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文丁姬(Moon Jeong-hee) 중앙어문학회 2007 語文論集 Vol.37 No.-
This manuscript is to study the natural images of Lee Dong-joo's traditional poems together with origins of his poetic spirit, which I think is an essential part of our efforts to understand the identity of Korean contemporary poems. I think that trying to search into aesthetic consciousness of our poetic sentiments will help us a lot in understanding the roots of Korean contemporary poems under the ever-desolating modern life caused by the effects of industrial dehumanization with warm human love and affection getting deprived of our daily life. To the poet, Lee Dong-joo, nature itself is the source of vitality in human life. He regards human life itself as part of Mother Nature and he expresses all kinds of emotions, such as joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure by resorting to the nature. In other words, the fusion of the poet into the objects which come to the mental abyss of the author, whatever it may be a loss or longing for the home, may reunite itself into the nature while bringing the dark side of his own life to amalgamate in harmonious oneness with nature. To make it a roundabout expression, poetic ego doesn't stop under the pressure of heavy pains in a real life, but it reveals its direction to seek after any exodus or change apart from it. Therefore, his poetic object would come to accumulate its depth of love in a positive atmosphere rather than a negative one. Even the trivial things in the nature, such as one piece of withered grass, pebbles, tree roots and so forth would become the exit to purify his turbid mind and also become the object of hope upgrading his life into a higher level. This aspect has much to do with life problems of the poet, Lee Dong-joo. We can find one record saying that he suffered from the downfall of his own family during early childhood and this could mean outer circumstances of his childhood had any effect upon his poetic world. As one might put it another way, any depressed complexes out of empty loss of mind had been projected outwardly. This shows its deep relationship with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Psychological development process of S. Freud shows there is a projection or expansion of one's personal emotions or experiences into his or her history of psychological development process and therefore, in this respect we could say that heartburning, grudge or despair in poems of Lee Dong-joo might be due to this kind of mental characteristics. As such, Lee Dong-joo purified problems of life through a natural consciousness and opened a channel of empathy and sympathy between the poet and readers beyond the distance of limited time and space. He lead us into the way for harmony and compatibility uniting inner conflicts or agonies in a human mind with the nature or he provided the space in which we can solve impracticable and negative things by uniting them with the nature. We could say that this is a kind of consolation generated out of the combination with the object world. Since the nature like the sky, clouds, the earth, flowers are being used as a celestial symbol or image, they become, though invisible, magnificent objects for the poet to depend upon and it refreshes the tired spirit of the author taking the role of a redeemer. Therefore, the dreams the poet longed for didn't die away but it is still alive and furthermore his tragic outlook on the world takes the positive role of generating the vitality forces, dissolving the pains and reuniting it with the positive forces rising above the world of life and death. As this, the nature to the poet, Lee Dong-joo does not exist independently of human consciousness, but it comes to him in the unity and oneness of human beings and natural objects and its common sense of solidarity appears as a resolute will to appease and smooth down the desolated harsh realties in life. Lee Dong-joo's nature is not an object by which one would express anger or escape from the harsh reality, but it comes as one of symbolic sile
홍윤주 한국실천신학회 2018 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.58
