보전적 측면에서 바라본 한국과 일본의 국립공원제도 비교

조태동 한국환경과학회 2004 한국환경과학회지 Vol.13 No.10

Korea's national park system resembles that of Japan in many ways. In this study, National park Systems of the two countries are compared from a standpoint of their historical backgrounds to be formed and in aspect of its conservation by the main revision of national park laws in perspective. In conclusion it was found out that Korea's toleration-based regulations on building park amenities have gradually neglected the park conservation effort, whereas Japan's authorization-oriented regulations have streng thened their emphasis on park conservation. From the comparison as above, the polices to be modified for Korean national park are proposed as follows: 1. National park system, which values diversity of species, is to be proposed. For this, the Article 8 which allows a development of National parks, Enforcement Ordinance Article 4, The Article 18 of Law, Enforcement Regulation Article 6 & 7 of National Park Law should be reviewed for deletion and revision. 2. On the basis of the laws, zoning system should be readjusted by discriminated conservation policy. Also, the readjustment of zoning system should be enforced after thorough analysis and research on the value of natural resources in the national park. 3. Korea should closely review the recently revised Japanese laws on the national parks and nature revitalization promotion for applying them to conservation policy of Korean national parks.

국립공원 구역 조정에 따른 환경,경제,사회적 파급효과 분석

홍현정 ( Hyun Jung Hong ),최현아 ( Hyun Ah Choi ),변병설 ( Byung Seol Byun ),박용하 ( Yong Ha Park ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2013 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.16 No.6

As ten years have passed since national parks were adjusted and released inceptively, it is the time for evaluating the effectiveness of the national park policy and improving it on the basis of the evaluation result. In this study, the method of appraising the environmental and socio-economical ripple effect on the implementation of national park regulation were provided, based on the institutional consideration, the environment analysis, the survey of residents consciousness, the statistical analysis and so on. It is applied to target sites where were released from national parks, and the policy direction was suggested for sustainable use and management of national parks. National parks, that exhibit various characteristics depending on geographical and local conditions, were categorized through the statistical approach. Released sites from Seoraksan National park, where was categorized as the core national park for sustainable use and management, were evaluated environmentally based on the time-series analysis of environmental thematic maps and socio-economically based on the survey on residents perceptions. As a result of this study, the environmental effect of released sites has been declined or threatened, and the residents` economic, social and living condition in these areas are still not improved(p<0.05) since the adjustment of national parks. Based on the policy approach reflecting regional characteristics, natural resources are kept and enhanced for the sustainable use and management of national parks. And a consensus on the national park policy of national park should be developed between local residents and voluntary participation and public awareness should be attracted from them, based on the construction and the supplement of the infrastructure.

