group with the awareness that effective air pollution management was necessary at the central government level. - The Cooperative Small Group was upgraded to the Leading Small Group for the Air Pollution Prevention in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and Surrounding Areas under the State Council. This Leading Small Group was temporarily formed and operated. □ The China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development was founded in 1992 as an advisory body consisting of domestic and international high-ranking officials and experts with the approval of the Chinese government. ㅇ The office of the CCICED Chairperson is a position at the same level as the Vice Premier of the State Council. Currently, Han Zheng, Vice Premier of the State Council, serves as the CCICED Chairperson. ㅇ The major roles of the CCICED include sharing successful experiences with foreign countries in the areas of the international environment and development and providing policy suggestions to the Chinese government leadership and policy makers of different levels. Ⅳ. China’s Air Policy Decision-Making and its Implications 1. China’s air policy decision-making system □ Inferring that China’s decision-making structure takes the form of a general policy-making system that consists of three phases-input, process, and outputs, the system can be summarized as follows: ㅇ The major paths of discourse relating to air policies are decided by the CPC obviously, and air policy agendas are prepared by air policy departments. Those departments also lead the formulation of air policies. - The LSG formed within the Ministry of Ecology and Environment manages the Air Pollution Problem Management and Solving Project and collects various issues to put on their policy agendas. Air policy agendas are automatically created by the State Council. - The State Council is in charge of collecting the opinions of different departments. It releases a draft of collected opinions (征求意见稿), which is prepared internally based on discussions and debates, to collect opinions. ㅇ The final draft is discussed by the Leading Small Group for the Air Pollution Prevention in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and Surrounding Areas under the State Council, which is a core body in China’s air policy decision-making. - The decision-making is followed by an Executive Meeting of the State Council in which related matters are discussed. After that, related departments hold external briefings and air policies are issued in the name of the State Council or joint government departments, all official government bodies. - Based on the policies issued by departments in the central government, related policies are issued at the provincial level. 2. Major characteristics of China’s air policy decision-making □ The major characteristics of China’s air policy decision-making are as follows: ㅇ Officially, decisions on China’s air policies are supposed to be made by the government; in reality, however, the CPC is thought to be the actual decision maker owing to the distinct characteristics of the Chinese political system. ㅇ Air policy decisions are made in the line of duty. Of administrative departments, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment plays the leading role. ㅇ Air policy decisions are not made in a top-down way. Instead, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, which holds primary responsibility, prepares and submits opinions along with related departments and provincial governments. - The agendas and opinions are coordinated and discussed by the State Council and the LSG. ㅇ The CPC and the leadership of the government have expertise in related fields. ㅇ China intends to make air policy decisions based on scientific information provided by experts in air pollution management. 3. Implications □ Various measures can be suggested for air pollution reduction and Korea-China cooperation. However, the real priority is that the two countries share the same perception on air pollution issues. ㅇ After such a shared perception has been formed, institutional cooperation between the two countries will have a practical effect. ㅇ Based on the results of this study, intergovernmental and civil cooperation focused on institutional aspects to enhance cooperation for air pollution reduction is suggested below. □ For intergovernmental cooperation, it is suggested/recommended that we focus on the Chinese leadership in negotiations as China is under relatively low public pressure. ㅇ Strengthen the existing official channels for cooperation with China’s high-level policy makers for the sake of air pollution management at the central government level and diversify cooperative channels. ㅇ Consider forming a high-level consultative group in addition to the existing minister-level meetings of the Korean and Chinese environment ministers ㅇ Facilitate cooperation based on inter-party human networks ㅇ If it is difficult to upgrade channels for discussing air pollution reduction as suggested above, seek to build human networks with members of Chinese organizations, such as LSGs □ Seek to build relationships that are half-civil and half-governmental in the academic sector ㅇ Utilize the existing official venues of contact, such as Korea-China forums, or make new venues of contact to expand human networks 4. Limitations of this study □ This study has the following limitations. ㅇ The content of this study needs to be verified using cases involving China’s air policy decision-making. ㅇ This study needs to be supplemented in the future because it fails to consider the overall policy and law-making process of China, including the legislation process, although it examines the air policy decision-making at the central government level of China. ㅇ Participation from the Chinese civil society, including expert groups, is limited, yet growing. Therefore, such participation needs to be examined in further studies.

