Resilience Perceived by Korean International Student/Scholar Families in the United States: Family Demands, Capabilities, and Adaptation

Lee, Jinhee,Danes, Sharon M. The Korean Home Economics Association 2015 International Journal of Human Ecology Vol.16 No.1

Although Korean international students/scholars are among the largest groups of international students/scholars on most campuses in the United States, little is known about what types of demands their families face and how they adapt successfully in the face of demands. The purpose of this study was to explore family resilience, which consists of family demands, capabilities, and adaptation, perceived by Korean international student/scholar families, being theoretically guided by the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) model. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with couple informants. Following procedures of theory-based content analysis, data were analyzed using key FAAR concepts. Findings showed that most informants reported normative types of family demands such as hardships due to childcare; primary family capabilities were "maintaining social integration," "affective and instrumental communication," and "family cohesiveness," and "nurturance, education, and socialization" was the primary family adaptation mode. New categories under family capabilities, "religious commitment" and "transnational family support" were developed. The results suggest that there is a unique set of family capabilities that contribute to the successful adaptation of Korean international student/scholar families. Implications and limitations are discussed.

Family Stability and Crisis Expressed in Image and Story on Family

Mee Hyang Koo 위기관리 이론과 실천 2020 Crisisonomy Vol.16 No.11

본 연구의 목적은 모래상자와 가상환경을 이용하여 가족이미지와 가족이야기에 표현된 가족유형을 발견하고, 안정적인 가족과 위기 가족의 특성을 분석하는 것이다. NVivo12 프로그램을 사용하여 21~28세의 일반인 104명이 모래상자와 가상환경에 표현한 222개의 가족이미지와 가족이야기를 분 석하였다. 연구결과 긍정적인 가족이미지와 긍정적인 가족이야기를 표현한 안정적 가족, 부정적인 가족이미지와 긍정적인 가족이야기를 표현한 가식적 가족, 부정적인 가족이미지와 부정적인 가족이 야기를 표현한 단절된 가족, 긍정적인 가족이미지와 부정적인 가족이야기를 표현한 피상적 가족의 네 가지 가족유형이 발견되었다. 표현매체의 차이와 시간의 흐름에도 불구하고 각 유형의 가족이미 지와 가족이야기의 특징은 일관되게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 모래상자와 가상환경에 표현된 가족 이미지와 가족이야기가 개인의 현실적인 가족특성을 반영한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 가족 안정성과 위기 평가를 위한 가상환경기반 심리진단 도구의 유용성에 대해 논의하였다. The purpose of this study is to discover the types of family expressed in family image and story using sand tray and virtual environments and analyze the characteristics of family in crisis and stable family. Using the NVivo12 program, 222 images and stories on family expressed in sand tray and virtual environments by 104 ordinary people aged 21 to 28 were analyzed. Four family types were identified; positive image and positive story (stable family), negative image and positive story (fake family), negative image and negative story (broken family), and positive image and negative story (superficial family). Despite the differences in the medium of expression and the passage of time, the characteristics of each type of family image and story appeared consistent. This study confirmed how well family images and stories expressed in sand tray and virtual environments reflect the individual’s realistic family characteristics, which highlights the usefulness of virtual environment-based psychological diagnostic tools for evaluating family stability and crisis.