국가도시공원의 설계 전략 -소래습지생태공원, 시흥갯골생태공원, 송도 습지를 중심으로-

신담 한국디자인문화학회 2023 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.29 No.3

국가도시공원은 2016년 국가도시공원에 관한 법률이 통과되어 지금까지 시행되고 있으나 아직까지 국내에 국가도시공원으로 지정된 곳은 없다. 이에 인천광역시는 남동구 논현동 소래습지생태공원 일원 6,650 천㎡를 국가도시공원으로 지정받고자 기본구상과 관련 사업들을 추진 중에 있다. 도시가 발전하고 도시민의 의식수준도 향상됨에 따라 국가도시공원 조성에 대한 기대감은 점점 커지고있다. 이에 부응하기 위해 본 연구는 국가도시공원의대상지인 3거점 공원의 특성과 평가를 통해 미래의국가도시공원 조성에 관한 설계 전략을 도출하였다. 연구 범위는 소래습지생태공원, 시흥갯골생태공원, 송도 습지를 대상으로 랜드스케이프 어버니즘의 이론을 적용하여 평가항목을 나타내었다. 평가항목은 네트워킹, 인프라스트럭처, 부지, 생태와 프로세스, 융합과협업으로 구성하였다. 이에 따른 평가결과와 인천시공원설계지침을 반영하여 최종 국가도시공원의 설계전략을 특성화하였다. 국가도시공원의 설계 전략은 첫째, 지역사회와의 연계성 구축, 둘째, 자연과 지속가능한 생태문화 구축, 셋째, 입체적인 지형계획, 넷째, 시간성을 고려한 경관계획, 다섯째, 열린 프로그램의 활용으로 제안하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 한정된 국토의 효율적 이용과 습지 특성에 맞는 공원의 설계 전략을 도출하여 국가도시공원의 기초자료로서 방향성을 제시하는 것이다. 다만 연구의 미진한 부분은 후속 연구로 남기고, 미래의국가도시공원이 도시민의 행복을 위한 공간으로 조성되길 바란다. The National Urban Park has been implemented so far since the National Urban Park Act was passed in 2016, but no place has been designated as a national urban park in Korea yet. Accordingly, Incheon Metropolitan City is promoting basic ideas and related projects to designate 6,650,000㎡ of Sorae Wetland Ecological Park in Nonhyeon-dong, Namdong-gu as a national urban park. As the city develops and the level of consciousness of urban residents improves, expectations for the creation of a national urban park are growing. To meet this, this study derived a design strategy for the creation of a national urban park in the future through the characteristics and evaluation of the three-base park, which is the target site of the national urban park. The scope of the study was evaluated by applying the theory of Landscape Urbanism to Sorae Wetland Ecological Park, Siheung Gaetgol Ecological Park, and Songdo Wetland. The evaluation items consisted of networking, infrastructure, site, ecology and process, convergence and collaboration. Accordingly, the design strategy of the final national urban park was characterized by reflecting the evaluation results and the park design guidelines of Incheon City. The design strategy of the national urban park was first proposed by establishing connection with the local community, secondly, establishing a sustainable ecological culture with nature, thirdly, three-dimensional topography planning, fourthly, landscape planning considering time, and fifthly, using open programs. The purpose of this study is to present the direction as basic data for national urban parks by deriving park design strategies suitable for the efficient use of limited land and wetland characteristics. However, the insufficient part of the study will be left as a follow-up study, and it is hoped that the national urban park in the future will be created as a space for the happiness of urban residents.