국방정책 결정과정 연계성 분석모델 제안: 국방혁신 4.0 사례분석을 중심으로

홍준기,박상중 대한민국재향군인회 안보전략연구원 2024 재향군인회 안보전략연구 Vol.12 No.-

Most previous research on the defense policy decision-making process has been conducted after the launch of a new government, so there are limitations in proving the connection between policy agenda selection and policy decisions. In order to overcome the limitations of previous studies, in this article the defense policy decision-making process is described as a policy task selection process from the establishment of presidential election pledges to the selection of national tasks before the launch of the new government, and as a policy decision-making process is described the national security strategy and defense policy plan after the launch of the new government. The newly proposed model as an analysis model for the connectivity of each process is a “Defense Policy Decision-Making Process Linkage Analysis Model”. To verify the effectiveness of this analysis model proposed by Hong Junki and Park Sangjung, a case study was conducted on the ‘Defense Innovation 4.0’ policy decision-making process promoted by the Yoon Seok-yeol government. In order to in-depth analyze the relationship between policy agenda selection and the policy decision-making process, it was divided into four stages: ① Establishment of presidential candidate Yoon Seok-yeol's presidential campaign pledge, ② Selection of national tasks by the Presidential Transition Committee, ③ Development of National Security Strategy of the Presidential Office (National Security Office), ④ Establishment of the Ministry of National Defense’s ‘Defense Innovation 4.0 Basic Plan’ The 'Defense Innovation 4.0' policy was adopted as a presidential election pledge in the defense field by President Yoon Seok-yeol as a policy initiator and defense policy experts who participated in the presidential election campaign and the presidential transition committee. It was adopted in the policy task selection process, reflecting changes in the defense environment and the president's will. Afterwards, it was selected as a national affairs task and confirmed as a government task. After the launch of the new government, 'Defense Innovation 4.0' was reflected in the national security strategy through the policy-making process and was also reflected in defense policy of the ‘Defense Innovation 4.0 Basic Plan’. As a result, the Yoon Seok-yeol Administration's ‘Defense Innovation 4.0’ confirmed the policy implications of close consistency throughout the policy-making process.

Change of Cadastral Policy-Making Structure and Its Perspective in Korea

이동현,김영학 한국지적정보학회 2008 한국지적정보학회지 Vol.10 No.2

The new government reformed its organization and replaced it with a small government and the entrepreneurial government mind. Especially, the general directions of the government organization reform include a competent government, a pragmatic government, an attentive government and a small government. According to these general directions, they will be overseen by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MOLTMA) instead of existing Minister of Government Administration and Home Affairs (MOGAHA). In the reform process of central organization, the important issue is as follows; What is cadastral policy-making structure? What is the relationship between cadastral related system and cadastral policy-making structure? What is the condition and limitation before and after the reform of cadastral policy-making structure? What is ideally suited for cadastral policy-making structure which is being able to overcome the limitation? The purpose of this study is to set the desirable directions of cadastral policy-making structure in future by examining it on the basis of the cadastral related system and deriving its limitation in accordance with government organization reform. To achieve the research objective, the research range was limited to the cadastral related system and cadastral policy-making structure, a theoretical and policy research through the reference of literature was selected as the research method, and a descriptive access method and a comparative access method was applied. The research findings are as follows; First, the change environment of cadastral policy-making structure is reviewed in terms of the definition of change environment, the linking system of change object, and the major determinants of organization structure. Second, the change and limits of cadastral policy-making structure is reviewed from a viewpoint ofthe change framework, the cadastral policy-making structure before and after, and the change limits. Third, the ideal direction of cadastral policy-making structure refers to the flexible and creative decision-making system, the harmony of technical and managerial tendency, the management of future-oriented marine cadastre, and the establishment of ideal direction.