가족강화(Stronger Families)를 위한 호주의 가족지원(Family Assistance) 정책에 관한 연구

양옥경,박지혜 이화여자대학교 사회복지연구센터 2003 이화사회복지연구 Vol.3 No.-

본 연구는 1998년부터 시작된 호주의 가족강화(stronger families) 전략 중 가족지원(family assistance)정책에 관한 연구이다. 연구 목적은 호주가 가족관련 사회환경 변화에 대응하여 실시하는 가족지원정책을 살펴보고 이를 토대로 급격한 가족구조와 기능의 변화를 겪고 있음에도 변화하는 가족에 대한 대응방향을 설정하지 못하고, 정책 및 서비스의 내용에 대한 아이디어가 부족한 우리나라에 가족정책의 방향을 가족을 강화하는 쪽으로 설정하고 이를 위한 제도화와 프로그램 실행에 대한 아이디어를 제공하기 위함이다. 현재 호주의 가족강화전략은 크게 가족지원(Family Assistance)정책, 청소년과 학생(Youth & Students)정책, 아동지원 (Child Support)정책, 아동보육(Child Care)정책의 4개 부분으로 나뉘어져 있다. 4개 정책 중 본 연구에서 살펴보고자 하는 것은 가족지원정책에 포함된 7개의 소득 및 정서지원 프로그램이다. 호주의 가족강화전략이 우리나라의 가족정책에 시사하는 정책적 함의를 다음 네 가지로 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 미래인력으로써의 자녀양육과 가족관계, 증가하는 노인보호, 그리고 여성의 역할변화 등에 대한 전체적인 고려에 입각하여 가족이 건강히 유지되고 그 안의 가족구성원들이 행복할 수 있도록 가족을 강화하는 방향으로 가족정책의 큰 틀을 형성하여야 한다. 둘째, '과'차원의 가족복지 업무를 '국'차원으로 상향시켜 '가족복지국'을 설치하고, 산발적인 가족정책에 대한 통합적인 방향설정과 시행을 위해 '가족정책위원회' 또는 '가족복지위원회'를 설립하여 가족정책을 제도화해야 한다. 셋째, 가족정책 내에서 아동의 물리적이고 정서적인 발달 도모에 집중해야 한다. 넷째, 가족 전체의 정서와 관계를 증진할 수 있는 서비스를 도입해야 한다. This study is about the Family Assistance policy for Stronger Families Strategy in Australia. The purpose of the study is to review the family assistance policies of adapting socio-environmental changes and to provide some policy implications to the Korean family-related policy and services as a result. In Australia, Commonwealth Department of Family & Community Services(FaCS) which is in charge of federal welfare policies implemented the Stronger Families strategy. The Stronger Families Strategy is consisted of 4 categories: Family Assistance policy; Youth & Students policy; Child Support policy; Child Care policy. This study review only the family assistance policy. Based on Australian stronger families strategy, four family policy implications are presented. One, there should be a blueprint of family policy to enhance family health and functioning consideration of increasing needs for child care and family relationship, elderly care, and women's role change. Two, government should establish a family board or a family policy/family welfare committee to institutionalize and to integrate the scattered family policies. Three, government should focus on child's development in physical and emotional development. Four, adopt a series of services to enhance emotional relationship among family members.