무등산국립공원 내 사유지 문제 해결 방안에 관한 연구

김현(Kim, Hyun),최수임(Choi, Soo-Im) 한국산림휴양복지학회 2017 한국산림휴양학회지 Vol.21 No.1

국립공원은 자연생태계와 자연·문화경관의 보전을 전제로 지속가능한 이용을 도모하고자 환경부장관이 지정하고 국가가 직접 관리하는 보호지역이다. 따라서 국립공원 내 사유지로 인하여 발생되는 문제점이 해결되지 않고서는 국립공원의 효율적인 자원보호와 관리가 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안의 일환으로서 무등산국립공원 내 사유 목장부지 문제의 갈등해소 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 무등산국립공원 내 목장부지는 경관과 어울리지 않는 지역으로서 반드시 복원 및 관리가 이루어져야 할 곳이다. 목장부지 중 사유지가 전체 면적의 60.4%를 차지하며, 국 · 공유지는 39.6%에 달하지만 공원자연보존지구에 포함되어 있기 때문에 산림청과 지자체와의 협조체계를 구축하여 국 · 공유지 환수가 이루어져야만 목장부지에 대한 복원 및 사유지 매수가 시작될 수 있다. 목장부지의 국 · 공유지 환수와 원칙적인 관리를 위해서 가장 중요한 것은 국립공원관리공단이 사유지 매입을 적극적으로 추진하고 있음을 소유주에게 알려주어야 한다. 즉, 국 · 공유지 환수와 관리는 목장 소유주 및 운영자에게 심각한 부담감을 줄 수 있는 정책으로 갈등을 극대화 할 소지가 높다. 따라서 사유지 매입을 위해 적극 노력하고 있음을 주지시켜 주고 실행에 옮김으로써 사유지의 매매를 유도할 수 있다. 특히 사유지 소유주와의 지속적이고 정기적인 협의를 시행함으로써 사유지 매입을 추진 할 필요가 있으며, 지가보상액의 기대차이에 따른 문제점을 완화하기 위한 방안으로 환경부와의 지속적인 협의를 통해 예산을 확보할 필요가 있다. 또한, 국 · 공유지 환수 및 사유지 매입과 더불어 공원보호협약제도를 적극 활용할 필요가 있다. 국립공원과 목장소유주가 공원보호협약을 통해 목장소유주에게 세제혜택 등을 시행함과 동시에 목장소유주가 공원보호활동을 하고 이에 상응하는 지원을 받는 형태로 멸종위기야생생물 서식·생육지 보호 및 복원, 외래생물 관리, 공원시설 운영 관리 등이 이루어진다면 효율적인 국립공원 관리가 수행 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. A national park is a protective region designated by the Minister of Environment and managed directly by the government to promote sustainable use of natural ecosystem and preservation of representative natural and cultural landscape in Korea. Therefore, unless the issues regarding private land within national parks are resolved, the efficient protection of natural resource and management of national park is difficult. In this study, as a solution to resolve such issue, the solution resolving conflict of private farmland within Mudeungsan National Park is to be proposed. The farmland within Mudeungsan National Park does not match with the surrounding landscape, and it shall be recovered and managed. Within this farmland, the private land takes 60.4%, and the national and public land takes 39.6%, but since it is included in the park natural preservation district, Korea Forest Service and the local government shall create a cooperative system to claw back this national and public land in advance. Yet, the recovery of farmland and purchase of private land may be performed in advance. The most significant factor for basic management and restitution of national and public land is the acknowledgement of active purchasing of private land by the Korea National Park Service to owners. In other words, restitution and management of national and public land may become the policy to load serious burden on farmland owner and administrator, and this may maximize the conflict. Therefore, by revealing the active effort for purchasing private land to owners, the Park Service may lead the transaction of private land. Especially, the government shall have continuous and regular meetings with private land owners for purchasing, and to alleviate the issues from the difference of expectation in compensation, the continuous meeting with the Ministry of Environment is also required to assure enough budget. On the other hand, along with restitution of national and public lands and purchasing of private lands, the National Park Conservation Agreement shall be used. In other words, through this National Park Conservation Agreement, the national park may grant the tax favor to farmland owners while the farmland owners perform park protection activities, leading protection and recovery of endangered species and habitats, management of foreign species, and administration of park facilities to show efficient management of the national park.

국립공원의 구역 변천 및 용도지구 설정을 기반으로 한 해상·해안형 국립공원 관리개선방안에 대한 기초 연구

이희원,염성진,Lee, Hee-Won,Yeom, Sung-Jin 한국환경과학회 2020 한국환경과학회지 Vol.29 No.2

The national parks of South Korea take up an area of 6,726 ㎢, which accounts for 6.7% of the national land. They are national conservation areas with their area made up of 59.1% of land (3,972.6 ㎢) and 40.9% of seawaters (2,753.7 ㎢). And in 2019, the national parks are classified by type into 17 mountainous, 4 maritime or coastal, and 1 historical site. Here, the maritime or coastal nation parks are lately spotlighted as landmarks in maritime tourism. However, the area of the maritime or coastal national parks is continuously dwindling due to conflicts between the residents in the parks and Korea national park service, the continued pressure with respect to the regional tourism development and private investments, and the abolition of parks in relation to allegedly breached private properties. This study identifies the issues with the operation and management of national parks as caused by the abolition of parks and the reduction of areas, and goes from there to do research with the aim of suggesting an institutionalized improvement plan with a view to more useful operation and management of the maritime or coastal national parks. As a result, the natural resources in the sea and on land should be surveyed again to establish the standard for use-specific zoning and reorganize the park areas in adjusting the national park areas. Second, the use-specific districts need to be reviewed for their reorganization that meets the designation requirements by focusing on the characteristics of the different national parks with a view to ensuring reasonable natural conservation in the maritime or coastal national parks. Third, various support facilities for residents such as public path, lodgings, and rentals need to be created to reduce the conflicts between Korea national park service and those who live in the parks.