미국의 안보정책결정과정과 주한미군 재조정

이성만 한국동북아학회 2005 한국동북아논총 Vol.10 No.2

There were many studies concerning American foreign policy making procedures including the ‘Cuban Missile Crises’(1962.10). In this paper by analyzing the background concerning the realignment of the U.S. Armed Forces, I am going to reconsider the American foreign policy making procedures. We can see that several models are adapted partly for policy making rather than a fixed theoretical framework. This paper has also suggested participants of American foreign policy making procedures, policy making organizations, and the role and function of policy making system. Then introducing the concrete contents of the realignment of the US forces stationed in Korea with american strategic thinking, it estimates the level of rationality of these policy makings. American security policies and strategies have changed completely from the very beginning of the Bush administration with the September 11th attack. According to these global, Asia-Pacific, Korean peninsula strategic plans and GPR, the reduction of the U.S. Forces stationed in Korea is taking place. Furthermore, U.S Military Transformation and Base Realignment & Closure plans have become the rational basis of the realignment of the U.S. Armed Forces. Policy making concerning the reorganization of the US forces stationed in Korea have been reviewed sufficiently. Therefore we can evaluate that it has high rationality in that respects of Procedure vs Substance, Individual vs Collective, Efficiency vs Democracy, Normative vs Positive. Even if the second Bush administration has started, the defense policy of the first Bush administration continues. Thus policy making procedures will proceed in the same manner. Understanding these points we should have wisdom to seize an opportunity for the future development of the ROK-U.S. alliance. 미국의 대외정책결정과정에 대해서는 ‘쿠바미사일 위기’를 비롯하여 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 여기서는 ‘주한미군 재조정’과 관련 그 배경을 분석해 봄으로써 미국의 대외정책결정과정을 재조명해보고자 한다. 정책결정은 어느 정형화된 이론적 틀 내에서 이루어지기보다 여러 모델들이 부분적으로 설명되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 심리와 연계모델에 가까운 정책결정모델, ‘협동모델’에 가까운 부시의 의사결정구조, 그리고 막강한 영향력을 행사하고 있는 백악관의 NSC, 국방부, 국무부와 네오콘들의 위상을 소개했다. 또한 정책결정체계의 역할과 기능을 제시하였고, 이어서 미국의 전략구상과 함께 주한미군 재조정에 대해 구체적인 내용을 소개하면서 이러한 정책결정에 대한 합리성 정도를 평가해 보았다.미국의 안보정책 및 전략은 부시정권의 출범부터 시작하여 9.11테러를 기점으로 새롭게 변화되었으며, 이러한 세계아태한반도 전략구상과 GPR에 따라 주한미군 감축도 이루어지고 있다. 더욱이 미군의 군사변혁(Transformation)과 기지체계 조정 및 폐쇄계획도 주한미군 재조정이 합리적으로 이루어지는 근거가 되었다. 따라서 부시의 주한미군 재조정 관련 정책결정은 오래전부터 충분히 검토되어 온 사실로서 절차적실체적, 개인적집단적, 효율성민주성, 규범성실증성 측면에서 높은 합리성을 갖춘 의사결정으로 평가할 수 있다. 한편, 부시 2기가 출범했지만 1기시의 국방정책이 그대로 추진될 것으로 예상되며 정책결정과정도 비슷한 방식으로 진행될 것으로 판단된다. 미래 한반도내 미군 기지의 존재와 주한미군의 존재는 북한으로부터의 위협이 감소되거나 소멸될 경우에도 잠재적 적대세력으로 하여금 한반도에 대한 도발을 억제하게 만드는 심리적 안전판의 역할을 수행할 것이다. 그러나 향후 미국의 동북아 Hub 운영에 있어 한미동맹과 미일동맹의 위상문제가 제기될 것이며 이에 대비 ‘형평성’을 유지할 수 있는 정책대안을 개발하여 미국의 정책결정과정에 투입되도록 외교적 노력을 해야 할 것이다.

MTC 모형을 활용한 정책결정과정 분석 - 진주의료원폐업정책을 중심으로 -

양승일 ( Seung Il Yang ) 한국정책학회 2018 한국정책학회보 Vol.27 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find analysis processes and implications on the policy making process using MTC framework focused on the Jinju medical center closure policy. According to the analysis, maintenance of Jinju medical center closure policy(policy output) is not compliance by policy target organizations but compliance by policy making organizations. Meanwhile, implications by analysis processes are discordance between analysis framework and this study, high level influence of policy making organizations, high level dynamics of policy making processes, impact of policy target organization that can not be ignored, more second step policy making process(policy output) than first step policy making process(policy alternative) in the organizational power of policy target organizations, exceptional advocacy coalition formation of same area organizations, existence of certain boundary orders in the complex policy behavior, and when the focus is on the policy making organization, the direct influence factor(intervening variable) of public health closure policy(dependent variable) is the fiscal deficit, but the fundamental influence factor(independent variable) can be the union, etc.

