‘가족계획’ 담론과 여성 ‘몸’에 대한 인식 변화 ― 1950~60년대 '여원'을 중심으로 ―

김수자 이화여자대학교 이화사학연구소 2019 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.59

One of the “national projects” that have greatly influenced the lives and perceptions of Korean women since the 945 Liberation is the family planning project led by the May 16 military government in 1961. However, it was only in the mid-1950s that family planning discourse was discussed in relation to women's “bodies.” One of the key elements of family planning discourse in the mid-1950s was that womens’ bodies should be protected from reckless abortion by “Mom’s Health” and “Maternal and Child health.” It was raised in connection with the basic elements of ‘female right advocacy’. Family planning discourse has begun to form “new” perceptions not only of women's “bodies,” but also of the number of existing children, the family economy, views om children, childbirth and child rearing. As women's articles on women's bodies appeared, there was a movement to demand the realization of women's legal status by discussing the patriarchal family structure and consciousness and the revision of family law. However, in 1961, when the Park Chung-Hee administration adopted the family planning project as a national policy, the core content of the family planning project was the birth control and the control through birth control. The state actively intervened and controlled women’s bodies responsible for childbirth. The Park Chung Hee government looked at the increasing “population” as a barrier to economic development and carried out the family planning project. The population was identified as a deterrent to the “national modernization” through economic development. Therefore, women's bodies at this time were controlled by birth control and contraception rather than childbirth and rearing. During this period, the family planning project was carried out as a pan-national movement to control conception and birth. The most widely adopted methods of birth control were artificial abortion and abortion. As women's articles about women's bodies appeared, the patriarchal family structure and consciousness and the revision of family law were discussed and the actualization of women’s legal status was insisted and disclaimed. However, as the family-planning project proceeds in a state-led manner, it is linked to the improvement of the status of women in the family. It is attempted to overcome the ideology of preffering a son, which is judged to be an obstacle to population decline, even if it is not based on feminist perspective for the success of the project. It was to include women in the policy to achieve the goals of the policy, and to consider to change the structure of the large family system so that the family planning project could be “conveniently carried out.” However, this policy has obvious limitations. Family planning did not take place from the feminist point of view, and women’s status improvement and family structure were not discussed from that view, too.

Are Financial Statements of Family Firms More Comparable than Non-Family Firms?

Kyeongmin Jeon(전경민) 대한경영학회 2021 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.34 No.10

가족기업은 창업자 가족이 지속적으로 기업의 지분을 소유하고 경영에 영향력을 미치는 형태로 다수의 국가에서 50% 이상의 비중을 차지하고 있다. 가족기업은 일반 대주주가 지배하는 기업과 달리 대부분의 가족 재산을 기업에 투자하고 있으며, 가족 구성원이 경영진 및 이사회 등 기업에 영향력과 지배력을 미치는 중요한 자리를 차지하고 있기 때문에 일반기업과는 다른 독특한 기업 문화와 특성을 가지고 있다. 가족기업은 소유와 경영의 불일치에 기인한 대리인 문제를 감소시켜 기업에 긍정적인 영향을 줄 수 있는 반면, 지나친 권력과 이해의 집중으로 인하여 소액주주에 대한 이익침해 유인이 보다 강하게 나타나 기업에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 상반된 연구결과들이 보고되고 있다. 본 연구는 가족기업에 대해 다각적인 측면에서 가족기업의 긍정적인 측면과 부정적인 측면을 재조명하여 가족기업과 비가족기업 간 재무제표 비교가능성에 차이가 있는지를 조사하고, 이 차이가 기업의 가치평가에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 1983년부터 2016년까지 세계에서 가장 큰 500대 가족 소유 기업을 보고한 Forbes 웹사이트의 설문 조사 목록을 사용하였고, 모든 데이터는 COMPUSTAT의 자료를 활용하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가족 기업의 재무제표가 비가족기업의 재무제표보다 비교가능성이 전반적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 가족기업의 경우 경영자와 소유자 간 대리인 문제는 약화되지만 대주주와 소액주주 간의 대리인 문제는 심화되는 가족기업의 특성을 반영하는 결과라 할 수 있다. 하지만, 재무제표 비교가능성이 가족기업의 가치평가의 측면에서는 긍정적인 결과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 가족기업의 재무제표 비교가능성이 반드시 가족기업의 성과에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것이 아니며, 가족기업의 재무제표의 비교가능성으로 인해 가족기업의 가치가 과소평가 될 필요가 없음을 시사한다. This study investigates whether there is a difference in the comparability of financial statements between family and non-family companies and whether the comparability is related to family firm value. I uses a list from a survey from the Forbes website that reports the 500 Largest Family-Owned Companies In The World from 1983 to 2016. All financial data is obtained from COMPUSTAT. This study find that financial statements of family firms are less comparable than their non-family counterparts but also find that family firms with the lowest earnings quality benefit from comparability. Family firms have unique ownership structures, occupy both senior management positions and board seats. Hence, the different business culture of these firms affects strategic, investment and managerial decision-making and ultimately financial reporting practices differently. This study contributes to the literature that studies the impact of ownership structure on financial reporting and the growing body of financial statement comparability. Family firms have unique ownership structures, occupy both senior management positions and board seats. Hence, the different business culture of these firms affects strategic, investment and managerial decision-making and ultimately financial reporting practices differently. The various aspects of family firms reporting decisions also would affect financial statement comparability as well. This study could aid investors and outside shareholders in evaluating firm performance related to their investment portfolio. Even though family firms have less comparable financial statements than their non-family peers, firm performance appear to be higher via comparability at family firms with lower earnings quality. This could signal to the market that family firms’ accounting information could provide a benchmark to other non-family firms in terms of valuation because even the family firms with the lowest earnings quality has higher valuation than non-family firms. This shed some light on the earnings quality and comparability differences to outside shareholders, creditors and regulators. Using family firms’ earnings performance as a benchmark, market participants can increase monitoring roles on non-family firms to enhance earnings quality and comparability.