연구논문 : 국립공원의 훼손지 유형과 개선방안에 대한 기초적 연구

염성진 ( Sung Jin Yeom ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.11

This study is conducted to determine the damage, distinguish the types and identify the restoration by that type for 13 Korea national parks out of 21. There are 21 Korea national parks are in Korea covering 6.67% of the country or 6,656 km2 (3,902 km2 on land and 2,754 km2 in the sea) currently since the area around Jirisan (440 km2) was designated as the first Korea national parks in 1967. With the cancellation of entrance admission on Korea national parks since 2007, annual visitors to the Korea national parks have grown from 37 millions in 2008 to 46 millions by 2013 and continue to grow due to numerous leisure activities, alpine activities and social changes. As such, Korea national parks are natural resource with high value to be conserved and are attracting significant attention as recreational spaces for people at the same time. On the other hand, there have been issues of soil erosions or disturbed vegetation due to increased number of visitor to the national parks. Korea national parks area damage to its type and damage characteristics to analyse the 13 Korea national parks out of 21 on July 2012 March, Korea national parks over the subjects of the National Park from damaged area status Survey analysis by the Korea National Park Service. As a result, 203 million units in the 16 Korea national parks damaged land of the reform package during ecological trail (including non-regular hiking trails) 153 (77.66%), damaged valleys 20(9.14%) independent damaged area, 13 disconnected ecological axis(7.61%), closed trail(2.03%) (3.55%), and line type damage(like a non-regular hiking trails) appears to be a high ratio. Korea national parks damaged land of the results identified, by contrast ratio and the annual number of visitors Bukhansan national park(49.26%), Gyeongju national park(23.65%) damaged land rates, such as Seorasan national park(4.93%), Songnisan national park (4.43 %), Gyeryongsan national park(3.45%), and the annual number of visitors be similar result. The National Park Service has been reporting on damages and restorations but damages and their types have not been established yet. Damages have been generally studied and categorized on hiking trails due caused by heavy traffic on them but the reports were limited on hiking trails only. Since damage to the Korea national parks are not limited on the hiking trails, it is necessary to determine damages in various aspects. Thus, in this study, damage types, spatial characteristics, causes and restorations are analyzed based on the survey results of damages to national parks in order to provide a basis for the efficient management and operation of the Korea national parks.

중력모형을 이용한 해상국립공원 탐방수요 추정

모수원 ( Soo Won Mo ),이광배 ( Kwang Bae Lee ) 한국도서학회 2016 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.28 No.1