대북 인도적 지원정책의 집행실패요인 분석: 정책결정과 정책집행의 연계성을 중심으로

이광훈,김권식 세종연구소 2008 국가전략 Vol.14 No.4

In spite of continued international society's Humanitarian Assistance to North Korea since 1995, the humanitarian crisis of North Korean people still remains precarious. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the cause of this policy implementation failure and to provide an implication for desirable unification policy in the near future. The analytical model of this study includes 4 sets of policy implementation factors(policy target group, policy instruments, implementation participants, implementation structure) and 3 sets of policy-making factors(policy goal, policy-making participants, policy-making structure) and 3 sets of linkage factors(causalty between policy goal and instrument, mutual adaptation between policy decision-makers and implementators, policy shareness between policy-making structure and implementation structure) These all factors determine if a policy implementation succeeds or fails. Resulting from failure of substantial institutionalization of Governance, the policy implementation problems of Humanitarian Assistance to North Korea are as follows: mass death by starvation, chronic food shortage and aggravated health status. To sum up, this study shows the following research results: First, failure of monitoring caused by policy non-compliance of North Korean authorities. Second, irrelevancy of regulatory and incentive policy instruments. Third, relief NGOs' difficulty in fund-raising and lack of specialty. Fourth, inefficient implementation system without network organization. These 4 determinants in policy implementation process originate from 3 policy decision-making factors. First, in terms of policy contents: unclear goal setting, collision of agents' goals, contradiction between upper and lower goals. Second, in terms of policy participants: conflict by policy-making participants divided into 2 policy advocacy coalition. Third, in terms of policy structure: closed unification policy network structure of policy decision-making. Finally, we find 3 linkage such factors as uncausalty between goals and instruments, mutual maladaptation between decision-makers and implementators, deficiency of policy networking in policy structure. 본 연구는 대북 인도적 지원정책 집행실패의 요인을 정책집행과 정책결정간의 연계성이라는 맥락에서 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서 Winter의 통합모형을 근간으로 재구성한 정책집행-정책결정 연계성 모형을 통해 정책집행과 정책결정의 상호관련성을 조명함으로써 집행실패의 문제에 접근하고 있다. 기존의 대북정책집행관련 연구들은 거시적인 이론적 조망에 기반한 것이거나 혹은 이론적 기초가 빈약한 경우가 많다. 본 연구에서는 단지 실제 정책집행에 활용하기 위한 실태 분석 및 개선책 도출의 단계를 넘어 분석적·이론적인 틀에 기초하여 문제의 원인을 학술적·체계적으로 탐색하고자 하였다. 분석대상은 1995년 이후 노무현 정부에 이르는 우리나라의 대북 인도적 지원정책이다. 분석결과 대북 인도적 지원 정책의 집행실패는 정책결정-집행 거버넌스의 실질적 제도화가 이루어지지 못한데 기인하는 것으로 잠정 결론을 내릴 수 있었다. 본 연구의 정책집행이론적 분석틀은 실제 정책현장에서 발생할 수 있는 정책문제들과 집행 실패 상황의 요인을 중층적 차원에서 다각도로 규명할 수 있게 해주며 동시에 집행현장과 괴리된 탁상공론을 지양하고 현장의 맥락에서 정책 상황을 진단하여 보다 실질적인 정책 대안을 탐색할 수 있게 해준다는 점에서 의의를 갖는다.