FACESⅢ를 이용한 대가족과 핵가족의 가족기능

김석진,이칠성,이규호,강징원,박찬욱,박영룡 大韓家庭醫學會 1994 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.15 No.9-10

경제적 어려움을 경험한 집단의 가족생활만족도와 영향요인

박종옥 한국FP학회 2019 Financial Planning Review Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this study was to find family life satisfaction and its influence on a group that experienced economic difficulties. Data were obtained from 2017 12th Korea Welfare Panel Study, and 1,131 subjects, who had experienced economic difficulties for last year, were selected (economic difficulty experienced group). A total of 2,201 subjects, who had experienced other difficulties except for economic difficulties (other difficulty experienced group) and 3,112 subjects who had no any difficulties (no difficulty experienced group) were selected. Main results were as follows. First, family life satisfaction measured by a 7 point Likert scale revealed 5.50 for the total group, 5.04 for economic difficulty experienced group, 5.41 for the other difficulty experienced group, and 5.74 for no difficulty experienced group. For economic factors (expenditure/income index, monthly expenditure/total liquid asset index, total debt/total liquid asset index, total debt/total asset index, subjective income satisfaction), the levels of the group that experienced economic difficulties were the lowest out of the three groups. For psychological factors (depression, self-esteem), the group that experienced economic difficulties showed the most negative levels of three groups. For the family relation factors (spouse relation satisfaction, child relation satisfaction, stress from daily life), the group that experienced economic difficulties showed the most negative levels out of the three groups. Second, for the group experienced economic difficulties, family life satisfaction for men (husbands) was lower than that for women (wives). In addition, a lower depression and stress from daily life were associated with a higher self-esteem and spouse-child relation satisfaction, and the higher family life satisfaction. Furthermore, psychological factors and family relation factors had significant effects on family life satisfaction for all three groups. In contrast, economic factors, which did not show significant effect on family life satisfaction for the economic difficulty experienced group, had partially significant effects on family life satisfaction for other two groups. Third, a comparison of the influence levels based on the results of hierarchical regression analysis, family relation factors were the strongest factors influencing family life satisfaction, followed in order by the psychological factor, economic factors, and socio-demographic factor. Finally, based on the above main results, to enhance the family life satisfaction of the families who were having economic difficulties, and economic support policy would be necessary. On the other hand, family’s economic improvement might be not easy in a short period time. In that sense, psychological support programs, such as spouse support program, stress reducing program, and improving family relationship program might be helpful in enhancing family life satisfaction on the short term. 본 연구는 경제적 어려움을 경험한 집단의 가족생활만족도와 그 영향요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 제12차 복지패널 자료를 이용하여 총 6,444명을 대상으로, 지난 1 년간 경제적 어려움 집단 1,131명, 경제적 외의 어려움 경험집단 2,201명, 그리고 어떠한어려움도 경험하지 않은 집단 3,112명을 구분하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가족생활만족도는 전체집단이 7점 중 5.50이었고, 경제적 어려움 집단(5.04)이다른 하위집단에 비해 만족도가 가장 낮았으며, 경제적 요인(가계수지지표, 비상자금지표, 중기부채부담지표, 장기부채부담지표, 주관적 수입만족도) 및 심리적 요인(우울감, 자아존중감), 가족관계적 요인(배우자 및 자녀관계 만족도, 성역할관, 가정생활 스트레스) 모두 경제적 어려움 집단이 가장 부정적으로 나타났다. 둘째, 경제적 어려움 집단의 가족생활만족도는 우울감과 가정생활 스트레스가 낮을수록, 자아존중감과 배우자․자녀관계만족도가 높을수록 만족도가 높았다. 전체 및 다른하위집단 비교해보면, 심리적 요인과 가족관계적 요인은 유사한 결과를 보였으나, 경제적 요인은 경제적 어려움 집단에서는 유의하지 않았던 요인이 다른 집단에서는 부분적으로 유의하였다. 셋째, 위계적 회귀분석을 통하여 사회인구학적, 경제적, 심리적, 가족관계적 요인들이가족생활만족도를 어느 정도 설명하는지를 살펴본 결과, 전체 및 하위집단별 집단 모두에서 가장 영향력이 큰 것은 가족관계적 요인이었으며, 심리적 요인, 경제적 요인, 사회인구학적 요인의 순으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구 결론을 기초로 경제적 어려움을 겪고 있는 집단에 대한 정책적 지원 및심리상담을 통한 심리적 지지 및 관계 개선의 필요성을 제안하였다.