박근형 희곡에 재현된 가족과 여성

김윤희 한국문학회 2019 韓國文學論叢 Vol.83 No.-

근대 국가의 탄생과 함께 형성된 가족이라고 하는 제도 안에는 여성의 자유와 권리 침해의 요소들이 상존해 있다. 이와 같이 불평등한 구조임에도 불구하고 이것이 유지․존속될 수 있었던 것은 관계의 균열을 특정 누군가의 희생을 신화화한 채 암묵적으로 강요하면서 봉합해온 데 기인한 바 크다. 그러나 사회경제구조의 변화로 가계를 중심으로 행해지던 가족 경제가 개인 중심으로 이항되면서 더이상은 가족 구성원의 누군가의 일방적인 희생을 강요할 수 없게 되었다. 오늘날 우리 사회의 화두로 떠오른 가족의 위기가 바로 이 지점에서 발생했기 때문이다. 드라마는 타 장르에 비해 시대를 읽어내고, 한 사회의 물질적, 정신적 구조를 파악하는 데 용이하다. 특히 박근형은 지금까지 우리 사회가 외면해온 가족의 진실을 핍진하게 무대 위에 재현해온 연출가이자 극작가로 가족을 연구하는 데 있어 주목할 만한다. 이에 본고에서는 그의 희곡 작품을 중심으로 우리가 지금까지 견고하다 믿어온 가족이라고 하는 제도가 어떠한 메커니즘을 바탕으로 구조화되었는가를 살펴보았다. 특히 선행연구를 통해 가족의 서사를 다루고 있는 그의 작품 연구에서 여성, 특히 어머니에 대한 논의가 본격적으로 이루어지고 있지 않음에 문제 제기하고 이를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 박근형의 희곡 속 여성 인물들은 다수의 가부장제 사회에서의 여성들과 마찬가지로 적은 사회 자본으로 인해 사회적으로 자신의 효용성을 인정받기 어려운 인물들이었다. 그러나 그렇다고 해서 그들이 수동적으로 주어진 운명에 순응만 하며 살아가는 것은 아니다. 이들 여성들은 가부장제라고 하는 불평등한 가족 제도 속에서 제 존재를 인정받고자 제 몸을 자해하면서까지 악전고투하고 있다. 그리고 자해를 하면서까지 인정받기 위해 치열하게 투쟁했던 만큼 더이상 가부장제라고 하는 가족 제도에 연연하지 않는다. 가족은 사회적 필요에 의해 상징적 의미가 과도하게 부여되었을 뿐 우연에 의해 결합된 구성물로 여타의 관계와는 다른 특수한 관계는 아니다. 박근형이 초기 작품들을 통해 가부장제가 얼마나 모순적인 제도인지를 밝히는 데 주력다면 후기에 이르러서는 임신과 출산, 그리고 자녀 돌봄의 문제를 바탕으로 더이상 기존의 정상가족으로는 유지될 수 없는 가족 관계의 방향성을 재고하기 시작한다. 생물학적으로 아이에게 생을 부여했다고 해서 돌봄을 방기한 부모를 부모라 할 수 있는 것인지 조심스럽게 의문을 던지기 시작한 것이다. 이와 같은 문제는 기본적으로 부모라고 하는, 어머니라고 하는 상징적 의미가 여성을 가족 안의 불평등을 인내해야 하는 것으로 내재화함으로써 야기된 문제이기 때문이다. 그러면서 돌봄이 어느 한 개인의 몫이 아니라 공동체가 함께 해나가야 할 일이 될 때 여성은 가족을 넘어 더 넓은 공동체와 연대하며 주체성을 회복할 수 있게 되고, 가족이라고 하는 개념 자체도 확장 가능해질 수 있음을 시사한다. There are elements of both women's liberty and the infringement of their rights in the system of family formed with the modern nation. Despite such an unequal structure, it could be maintained and sustained due to the implicit coercion with the mythicizing of a sacrifice of someone in the relationship. However, with the change of the socio-economic structure, the family economy, which was conducted mainly by households, changed to individual-centered, so that it was no longer possible to force the unilateral sacrifice of someone in the family. This is because the crisis of the family in our society today occurred at this point. Compared to other genres, drama is easier to use to understand the times and to grasp the physical and mental structure of a society. In particular, Park Geun-hyung's works have vividly reproduced the truth of the family that our society has so far neglected on stage. He is a director and playwright. This paper examined the mechanism of the family system, which we believed as solid, centered on his plays. In particular, this focused on raising the issue that women, especially mothers, are not being discussed in earnest in the research on family narratives through prior studies. Park Geun-hyung's female characters, like women in many patriarchal societies, had socially difficult being recognized for their importnace due to low social capital. But that does not mean that they are only passively conforming to their given destiny. These women seek to be recognized for their existence in the unequal family system called patriarchy, even through hurting themselves. And as they struggled hard to be recognized while even hurting themselves, they no longer cared about the family system of patriarchy. The family has only been given excessive symbolic meaning by social needs and a combination of coincidences that is not a special relationship. Park Geun-hyung's early works focused on revealing how contradictory the patriarchal system is. However, later, he began to rethink the direction of family relationships that can no longer be maintained by a normal family based on the problems of pregnancy, childbirth and child care. He carefully questions whether parents who neglected taking care of a child can be called parents because they have given birth to a child biologically. This is because the symbolic meaning of parent, mother, has internalized in women as having to endure inequalities in their families. When caregiving is not the responsibility of any individual but rather a community who works together, women will be able to connect with the wider community and restore their identity beyond the family.