우리나라는 삼면이 바다로 둘러싸여 있으나 지정학적 특성으로 사실상 섬나라와 다름없다는 특수성을 가지고 있다. 그런데 최근 섬을 포함하는 해양관광이 힐링과 같은 주제와 결합되고 다각화되면서 틈새관광시장으로 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이것은 섬 지역에 대한 여행객의 증가와 도서지역의 소득증대로 연결될 수 있는 것이다. 이에 비해 많은 연구들이 산악 관광에 집중되고 해상관광에는 큰 관심을 두지 않고 있다. 또한 GDP와 같은 경제변수나 인구 또는 접근성과 같은 요인이 미치는 영향에 대해서도 별다른 연구가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이러한 점에서 본고는 중력모형을 도입하여 해상형국립공원에 대한 탐방수요구조를 분석한다. 중력모형은 무역이론의 실증분석에서 광범위하게 사용되고 있으며, 양 지역의 경제규모에 비례하고 두 지역의 거리에 반비례한다는 것을 그 특성으로 하고 있다. 관광은 서비스교역의 특별한 형태로 간주될 수 있기 때문에 탐방객의 이동을 중력모형을 이용하여 분석할 수 있다. 본고는 6가지 중력모형을 설정하여 분석하는데, 기본적인 틀은 해상형국립공원의 위치에서 가장 근접한 대도시를 중력원으로 처리하는 것과 서울시를 중력원으로 처리할 것인가이다. 구체적으로 중력원으로 서울의 지역내총생산, 부산의 지역내총생산, 광주의 지역내총생산, 대전의 지역내총생산을, 마찰력원을 서울과 해당국립공원과의 거리, 부산과 국립공원과의 거리, 광주에서의 거리, 대전에서의 거리로 설정하여 모형을 구성한다. 또한 중력원으로 지역내총생산을 투입한 모형이 적합하지 않은 것으로 판명되면 서울, 부산, 광주, 대전의 지역내총생산을 주민수로 대체하여 투입하여 재추정한다. 주민수를 중력원으로 투입하는 것은 소득변수를 중력원으로 이용하는 것이 이론적 근거가 약하다는 소수의 의견에 대한 검정이 필요하기 때문이기도 한다. 여기에 4개 국립공원의 탐방객, 인구수, 지역내총생산에 대한 15년의 자료로 패널자료를 구성 하여 패널공적분검정을 실시한 후 패널공적분벡터를 도출하여 선정된 모형이 안정적임을 밝힌다. 또한 패널분석을 실시하여 인구와 거리가 탐방수요에 영향을 미치나 지역내총생산도 미약하나 영향을 미친다는 것을 보인다. 또한 인구나 소득보다 거리가 해상관광객 유치에 큰 장애요인이 된다는 것도 밝힌다. Although the gravity model had been neglected by the tourism demand literature for decades, it re-emerged as a way for modeling tourism demand as the role of structural factors on tourism became more essential. Gravity models use the Newton``s universal law of gravitation in order to describe the patterns of international trade. The model considers that the bilateral flows between two countries are directly proportional to the countries``economic masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them. Gravity models fit well when it comes to explaining the international flows of trade, migration and foreign investment. Thus, since tourism can be considered as a special type of trade in services, the movement of international travellers and tourists can also be analysed through the gravity approach. In this study, we employed five gravity models for four marine national parks. The gravity models employ either gross regional domestic product or population, while the distance between major metropolitan cities and national parks are considered as independent variables. The gravity Equations have the form of regressing tourism demand on bilateral distance and two measures of region size. The panel data, which combined the time series and cross-sectional observation, are composed of 4 national parks and 15 years. The gravity model 1 regress visitors on distance between Hallyeo Marine National Park and Seoul and Gross Regional Domestic Product of Seoul for Hallyeo Marine National Park, on distance between Odongdo and Seoul and GRDP of Seoul for Odongdo, on distance between Tae-An Seashore National Park and Seoul and GRDP of Seoul for Tae-An Seashore National Park and on distance between Dadohae Marine National Park and Seoul and GRDP of Seoul for Dadohae Marine National Park. The gravity model 2 inputs Busan instead of Seoul for Hallyeo Marine National Park, Gwangju for Odongdo and Dadohae Marine National Park, and Daejeon for Tae-An Seashore National Park. The gravity model 3 and 4 use population instead of GRDP for measuring the region``s economic mass. The panel cointegrating vectors shows that the number of visitors have a negative relationship with distance, but shows a positive association with the population of metropolitan cities. GDP and the distance between two regions play a principal role in the gravity model. The panel analysis indicates that the population of the nearby metropolitan city and the distance between the national park and the nearest metropolitan should be employed. However, neither the GRDP of the nearby metropolitan city, nor the Seoul city, and nor the population of Seoul is appropriate for explaining the visiting demand for marine parks.

국립공원의 기후변화 취약성 평가

김종천 ( Kim Chong-chun ),김태근 ( Tae-geun Kim ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2016 생태와 환경 Vol.49 No.1