장애인 직업재활정책의 결정 요인에 관한 연구:정책네트워크 관점

박경순(Kyung-soon Park) 한국직업재활학회 2004 職業再活硏究 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구는 한국의 장애인 직업재활정책의 결정과 변화는 어떤 과정을 통해 어떻게 이루어지며 또한 직업재활정책에 영향을 미치는 결정요인은 무엇인가를 규명함으로써 향후 바람직한 직업재활정책수립에 기여하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 1990년 “장애인 고용촉진 등에 관한 법률”의 제정(도입)과정과 동 법의 전면적인 개정이 이루어진 2000년 “장애인고용촉진 및 직업재활법”의 변화(확대)과정에 있어서의 직업재활정책 결정요인을 정책네트워크이론을 틀로 하여 사례비교방법과 역사적 사건분석을 연구방법으로 분석ㆍ비교하여 보았다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정책 환경으로서 국제기구의 권고, 협약 등의 대외적 환경과 정치적 환경, 경제적 환경 그리고 제도적 환경 등의 대내적 환경이 정책결정에 영항을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 정책 환경요인 중 장애계의 정치적인 역량 등을 포함한 정치적 환경이 정책결정에 가장 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 정책 환경변화와 그에 대응하는 활동과정에서 정책행위자의 성격이 새롭게 변화하고 동시에 영향력관계도 변화하면서 이들의 이익표출행위인 상호작용통로도 변화하여 새로운 정책네트워크를 형성하고 이는 직업재활정책 결정에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 정책네트워크의 구조적 특성 즉, 정책행위자의 특성이 정부행위자보다는 비정부행위자들의 영향력이 클수록, 정책행위자의 수가 많고 행위자의 유형이 다양할수록 네트워크경계는 개방적인 구조를 가지며 이는 장애계의 정책이익이 많이 반영된 정책 산출에 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 정책행위자간 상호작용의 성격이 협력적이고 상호작용의 강도가 강한 네트워크 특성을 나타낼수록 정책결과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. This study aims at reviewing the process and aspects through which vocational rehabilitation policies are formed and altered in Korea. It also identifies the determinants that have an impact on policy making, thus contributing to the subsequent establishment of desirable vocational rehabilitation policies. The study performed a comparative analysis of the determinants for vocational rehabilitation policies. It was also a part of the introduction process of the Employment Promotion Act of Persons with Disabilities in 1990 and in the legislation of the Employment Promotion and Vocational Rehabilitation Act of Persons with Disabilities in 2000, which was a full-scale revision and expansion of the previous act, with Policy Network Theory as its framework and with the case study and historical event analysis as its research method. Based on the theoretical examination, the study identified three major determinants as the policy environment: The policy network components and the policy outcome as independent variables which have a significant impact on the vocational rehabilitation policy making procedure, and integrated the findings which had been analyzed by sub-variables as its measuring index at each determinant, which suggests the following: First, the policy environments, including the external environment such as the advisory opinion of the treaties with international agencies, The internal environment which includes political. economic and institutional factors. These factors were found to have an impact on the policy making process. The political environment was found to have the greatest impact on the policy making procedure. Second, along with the changes in the policy making environment. the number, type. and character of the policy makers has also changed. As a result the way in which the policy makers interact with each other is different. As a direct result of these changes in group interactions a new network has formed which provides policy makers with a new direction for making their interests known. This new network has a direct influence on how policies are made in the vocational rehabilitation program. Third. the structural characteristics of the policy network were found to have an impact on making vocational rehabilitation policies. The study found that the key participants of the policy making process; includes groups of persons with disabilities. the government(President. Ministry of Labor. Ministry of Health and Welfare. etc.). Political parties(the ruling party and the opposition party). parliament and the business world were also involved. The bigger impact of non-governmental participants was. compared to that of governmental participants in this characteristic of the policy making participants. and the more numerous the participants were and the more various the participants types were. the more open structure the boundary of the network showed and the more it had its impact on the forming of a policy that reflected increasing policy interest of the groups of persons with disabilities. The findings also suggest that the more cooperative and the stronger the interaction between members of the network of policy makers, the more positive impact it had on the outcome of the policy making process.

Comparative Study of Presidential Influence on Policy-Making Process in Korea

이정진(LEE Jeong-jin)(李廷鎭) 신아시아연구소(구 신아세아질서연구회) 2011 신아세아 Vol.18 No.2

한국에서는 절차적 민주화 정착 이후, 정권 교체가 두 번 이루어졌다. 하지만 예전의 권위주의 정부를 비판하던 김대중, 노무현 대통령의 진보정권도 야당으로부터 정책결정이 비민주적인 상명하달식이며, 대통령의 인사정책도 친위그룹 위주로 이루어진다고 비판받았다. 이후 다시 보수적인 이명박 정권이 출범했지만 임기 초기부터 역시 야당으로부터 똑같은 비난을 받고 있다. 이 글에서는 민주화 이후 대통령의 진보 혹은 보수적 성향에 따라 인사정책과 정책결정의 민주적 패턴에 차이가 있는지, 그리고 대통령의 정책결정에 여론 및 여당과의 관계가 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 세 대통령의 시기를 분석한 결과 이데올로기적 성향에 따른 인사정책과 정책결정의 민주적 패턴의 차이는 발견할 수 없었다. 하지만 민주화가 상당히 진행된 한국사회에서 대통령의 정책결정에 여론은 큰 영향을 미치고 있었고, 대통령과 여당의 협조적 관계도 정책결정과 이의 실행에 중요한 영향을 미치는 변수가 되었음을 알 수 있었다. Since 1998, as democracy has been consolidated, South Korean president came from the progressive camp twice, and current President Lee Myung-bak was elected from the conservative camp. When President Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun, who had criticized the authoritarian policy-making pattern of the former governments, were in office, the opposition party criticized their arbitrary personnel policy and undemocratic top-down decision making process. After President Lee came into office, however, the opposition party has criticized him with the same reason. This study examined the difference between the presidents according to their ideological stance and examined four important factors related with presidential policy-making process. The findings show that there was little difference among the presidents from each ideological camps in their personnel policy and the level of democratic decision-making pattern. However, it finds that public support for the president and the president’s cooperative relations with the ruling party have great influence on the major policy-making and implementing process.