Modern society has various creative encounters and exchanges between religion and culture and art. In this way, the theme of culture was constantly concerned with Christian education. Especially, 'art', which can be said as a flower of culture, is attracting attention as a very important topic in Christian education in recent years. Under the eco‐friendly concept, the natural art of nature itself approaches to nature and is based on the natural art of geographical concept. Therefore, there are works that use nature itself as a tool, and the ecological art that project cyclical relationship based on ecology into human society. Ecological art always speaks of 'sustainability to nature' and 'connection to life'. That is to say, 'the symbiosis of art and nature', 'the harmony of art and nature', and 'the combination of art and nature' can be said to be the characteristics. The art of land is characterized by re‐recognition of nature once again and emphasizing the creative re‐application of the natural environment, and it is an art created from a mixture of the tendency to deny art as 'material' and the phenomenon of semi‐civilized art culture. This natural art is a way of direct human access to nature as a creature, and it is related to the concept of the world created by God, rooted in the universe and nature. In connection with "artistic spirituality" here, the formation of spirituality obtained through the revelation of God can express life in which God, man and nature harmonize with each other as "true beautiful life". Spiritual art emphasizes "cooperation" instead of "competition" and "sharing" instead of "conquest". In other words, most attempts of artistic spirituality involve all artistic activities by sharing, by means of cooperation of humans seeking to resemble the artist, God rather than merely an art experience of human alone. Therefore, it is said that through creative work such as natural art activities, human beings can approach God more closely, and that artistic spirituality will be deeply formed. 현대사회는 종교와 문화예술 사이에서 다양한 창의적인 만남과 교류가 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 가운데, 문화라는 주제는 기독교 교육에서 계속적으로 관심을 갖고 있었다. 특히 문화의 꽃이라 말할 수 있는 ‘예술’은 최근 들어 더욱 기독교 교육에서 매우 중요한 주제로 주목되고 있다. 친환경적인 관념 하에 자연에 접근하여 자연자체의 관조론적이고 존재론적인 가치에 맞는 태도를 취하는 자연예술은 지리학적 개념의 자연미술에 바탕을 두어 자연 자체를 도구로써 이용하는 작품과 생태론에 입각한 순환적인 관계를 인간사회에 투영 하려는 생태미술 등이 있다. 생태예술은 항상 ‘자연에 대한 지속성’과 ‘생명과의 연관성’을 얘기하고 있다. 이것은 그 자연지역의 독특한 환경과 인간이 함께 어우러진 문화 자체를 상징하는 것이기도 하며, 환경적 조건들과 시간적 조건들을 작품의 구성요소로 하고, 그러한 작품은 인간이 살고 있는 도시로부터 멀리 떨어져 있는 자연 속에 생성시켜 생태계와 조화를 이루게 한다. 즉, ‘미술과 자연의 공생’, ‘미술과 자연의 화합’, ‘미술과 자연의 결합’이 바로 그 특징이라 할 수 있겠다. 그리고 대지예술은 자연을 다시 한번 재인식하고, 자연환경의 창조적인 재 응용 등을 강조한 것이 특징적이며, '물질'로서의 예술을 부정하려는 경향과 반문명적인 예술문화현상이 뒤섞여 생겨난 미술이다. 이러한 자연예술은 창조물인 자연에 인간이 직접적으로 접근하는 한 방법이므로 우주나 자연에 뿌리를 두고 있는 하나님이 창조하신 세상에 대한 개념과 연관된다. 여기서 “예술영성”은 예술을 통해 영성을 형성하는 것으로, 하나님의 계시를 통해서 얻어진 영성형성을 통해서 하나님과 인간 그리고 자연 서로 조화를 이루는 삶인 ‘참다운 아름다운 삶’을 이루는 것을 말 할 수 있다. 영성적 예술은 ‘경쟁’ 대신에 ‘협력’이, ‘정복’ 대신에 ‘나눔’을 더욱 강조하는 것이다. 즉, 대부분의 예술영성의 시도는 단순히 인간 단독으로의 예술체험보다는 오히려 예술가이신 하나님을 닮으려는 인간들이 서로 협력하고 나누며 이루어진 모든 예술적 활동을 포함한다. 그래서 자연예술 활동과 같은 창조적인 작업을 통해서 인간은 하나님과 한층 가깝게 다가갈 수 있으며 예술적 영성이 깊게 형성되리라 본다.
김현철 한국법철학회 2017 법철학연구 Vol.20 No.1
The theory of natural law historically became the basis of the Western legal system and still has its influence in the name of the Constitution and human rights. The classic natural law theory is that there is a just law above the positive law and that the law has universal character and that the law can be found in human nature. But that theory has been criticized as a kind of logical fallacies by deriving the principle of law from human nature. Modern natural law theorists have been trying to avoid such criticism. But the argument of natural law based on human nature is not a logical fallacy that must be avoided. In particular, there is the possibility of linking the normative implication in the discussion of human nature according to the position of liberal naturalism, and there is still possibility of giving significance to the normative contents while taking the position of naturalism. This paper argues that the claim that there is a normative implication based on human nature can have a strong theoretical significance if it takes the position of liberal naturalism and acknowledges the supervenience relationship between human nature and normative implications. If this is expanded, it may be possible to use liberal naturalism and accompanying theory as the evaluation theory of the positive law. Finally, the possibility of evaluation theory based on human nature, this is the significance of natural law theory in modern times as critical thinking style of the positive law. 자연법 이론은 역사적으로 서구 법체계의 근간이 되는 이론이었고 지금도 헌법과 인권의 이름으로 여전히 그 영향력을 발휘하고 있다. 그러나 고전적 자연법 이론은 즉, 실정법보다 상위의 정당한 법이 존재하고 그 법은 보편적인 성격을 지니고 있으며 그 법은 인간이 창조하는 것이 아니라 인간 본성 속에서 발견할 수 있다는 이론은 역사적으로 ① 존재론적으로 보편적으로 실재하는 법을 인식하는 데 실패했으며, ② 논리학적으로 인간 본성이라는 존재에서 법이라는 당위를 도출하는 것으로 일종의 오류 추론이라는 비판에 직면해 왔다. 현대 자연법론자들은 자연법적인 함의를 놓지 않으면서도 이런 비판을 피해 가려는 여러 시도들을 하고 있다. 그러나 인간 본성에 근거한 자연법이라는 주장은 반드시 피해야만 하는 논리적 오류는 아니다. 특히 개방적 자연주의의 입장에 따르면 인간 본성에 대한 논의에서 규범적 함의를 연결시킬 수 있는 가능성이 존재하고, 여전히 자연주의의 입장을 취하면서도 규범적 내용에 의의를 부여할 수 있는 가능성이 존재한다. 이 논문은 개방적 자연주의의 입장을 취하고, 인간본성과 규범적 함의 사이의 수반 관계를 인정한다면 인간본성에 근거한 규범적 함의가 있다는 주장은 강력한 이론적 의의를 가질 수 있다고 주장한다. 이를 확장하면 실정법에 대한 평가이론으로 개방적 자연주의와 수반이론이 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 확보할 수도 있을 것이다. 결국 인간본성에 기반한, 실정법에 대한 평가이론의 가능성 이것이 실정법에 대한 비판적 사유양식으로서 현대에서 자연법 이론이 가지는 의의이다.