Family Structure of a Functional Family : Focusing on Structural Family Therapy

Kyu-young Oh 대한공간정보학회 2008 한국지형공간정보학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.12

It is a sense of security and happiness that characterize a healthy family. This paper examines the methods that facilitate healthy family relationships in the perspective of family structure therapy. In a healthy family, the relational structure is established by systematizing the process of interaction, promoting strict yet flexible family rules. A healthy family hierarchy progresses from grandparental subsystem, parental subsystem, child subsystem to a sibling subsystem - while boundary and rules are clear, the interaction remains flexible. Healthy family members have clear boundaries that are neither detached nor adhesive. They do not cross each other's boundaries to excessively adhere to one another nor become segregated to the point of detachment. The key factor is clear boundaries with flexibility. Healthy families demonstrate an appropriate level of cohesiveness in accordance with the family members' life cycles. Also, they possess a high level of adaptability in times of crises or emergencies. In communication between married couples as well as other family members, they clearly express their feelings while demonstrating a sense of mutual respect. Each member acts under their clearly defined roles within the family while their interactions hold a great level of flexibility and plausibility. The triangular relationships formed among family members continue to progress, and well-formed detriangling facilitates the development of an optimal state where the individuals undergo differentiation and also remain intimate with each other. In summation, family structure can preserve order yet permit intimacy in the familial relationships, ultimately resulting in family peace and stability.

가족의 다양성에 대한 대학생들의 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인

김화선 ( Kim Hwa Sun ) 한국청소년복지학회 2016 청소년복지연구 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구는 사회 변화와 함께 나타나는 가족의 다양성을 대학생들이 어느 정도 인식하는지를 알아보고, 가족이데올로기와 편견이 가족의 다양성 인식에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 사회구조적 차원의 불평등을 해소하기 위한 논의의 기반을 마련하고자 하였다. 조사는 J도에 소재한 대학생 330명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구결과를 간략히 살펴보면, 첫째, 대학생들은 혈연이나 입양에 의해 구성된 가족을 가족으로서 더 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 결혼에 의한 가족구성에는 큰 의미를 부여하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대학생들은 혈연중심의 가족을 지향하는 가족이데올로기를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 비해 가족에 대한 편견수준은 다소 낮게 나타난 것으로 보아 비교적 객관적 지식을 가지고 가족을 보고 있음을 알 수 있다. 셋째, 대학생들의 가족이데올로기가 가족의 다양성 인식을 저해하는 요인으로 나타났다. 따라서 다양한 가족의 변화를 수용하기 위해서는 가족이데올로기에 대한 사회적 논의가 필요함을 확인하였다. The purpose of this study is to identify to what extent college students perceive diverse families and to explore the effects of prejudice and family ideology on awareness of family diversities. This study provided the groundwork for the discussion to resolve social inequality in the structural dimension. 330 college students in J province participated in the study. The results showed that the awareness of the family composed of kinship or the family made by adoption among college students was higher but marriage did not influence family composition. It were found that young adults had family ideology which focuses on blood ties. Prejudice against a diverse family was low, which drew the fact that students had less distorted perception of the diverse family. Family ideology acted as a deterrent against the diverse family among young adults. Therefore, this study suggests that family ideology should be socially discussed in the future so as to accommodate changes in a various family.