일부 고3여학생 가족의 기능적 특성과 불안과의 관계

노소영,나덕미 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1997 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.22 No.2

Family is the most fundamental unit of organization in human society and especially the family influence on the mental health of its numbers. The purpose of this study was to characterize and classify the type of families of girl's high school students in accordance with the Olson's circumplex model and to identify the relationship among family adaptability ' family cohesion, family satisfaction and anxiety level. Family adaptability and family cohesion are the major components in circumplex model. These two dimensions each have four levels, Combining the levels and dimensions allows identification of 16 specific types of family systems and 3 more general types (balanced, mid-range and extreme). The data were collected in November, 20th, 1995. The subjects in this study were 326 students of girl's high school located in Iksan city. The instruments used were Olson's FACES(Fami1y Adaptability Cohesion Evaluation Scale) DI and Family Satisfaction and Spielberger's STAI. Data were collected by structured questionnaires. Ananlysis of the data were done using persentage, mean, t-test, One-way ANOVA and pearson correlation coefficient. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The family's adaptability scores were ranged from 6 to 48 with the average at 24.04 (S.D. 6.39). The family's cohesion scores were range from 6 to 50 with the average at 32.12 (S.D. 7.65). The family's satisfation scores were range from 2 to 69 with the average at 46.61 (S.D. 10.17). 2. The anxiety scores were range from 32 to 82 with the average at 56.51 (S.D, 8.39). 3. All of 15 distinct types of family system were identified. Among them, 'Structurally Connected type'(60 families, 30.5%)were the most and 'Chaotically Enmeshed types'd family, 1.9%) were the least. 4. Deviding 15 unit typology into 3 basic group of types, 'balanced types' were 197 fami1ies(54.4%), 'mid-range types' were Ill fami1ies(30.7%). 'extreme types' were 54 fami1ies(14.9%). 5. General characteristics that related to the degree of family adaptability were father's age(F=3.20, P=.00D, re1igion(F=2.88, p=.023), schooling (F=3,38, p=.018) and mother's schoo1ing(F=4.24, p=.005) and family number(F=4.61, p=.001). 6. General characteristics that related to the degree of family cohesion were family number(F=5.19, p=.000). 7. General charateristics that related to the degree of family satisfaction were father's age(F=2.72, p=.006) and health condition(F=4.10, p=.003), mother's health condition (F=3.78, p=.005) and types of dwe11ing(F=6.09, p=.014). 8. General charateristics that related to the degree of anxiety level were father's health condition(F=5.03, p=.000), mother's health condition(F=2.64, p=.034), mother's schoo1ing(F=3.52, p=.014), family income(F=5.39, p=.005). 9. The 1st hyphothesis, "There would be relationship between family adaptability and anxiety level of the 3rd grade of girl's high school student", was supported(r=-0.1789, p=0.000). 10. The 2nd hypothesis, "There would be relationship between family cohesion and anxiety level of the 3rd grade of girl's high school student", was supported (r=-0.2762, p=0.000). 11. The 3nd hypothesis, "There would be relationship between family satisfaction and anxiety level of the 3rd grade of girl's high school student", was supported(r=0.4094, p=0.000).

식민지 조선·대만에서의 ‘家制度’의 정착 과정 - ‘戶主·家族’과 ‘戶主相續’ 개념을 중심으로 -

이정선 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2011 한국문화 Vol.55 No.-

This study investigated how Imperial Japan transplanted the Japanese family system, or “Ie”, in colonial Korea and Taiwan. The process was that of removing the conflict between the Chinese legal system and the Japanese Meiji civil law. In Taiwan, the first process was the introduction of the conception of “Ie” unit composed of a family-head and his family and the concept of family-head succession. Second, Japan expanded the application of Japanese Meiji civil law to Taiwanese domestic relations law and making a family register system. That is, as there were few customs related to this, Japanese “Ie” was directly transplanted in Taiwan. In contrast, in Korea, Imperial Japan first regulated the family system with patriarchal clan rules and made family units as a branch of the patriarchal clan. The second process was reducing the range of kindred, fixing up the range of family unit, and separating the concept of family-head succession from ancestral rites succession. Then, finally the principal of Japanese “Ie” was introduced, contrary to the patriarchal clan rules. In sum, after the family system with patriarchal clan rules was formed, the family unit was reformed to Japanese “Ie”.