Vimala Kunchamboo,Christina K. C. Lee,Jan Brace Govan 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7
This article explores alternate ways to conceptualize self-nature relationship, that is, how nature in general, rather than specific nature places, become part of the extended self and how this influences responsible consumption. An ethnography, using participant observation, iterative in-depth interviews and photographs, was used to understand self-nature relationship and consumption behavior. The study was conducted in Malaysia using the English language as the medium of communication. The results suggest three levels of extended-self, reflecting the individual’s depth of relationship with nature; relational extended-self, encapsulated-self and assimilated-self. Nature as extended self, then, influences meanings attached to nature which results in different levels of attachment with nature; these are, functional, emotional, religious and spiritual attachment. When nature is perceived as separate from self, consumption behaviour is motivated by self-interest or self-preservation. As nature experiences are internalised, individuals begin to form emotional connections which initiates the process of self-extension whereby nature is progressively seen as part of the self. At the higher level, stronger affiliation with nature may result in religious or spiritual attachment, which motivates further assimilation of the self with nature and a sense of oneness with the broader universe promoting communal relationship and mutual gain. Our study contributes theoretically with the discovery of three dimensions of extended self and how extended self influences responsible consumption. Practically, these insights are valuable for public policy, social marketing and sustainability programs, for example, it highlights a possible solution to our unsustainable consumption behaviour which is, programs or activities which encourage our citizens to spend time with nature.
김흥태,김현경,김혜진,서수진,황혜영 한국생물교육학회 2022 생물교육 Vol.50 No.4
The purpose of the study was to assess the nature connectedness of pre-service secondary school teachers using three scales including INS, CNS, and NR-6, and to investigate the relationships between their nature connectedness and pro-environmental variables including self- transcendence, ecological belief, ecological sensitivity, pro-nature behavior, and nature-related experiences. The results showed that INS was a little different from the other two scales and a close association between CNS and NR-6 were identified, but low variations between items and gender allowed NR-6 to be considered as a relatively more reliable scale for nature connectedness than INS and CNS. Moreover, the relationships between their nature connectedness and pro-environmental variables differed by gender, indicating that the moderating effects of gender could affect the relationships.