근로자의 가족친화성교육프로그램 참여가 일·가족지향성, 일·가족전이 및 가족여가실천에 미치는 영향

우종웅(Jong Woong Woo),이찬형(Chan Hyung Lee),김지은(Jee Eun Kim) 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2009 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.33 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of participation of Family-friendly program on employees` work and family involvement and work-family spillover and family leisure practice. For doing so, data were collected through the questionnaire. The sample was drawn form 154 major companies`s employees in Seoul, Kyungkido, 2008 year by using the quota sampling. The statistics employed in the study were one-way ANOVA, X2, multiple regression analysis, logistic regression analysis. The results of this study can be acquired as follows; First, there were difference in work-family spillover according to participation of Family-friendly. Second, work and family involvement influences work-family spillover. Third, employee`s family leisure was higher levels of positive family to work spillover participation and more family-friendly program.

가족관광 참여자의 관여도와 가족건강성 및 가족만족의 관계

장호중(Ho Jung Jang),김정묵(Jeoung Muk Kim) 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2009 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.33 No.3

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the relationship between involved of participant`s family tourism, family`s strengths and family satisfaction. The subjects of this study was selected by tourist involvement in Kawon-do. The final 392 responses (Male 272, Female 120), collected by convenience sampling method, were used in the data analysis procedure. The questionnaire for the formalization factor of involved of participant`s family tourism by Choi(2007) and the questionnaire for the formalization factor of family`s strengths by You(2009) and the questionnaire for the formalization factor of family satisfaction by Kim(2003). The statistical methods such as reliability analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation model analysis were used to analyze the collected data. From the analyses of the data, the study reached the following conclusions: Firstly, involved of participant`s family tourism are influence family`s strengths. Secondly, involved of participant`s family tourism are influence family satisfaction. Thirdly, family`s strengths are influence family satisfaction.

다문화가정 부부의 여가활동 프로그램 참가가 가족탄력성 및 가족스트레스와 가족적응에 미치는 영향

이문숙(Moon Sook Lee),김재운(Chae Woon Kim) 한국여가레크리에이션학회 2014 한국여가레크리에이션학회지 Vol.38 No.1

The purpose of this study was to identify Effects of Leisure Activity program on Family Resilience, Family Stress and Family Adaptaion of married couples in Multi-cultural Families. The subjects of this quasi-experimental study were two folds as one experimental group and one control group. The subjects of experimental group were randomly composed of Leisure Activity program. All statistical analyses and description methods were computed by SPSS window 17.0 and AMOS 18.0. The results of this study were as followings: Frist, there was founded that Leisure Activity program group was significantly improved their Family Resilience. Second, there was founded that Leisure Activity program was group significantly reduced their Family Stress. Third, there was founded that Leisure Activity program was group significantly reduced their Family Adaptaion. The results indicated that Leisure Activity program is directly and strongly cause and effect relations with Family Resilience, Family Stress and Family Adaptaion. The last, there existed significant causal relationship among Family Resilience, Family Stress and Family Adaptaion.

장애아동 어머니의 가족스트레스와 적응에 관한 구조모형

이경희,박정숙,김정남,고효정,박청자,박영숙,권영숙,신영희 대한간호학회정신간호학회 1993 정신간호학회지 Vol.2 No.-

In comparison with the long and continuous history of research in the general area of stress and coping, theoretical and clinical interest in family stresses, hardships, and adaptation is a recent phenomenon. Today family behavior in response to predicable and unpredictable life events has gained respect as an important area of theory building, research, and intervention. To understand the phenomena of family behavior, comprehensive theoretical frame-work is needed which gives a background to us. For the purpose that, this study was designed to develop and generalize a structural model for family stress and adaptation in families with handicapped children. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of the family stress theory developed by McCubbin etc. The model included 6 theoretical concepts and 12 paths. For the purpose of model testing, empirical data were collected from June to December, 1993. The subjects of the study constituted 82 mothers of children in three special schools in Taegu. An SPSS PC+ and PC-LISREL 7.13 computer programs were used for descriptive and covariance structure analysis. 1) The results of covariance structure analysis indicated : The hypothetical model showed itself a good fit to the empirical data 64(df=5, P=0.343), Goodness of Fit Index=0.994, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index=0.969, Root Mean Square Residual=0.035]. 2) The results of Hypothesis testing indicated : (1) Social Support(γ=.336, T=2.052) and Family Functioning(γ12=.697, T=4.163) had direct effects on Situational Definition. (2) Social Support(γ23=-.229, T=4.453) and Situational Defiition(β2^1=-.263, T=-2.070) had direct effects on the effect of the handicapped child on the family. (3) Family functioning(γ32=.411, T=3.591) had direct effects on Family Adaptation. (4) The Family Stress(β32=-.301, T=-2.59) had direct effects on Family Adaptation. The model was supported by the empirical data. Thus it was suggested that the model could be adequately applied to family nursing care with families with handicapped.