가족 체계이론을 통해 본 구약성서의 가족이해

유윤종,석말숙 한국구약학회 2008 구약논단 Vol.14 No.1

The Bible is an absolute norm in Christians' lives. Christians consider the Bible as a primary criterion in judging and constructing their lives. Accordingly, the attempts to draw a life model from the Bible can be justified. However, the Bible was formed from 1150 BC to 100 AD in ancient Near East. There is 3000 or 2000 years' and geographical gap gap between the Bible and today. How can we find proper hermeneutics to fill chronological and geographical gap? In addition, systems in the Bible arose from different social, political, and economical background. Can the biblical system give a clear answer to questions raised by 21st century's complicated circumstances? Based upon the aforementioned justification and limitation on getting answer to family problem questioned by modern situation, I will pursue whether the Old Testament provides enough resources from which a model could be established in solving present family problem and give a fruitful answer with analyzing and understanding family in the Old Testament through family systematic theory which is the most popular family therapy theory among present family therapeutic theories. I classified seven categories borrowing from family systematic theory to analyze family in the Old Testament and then applied each category to examples in the Old Testament. Thus, I concluded that the Old Testament emphasized on interdependence among each family member through לאג system and ancient Israelite society in biblical times consisted of very systematic institution from באָ־תי to God, thus provided enough examples for getting therapeutic answer from theological viewpoint for modern Christians. There are common features and differences on family in the Old Testament and family systematic theory. Both emphasize interdependence among each family member, but family systematic theory limits a study of object within a family. However, the Old Testament extends family from one individual to entire Israel even up to God. In addition, the Old Testament sees family from God's viewpoint. God's role is considered very important in understanding family in the Old Testament.

가족이데올로기의 종언― 1990년대 이후 소설에 나타난 탈가족주의 ―

김미현 한국여성문학학회 2005 여성문학연구 Vol.13 No.-

This study inquires about family deconstruction and its solutions in the novels after the 1990s focusing not on 'family, but on 'families'. By speculating on the novels after the 1990s, 'The family in Question' are based on 'patriarchy', 'psychoanalysis' and 'capitalism'. Each of these aspects also attempts to construct a new family through 'abjection', 'family roman' and 'nomadism'. Therefore, the novels after the 1990s criticizes the oppression of familiar ideologies by dissaproving the 'Sant-Family'. These novels have revealed a more strong character of an 'alternative to the family', rather than that of an 'alternative family'. However, the novels after the 1990s delineates that it is easier to overcome familialism when resisiting against father, nation, regulataion and law not like Oedipus but like Antigone. 1990년대 이후의 한국소설은 가족의 위기와 해체, 그에 다른 대안 모색을 다양한 방향에서 형상화하고 있다. 이는 근대의 ‘핵가족’에서 포스트모던한 ‘유연가족(permeable family)’으로 변모하는 시대 상황에 대한 문학적 응전에 해당한다. 특히 가부장제와 정신분석학, 자본주의는 가족 형성과 왜곡의 확고한 배경으로 존재하면서 여전히 억압적인 기제로 작용하고 있기에 주목을 요한다. 억압이 시작된 곳에서 억압을 극복해야 한다는 입장에서 볼 때 구태의연하지만 굳건한 가족이데올로기가 거기서부터 생산되고 있다면 그것들이 바뀌지 않는 한 가족은 근본적으로 변화할 수 없기 때문이다. 심윤경과 하성란, 조경란의 소설들은 각각 가부장제와 정신분석학, 자본주의의 영향 하에서 가족이 어떻게 억압받고 있는지 문제삼는다. 이 작가들은 가부장(남성) 중심적 혈연 공동체에 의한 폭력과 소외, 절대적 안식처로서의 가족에 대한 비현실적 환상, 과세 대상인 경제 단위로의 전락 등으로 인해 고통받는 가족의 모습을 각각 그리고 있기 때문이다. 하지만 이들 소설에서는 그런 억압을 극복하기 위한 새로운 가족의 모습도 함께 보여주면서 1990년대 이후의 시대 변화를 반영하고 있다. 심윤경의 소설에서는 ‘어브젝션(abjection)’된 여성의 몸을 통해 가부장제를 공격한다. 하성란 소설의 가족들은 아버지의 부활이나 회귀 없이 새롭게 ‘가족 로망스(family romance)’를 구성한다. 조경란 소설 속 인물들은 가족 속에서 가족을 극복하는 ‘노마디즘(nomadism)’의 가족 횡단을 보여준다. 이를 통해 가족 자체에 대한 전면적인 거부는 이루어지지 않았지만 억압적인 가족이데올기에 대한 종언은 이루어지고 있음을 확인할 수 있다.