숲 자연생태체험놀이 활동이 장애아동의 자연친화적 태도에 미치는 영향
전순한,김수미,문정원 한국열린유아교육학회 2019 열린유아교육연구 Vol.24 No.1
In order to determine the influence of a natural ecological experience program in forest on the nature-friendly attitude of handicapped children, this study selected three handicapped children with developmental disability levels of class 1 and 2 from an after-school class at a daycare center for handicapped children located in “G” city. A natural ecological experience program was performed 12 times for 12 weeks, and “the nature-friendly attitude” test revised for handicapped children’s easier understanding was used. The result shows that a natural ecological experience program in forest has a positive influence on the nature-friendly attitude of handicapped children. This result shows that a natural ecological experience program in forest allows handicapped children to feel reduced emotional level of tense, find natural objects and recognize forest as another classroom or a friendly joyful playground through direct handling experience to observe and search for natural objects. It also shows that a natural ecological experience program in forest helps handicapped children to feel less sense of emotional tension, to become close with nature allowing them to express playing freely, and to have better nature-friendly attitude with improved interest in nature as well as respect for life. 본 연구는 숲 자연생태체험놀이 활동이 장애 아동의 자연친화적 태도 증진에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위해 G시에 위치한 장애어린이집 방과 후 교실에 재원 중인 장애등급 1급~2급의 3명의 장애아동을 대상으로 하였다. 숲 자연생태체험놀이 활동을 12주 동안 총 12회에 걸쳐 진행되었으며, ‘자연친화적 태도 검사’를 장애아동들이 이해하기 쉽도록 본 연구에 맞게 수정․보완하여 사용하였다. 연구결과 숲 자연생태체험놀이 활동은 장애아동의 자연친화적 태도 증진에 긍정적이었다. 이러한 결과는 숲 자연생태체험활동이 장애아동들에게 정서적인 긴장감 감소를 이끌어 내어 자연물을 찾고, 이를 관찰하고 탐색하는 직접적인 조작 경험을 통해 숲을 또 하나의 교실, 친근하고 즐거운 놀이장소로 인식하도록 하였다. 또한 장애 아동 스스로가 숲에서 편안함을 느끼고, 자연과 친숙해지고 자유로운 놀이표현을 하게 되었으며, 자연에 대한 관심과 생명에 대한 존중의식을 키우고 자연친화적 태도를 향상시켰다고 볼 수 있다.
헤메로비 등급(Hemeroby Index)을 활용한 도시공원의 인지된 자연성 평가
김도은,손용훈 한국조경학회 2021 한국조경학회지 Vol.49 No.2
This study evaluated the degree of interaction between the people and the environment using perceived naturalness measure. The seventh-grade index of Hemeroby was divided into subclasses of land cover according to degrees of human influence. The grade was standardized for each indicator to evaluate the current state of urban parks in Seoul by applying probability density function and weight. User evaluation was conducted on six distinctive parks selected. In the results, three implications were found between spatial evaluation according to the perceived naturalness. First, park users evaluated highly for the spaces such as broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest and mixed forest evaluated highly in the Hemeroby grade index. Park users generally recognized that various types of trees in the area had high naturalness. The density of trees is one of the factors in perceived naturalness. Second, water spaces were highly evaluated for naturalness in the Hemeroby grade index. However, the perceived naturalness of water spaces such as inland wetlands, pond and reservoir evaluated in various ways depending on environmental conditions around the park. Third, perceived naturalness is easily evaluated through vertical landscape elements such as trees rather than horizontal landscapes such as grassland. The perceived naturalness is similar to the naturalness evaluation using land cover. However the study found the perceived naturalness for a specific space was different from the Hemeroby index. Perceived naturalness by the user includes the content that the individual sees, hears, and experiences. Park users are usually structuring naturalness through evaluating the value of urban green spaces based on personal perception. Therefore there is no absolute standard criterion for evaluating the naturalness of urban green spaces. A deeper study is needed that considers user bundles or user groups with conflicting interests on the perceived naturalness in urban parks. These studies will be essential data on the direction of naturalness urban park service should provide. 본 논문은 개인과 환경의 상호작용 정도를 ‘인지된 자연성’의 척도로 평가하였다. 헤메로비 7등급(Hemeroby)을 인간의 영향의 정도에 따라 토지피복 세분류로 구분하고, 지표별로 등급을 표준화하여 확률밀도함수와 가중치 적용을 통해 서울시 도시공원의 현 상태를 평가하였다. 그중 특징 있는 공원 6곳을 선정하여 이용자 평가를 시행하여, 자연성 지표에 따른 공간적 평가와 이용자 인식 사이에 3가지의 시사점을 발견하였다. 첫째, 수목이 군락을 이루는 활엽수림·침엽수림·혼효림 등의 공간은 Hemeroby 등급 체계에서 자연성이 높은 공간으로 평가되며, 이용자에게도 일반적으로 자연성이 높은 공간으로 인식되고 있다. 이용자는 다양한 형태의 수목 공간이 자연성이 높다고 인식하였다. 수목의 울창함은 인지된 자연성에 있어서 하나의 요인이 된다. 둘째, Hemeroby 등급 지표에서 자연성이 높게 평가된 ‘내륙 습지’ · ‘호소’ 등 수공간의 인지된 자연성은 공원 주변의 환경 상태에 따라 편차가 크게 나타났다. 셋째, 초지 등과 같은 수평적 경관보다는 수직적인 경관 요소인 수목 등을 통해 자연성이 높게 평가되었다. 녹지공간을 이용하는 이용자의 자연성 인식은 토지피복을 활용한 자연성 평가와 일반적으로 유사하지만, 특정 공간에 대한 자연성 인식은 차이를 보였다. 이는 이용자가 인식하는 자연성에는 개인이 직접 보고, 듣고, 경험한 내용도 포함되기 때문이다. 이용자는 개인적 인식을 바탕으로 자연성을 구조화하고, 도시 녹지의 가치를 평가하는 특징이 있다. 따라서, 도시 녹지의 자연성 평가는 모든 이용자에게 통용되는 절대적인 기준이 존재할 수 없다. 향후 이용자 번들 혹은 도시공원의 인지된 자연에 대한 상충된 이해 그룹에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 이러한 연구는 각 도시공원 서비스가 제공하는 자연성에 대한 방향성 설정에 중요한 자료가 될 것이다.