본 연구는 기후변화에 대응하기 위해서 국립공원의 관리방향을 설정하고, 이에 따른 정책을 수립하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해서 국립환경과 학원에서 개발한 기후변화 취약성 평가 도구인 LCCGIS 프로그램의 취약성 대용변수 24개를 이용하여 현재와 미래의 국립공원의 기후변화 취약성을 분석하였다. 국립공원의 기후변화 취약성에 대한 현황과 미래전망을 분석하고 평가하기 위하여 기후노출의 대용변수는 기후변화 시나리오 (RCP 8.5)를 적용하여 1 km×1 km 격자 단위의 GIS 공간주제도를 제작하여 값을 추출하고, 민감도 및 적응 능력의 대용변수의 값은 국립공원 기본 통계값을 이용하여 추출하였다. 3개의 취약성 평가항목의 값은 현재 (2010년대)와 미래 (2050년대)에 대해서 추출하였으며, 미래 예측 시나리오가 없는 민감도 및 적응 능력과 관련된 대용변수는 현재 상태가 지속된다는 가정 아래 현재의 값을 미래에도 동일하게 적용하였다. 현재 (2010년대) 기후노출은 설악산, 오대산, 지리산, 치악산국립공원이 상대적으로 크고, 미래 (2050년대)에는 지리산, 오대산, 설악산, 한려해상이 클 것으로 예상되었다. 특히, 폭염의 변화가 가장 큰 공원은 월출산국립공원이고 가뭄이 크게 변하는 공원은 계룡산국립공원이며, 월악산국립공원이 폭우의 변화가 가장 클 것으로 나타났다. 국립공원 기후변화 민감도는 지리산국립공원이 가장 민감하고 적응 능력도 가장 높게 평가되었다. 민감도가 가장 낮은 곳은 가야산국립공원이고, 적응 능력은 치악산국립공원이 가장 낮았다. 기후변화 취약성은 설악산, 오대산, 치악산, 덕유산, 한려해상국립공원이 현재시기에 높게 평가되었고, 미래 취약성의 변화가 큰 공원은 지리산, 월악산, 치악산, 소백산국립공원 순으로 전망되었다. 전반적으로, 국립공원의 기후변화 취약성을 평가하는 항목인 기후노출, 민감도, 그리고 적응 능력은 국립공원의 지역적인 기후환경에 따라서 상대적으로 차이가 나타나기 때문에 전 공원을 대상으로 획일적인 적응대책을 수립하기보다는 국립공원의 지역적인 기후환경 특성을 반영한 적응대책 마련이 필요할 것이다. 국립공원을 대상으로 기후노출, 민감도 및 적응 능력의 대용변수를 이용하여 기후변화 취약성을 평가한 본 연구의 결과는 국립공원의 지역적인 기후환경 특성을 고려한 기후변화 적응대책을 수립하는 데 기초자료로서 활용될 것으로 기대된다. 하지만 국립공원의 기후변화 취약성 평가와 관련된 연구가 거의 없는 실정에서 LCCGIS프로그램 상에서 제시되는 대용변수만을 사용하여 분석하였기 때문에, 국립공원의 전반적인 환경을 제대로 반영하지 못할 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 국립공원의 기후변화 취약성을 평가하기 위하여 보다 적합한 대용변수의 객관적인 검토와 함께 가중치 설정에 대한 연구가 진행될 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to set the direction to manage national parks to cope with climate change, and offer basic data to establish the relevant policies. Towards this end, this study analyzed the current and future climate change vulnerability of national parks using the 24 proxy variables of vulnerability in the LCCGIS program, a tool to evaluate climate change vulnerability developed by the National Institute of Environmental Research. To analyze and evaluate the current status of and future prospect on climate change vulnerability of national parks, the proxy variable value of climate exposure was calculated by making a GIS spatial thematic map with 1 km×1 km grid unit through the application of climate change scenario (RCP8.5). The values of proxy variables of sensitivity and adaptation capability were calculated using the basic statistics of national parks. The values of three vulnerability evaluation items were calculated regarding the present (2010s) and future (2050s). The current values were applied to the future equally under the assumption that the current state of the proxy variables related to sensitivity and adaptation capability without a future prediction scenario continues. Seoraksan, Odaesan, Jirisan and Chiaksan National Parks are relatively bigger in terms of the current (2010s) climate exposure. The national park, where the variation of heat wave is the biggest is Wolchulsan National Park. The biggest variation of drought occurs to Gyeryongsan National Park, and Woraksan National Park has the biggest variation of heavy rain. Concerning the climate change sensitivity of national parks, Jirisan National Park is the most sensitive, and adaptation capability is evaluated to be the highest. Gayasan National Park`s sensitivity is the lowest, and Chiaksan National Park is the lowest in adaptation capability. As for climate change vulnerability, Seoraksan, Odaesan, Chiaksan and Deogyusan National Parks and Hallyeohaesang National Park are evaluated as high at the current period. The national parks, where future vulnerability change is projected to be the biggest, are Jirisan, Woraksan, Chiaksan and Sobaeksan National Parks in the order. Because such items evaluating the climate change vulnerability of national parks as climate exposure, sensitivity and adaptation capability show relative differences according to national parks` local climate environment, it will be necessary to devise the adaptation measures reflecting the local climate environmental characteristics of national parks, rather than establishing uniform adaptation measures targeting all national parks. The results of this study that evaluated climate change vulnerability using climate exposure, sensitivity and adaptation capability targeting Korea`s national parks are expected to be used as basic data for the establishment of measures to adapt to climate change in consideration of national parks` local climate environmental characteristics. However, this study analyzed using only the proxy variables presented by LCCGIS program under the situation that few studies on the evaluation of climate change vulnerability of national parks are found, and therefore this study may not reflect overall national parks` environment properly. A further study on setting weights together with an objective review on more proper proxy variables needs to be carried out in order to evaluate the climate change vulnerability of national parks.