Family Structure of a Functional Family : Focusing on Structural Family Therapy

Kyu-young Oh 대한공간정보학회 2008 한국지형공간정보학회 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.12

It is a sense of security and happiness that characterize a healthy family. This paper examines the methods that facilitate healthy family relationships in the perspective of family structure therapy. In a healthy family, the relational structure is established by systematizing the process of interaction, promoting strict yet flexible family rules. A healthy family hierarchy progresses from grandparental subsystem, parental subsystem, child subsystem to a sibling subsystem - while boundary and rules are clear, the interaction remains flexible. Healthy family members have clear boundaries that are neither detached nor adhesive. They do not cross each other's boundaries to excessively adhere to one another nor become segregated to the point of detachment. The key factor is clear boundaries with flexibility. Healthy families demonstrate an appropriate level of cohesiveness in accordance with the family members' life cycles. Also, they possess a high level of adaptability in times of crises or emergencies. In communication between married couples as well as other family members, they clearly express their feelings while demonstrating a sense of mutual respect. Each member acts under their clearly defined roles within the family while their interactions hold a great level of flexibility and plausibility. The triangular relationships formed among family members continue to progress, and well-formed detriangling facilitates the development of an optimal state where the individuals undergo differentiation and also remain intimate with each other. In summation, family structure can preserve order yet permit intimacy in the familial relationships, ultimately resulting in family peace and stability.

몽골 유학생의 가정건강성에 관한 연구 - 여자 대학원생을 중심으로 -

최왕규 한국몽골학회 2017 몽골학 Vol.0 No.49

Currently, South Korean universities have their focus in globalization, for the development of universities. There is significance to explore the family health students from abroad from such opportunities. One of the nations, Mongol is experiencing various changes of the overall society, including homes as it shifted from socialism to capitalism in the 1990s. Thus, the purpose of this study is to study the family health of female Mongolian students. For this research, 20 female Mongolian students studying in South Korean graduate schools were selected as study subjects, and in-depth interviews were conducted from March 2016 to October 2016. The content of the interview included the recognition of family, recognition of family function (roles), recognition of family forms and lifestyle, recognition of children, recognition of equality of genders, and recognition of aged parents as categorized by the researcher. The results of research were as follows. First of all, in recognition of family, participants al recognized family as precious beings. and in recognition of family functions (roles), participants all recognized homes as true place of peace. and in recognition of family forms and lifestyle, the participants had varied opinions on whether men and women would be able to live together before marrying, and on divorce from family dispute, but all had positive recognition of childbirth and adoption. Secondly, in recognition of children, not only married people with children but unmarried people thought that children were precious, and unmarried people said that they will have children after marrying. Thirdly, in recognition of equality of gender, the participants were positive regarding couples working together for a living, but showed tendencies toward one’s own family regarding priority between husband’s family and one’s own family, causing potential family dispute. Fourthly, in recognition of filial duty piety for the old parents, the participants were deeply thankful and respecting of their family. From such research results, the family health of female Mongolian students studying in South Korean graduate schools were recognized. Through this research, the family health of female Mongolian students will be understood and serve as academic resources.