박령(Park Ryung) 새한영어영문학회 2011 새한영어영문학 Vol.53 No.3
Christina Rossetti inherits the traditional Christian view of nature, that can be said the anti-romantic view of nature. In traditional Christianity, the natural and the divine are separate; the divine is transcendental and not immanent in nature. So, Rossetti has the typological view of nature, which sees the natural world as mere world of types or emblems of the divine meanings and messages. As a religious allegorist, Rossetti tries to find in nature the religious analogy corresponding to the divine meaning. In “Consider the Lilies of the field,” “Symbols,” “A Better Resurrection,” “Winter: My Secret,” “Paradise,” etc, Rossetti reads the various religious analogies in the natural objects. They are usually used as devices to tell the activity of the divine love and grace, and the order of the universe imposed by God. Sometimes, Rossetti manipulates the natural scene and uses the nature’s voice itself for creating the religious parable. Rossetti, as a devotional poet, deliberately separates herself from the mirth of merrymaking nature, fearing that happy communion with nature serves as an obstruction to attaining God’s love. Only her very solipsistic self might reach the heavenly vision through the divine love. And this is what “An Old-World Thicket” and “The Thread of Life” reveal. Rossetti’s anti-romantic view of nature may be the result of her religious thought that nature has become totally corrupted by the original sin of human beings.
한상기 ( Sang Ki Han ) 한국동서철학회 2015 동서철학연구 Vol.77 No.-
Since W. V. Quine’s 1969 essay “Epistemology Naturalized”, naturalism has formed a big trend or wave in epistemology. However, there are critics as many as advocates of naturalistic approach to epistemology. One of the most important objections raised against naturalism is called “the normativity objection.” According to this objection, naturalized epistemology cannot account for essential character of epistemology. So, it is often accused of ruling out the normative element, so characteristic of epistemology. Critics maintain that naturalized epistemology is an impossible project since epistemology is a normative discipline, and a scientific discipline cannot be normative. They treat Quine’s proposal to make epistemology a “chapter of psychology” as a proposal for abandoning normative epistemology. Therefore, they conclude that naturalized epistemology is not genuine epistemology. On the contrary, naturalists deny that naturalized is not genuine epistemology. They maintain that naturalized epistemology can preserve the normative characteristic of epistemology, and so it does not abandon epistemology. The main aim of this paper is to investigate what becomes of normativity in naturalized epistemology. I investigate whether naturalism can be pursued as normative project, or it is a merely descriptive project. Then, I introduce Quine’s assertion that naturalized epistemology still can be normative in new settings, and examine what becomes this normativity in Quine’s sense. I maintain that “normativity” in naturalized epistemology is different from normativity in traditional epistemology, and point out that naturalized epistemology has a instrumental normativity. Finally, I conclude that even if naturalized epistemology has a kind of normativity, it has a limited sense, or a characteristic of disguised empirical statements.
자연공원 내 비오톱조성을 통한 자연학습공간 개선방안 - 전라북도를 사례로 -
유리수,이명우,Yu, Li-Su,Lee, Myung-Woo 한국조경학회 2006 한국조경학회지 Vol.34 No.5
Nature-learning place is a critical space together with nature center in Natural parks. But there are serious faults on these design and planning as for the landscape ecological consideration. The objective of this paper was to suggest the ecological alternatives through analyzing existing cases of nature-teaming place in Natural parte. Five case sites in Natural parks were selected in Chollabukdo. Three landscape indices- subjectivity, natural prototype, nativity, were introduced for evaluating the existing cases. Results showed that those are short of landscape ecological senses- Biotope target species, ecological vegetation patches, eco-corridor concept. A proposal for the ecological planning in Deokyusan Natural park was suggested according to several criteria with biotopes as forest and stream patches and the corridor. The results of the study can be summarized as follows. First, existing natural-loaming sites should be evaluated in light of landscape ecological indices. Second, they can be designed to work with the concept of the biotope patch and corridor for target species. The results of this study could provide critical guidelines for the ecological planning and design of natural-loaming sites in nature parks.