국립공원의 기후변화 취약성 평가

김종천,김태근 한국하천호수학회 2016 생태와 환경 Vol.49 No.1

The purpose of this study is to set the direction to manage national parks to cope with climate change, and offer basic data to establish the relevant policies. Towards this end, this study analyzed the current and future climate change vulnerability of national parks using the 24 proxy variables of vulnerability in the LCCGIS program, a tool to evaluate climate change vulnerability developed by the National Institute of Environmental Research. To analyze and evaluate the current status of and future prospect on climate change vulnerability of national parks, the proxy variable value of climate exposure was calculated by making a GIS spatial thematic map with 1 km×1 km grid unit through the application of climate change scenario (RCP8.5). The values of proxy variables of sensitivity and adaptation capability were calculated using the basic statistics of national parks. The values of three vulnerability evaluation items were calculated regarding the present (2010s) and future (2050s). The current values were applied to the future equally under the assumption that the current state of the proxy variables related to sensitivity and adaptation capability without a future prediction scenario continues. Seoraksan, Odaesan, Jirisan and Chiaksan National Parks are relatively bigger in terms of the current (2010s) climate exposure. The national park, where the variation of heat wave is the biggest is Wolchulsan National Park. The biggest variation of drought occurs to Gyeryongsan National Park, and Woraksan National Park has the biggest variation of heavy rain. Concerning the climate change sensitivity of national parks, Jirisan National Park is the most sensitive, and adaptation capability is evaluated to be the highest. Gayasan National Park’s sensitivity is the lowest, and Chiaksan National Park is the lowest in adaptation capability. As for climate change vulnerability, Seoraksan, Odaesan, Chiaksan and Deogyusan National Parks and Hallyeohaesang National Park are evaluated as high at the current period. The national parks, where future vulnerability change is projected to be the biggest, are Jirisan, Woraksan, Chiaksan and Sobaeksan National Parks in the order. Because such items evaluating the climate change vulnerability of national parks as climate exposure, sensitivity and adaptation capability show relative differences according to national parks’ local climate environment, it will be necessary to devise the adaptation measures reflecting the local climate environmental characteristics of national parks, rather than establishing uniform adaptation measures targeting all national parks. The results of this study that evaluated climate change vulnerability using climate exposure, sensitivity and adaptation capability targeting Korea’s national parks are expected to be used as basic data for the establishment of measures to adapt to climate change in consideration of national parks’ local climate environmental characteristics. However, this study analyzed using only the proxy variables presented by LCCGIS program under the situation that few studies on the evaluation of climate change vulnerability of national parks are found, and therefore this study may not reflect overall national parks’ environment properly. A further study on setting weights together with an objective review on more proper proxy variables needs to be carried out in order to evaluate the climate change vulnerability of national parks.

국립공원 탐방수요의 중력지도

모수원(Soo-Won Mo) 한국산업경제학회 2013 산업경제연구 Vol.26 No.2

우리나라 국립공원 탐방객은 국립공원 입장료 폐지효과가 빠르게 소멸되고 있어서 새로운 국립공원 탐방수요를 창출할 수 있는 방안이 시급한 형편이다. 본고는 7개의 중력모형을 도입하여 계수의 유의성과 부호 측면에서 가장 정확한 모형을 찾아내어 탐방수요를 창출하는데 장애가 되는 요인과 도움이 되는 요소를 밝히는데 목적을 둔다. 설악산, 오대산, 치악산, 소백산, 월악산, 속리산 국립공원과 서울과의 거리와 서울의 지역내 총생산(GRDP)을 설명변수로 투입한 모형 A, 설악산, 오대산, 치악산은 강원도와의 거리와 강원도의 소득을, 소백산, 월악산, 속리산은 청주시와의 거리와 충청북도의 소득을 설명변수로 투입한 모형 B, 설악산, 오대산, 치악산은 강원도와 거리와 소득을, 소백산, 월악산, 속리산은 서울과의 거리와 소득을 설명변수로 투입한 모형 C, 설악산, 오대산, 치악산은 서울과의 거리와 소득을, 소백산, 월악산, 속리산은 대전과의 거리와 소득을 설명변수로 투입한 모형 D, 설악산, 오대산, 치악산은 서울과 거리와 소득을, 소백산, 월악산, 속리산은 대구와의 거리와 대구의 소득을 설명변수로 투입한 모형 E, 설악산, 오대산, 치악산은 서울과의 거리와 소득을, 소백산, 월악산, 속리산은 청주와의 거리와 충북의 소득을 설명변수로 한 모형 F, 설악산, 오대산, 치악산은 서울과의 거리와 서울의 소득과 강원도의 소득을 곱한 값을, 소백산, 월악산, 속리산은 청주와의 거리와 서울의 소득과 충북의 소득을 곱한 값을 투입한 모형 G이다. 모형 G에서 모든 개별변수의 부호가 이론과 일치하고 유의하여 강원도의 국립공원은 강원도 중력과 서울의 중력이 작용한다는 것과 충북의 국립공원 역시 충북의 중력과 서울의 중력이 같이 작용한다는 것을 밝힌다. 강원도 국립공원은 서울과의 거리가 중요한 억제요소로 작용하며, 충북의 공원은 청주와의 거리가 주요한 억제요소로 작용한다는 것도 보인다.   The purpose of this paper is to analyze the visitors' demand for the national parks in Korea using a gravity model. This study divides gravity model into seven cases. Model A composed of the distance from and the GRDP of Seoul; model B which applies the distance from Chuncheon City and the GRDP of Gangwondo to the Gangwon national parks such as the Seoraksan, the Odaesan, and the Chiaksan but employs the distance from Cheongju and the GRDP of Chungbuk for the Chungbuk national parks such as the Woraksan, the Sobaeksan and the Songnisan; model C which applies the distance from Chuncheon and the GRDP of Gangwon but uses the distance from and the GRDP of Seoul for the Chungbuk national parks; model D which applies the distance from and the GRDP of Seoul to the Gangwon national parks, but employs the distance from and the GRDP of Daejeon for the Chungbuk national parks; model E which applies the distance from and the GRDP of Seoul to the Gangwon national parks, but utilizes the distance from and the GRDP of Daegu for the Chungbuk national parks; and model F which applies the distance from and the GRDP of Seoul to the Gangwon national parks, but uses the distance from Cheongju and the GRDP of Chungbuk for the Chungbuk national parks. Those models, however, exhibit the wrong signs and/or the insignificant explanatory variables. This paper, hence, employs combined gravity model which applies the distance from and the GRDP of Seoul multiplied by Gangwon to the Gangwon national parks, but employs the distance from Cheongju and the GRDP of Chungbuk multiplied by those of Seoul to the Chungbuk national parks, which are shown to be satisfactory.