An Analysis on Power Demand Reduction Effects of Demand Response Systems in the Smart Grid Environment in Korea

Jong-Ryul Won,Kyung-Bin Song 대한전기학회 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.6

This study performed an analysis on power demand reduction effects exhibited by demand response programs, which are advanced from traditional demand-side management programs, in the smart grid environment. The target demand response systems for the analysis included incentive-based load control systems (2 month-ahead demand control system, 1~5 days ahead demand control system, and demand bidding system), which are currently implemented in Korea, and price-based demand response systems (mainly critical peak pricing system or real-time pricing system, currently not implemented, but representative demand response systems). Firstly, the status of the above systems at home and abroad was briefly examined. Next, energy saving effects and peak demand reduction effects of implementing the critical peak or real-time pricing systems, which are price-based demand response systems, and the existing incentive-based load control systems were estimated.

Optimal combined scheduling of generation and demand response with demand resource constraints

Kwag, Hyung-Geun,Kim, Jin-O Elsevier 2012 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.96 No.-

<P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Modeling of customer information to represent customer response characteristics. ► New concept of virtual generation resources to express the amount of demand response. ► Determine the optimal combined scheduling of generation demand response. ► Equivalent marginal cost function to express virtual generation resources. ► Demand response and generation constraints in a demand response program.</P> <P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Demand response (DR) extends customer participation to power systems and results in a paradigm shift from simplex to interactive operation in power systems due to the advancement of smart grid technology. Therefore, it is important to model the customer characteristics in DR. This paper proposes customer information as the registration and participation information of DR, thus providing indices for evaluating customer response, such as DR magnitude, duration, frequency and marginal cost. The customer response characteristics are modeled from this information. This paper also introduces the new concept of virtual generation resources, whose marginal costs are calculated in the same manner as conventional generation marginal costs, according to customer information. Finally, some of the DR constraints are manipulated and expressed using the information modeled in this paper with various status flags. Optimal scheduling, combined with generation and DR, is proposed by minimizing the system operation cost, including generation and DR costs, with the generation and DR constraints developed in this paper.</P>

지시 화행에 대한 유아의 응대 방법

장경희 ( Kyung Hee Chang ) 국어교육학회 2008 國語敎育學硏究 Vol.33 No.-

본 연구는 지시 화행에 대한 유아들의 응대 방법을 관찰하고 그 특성을 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 대상이 된 아동들은 관찰 초기에 생후 24~34개월이었던 8명의 정상 발달 유아들이다. 지시 화행에 대한 응대 방법을 상호작용성의 정도에 따라 상호작용적 응대, 준상호작용적 응대, 비상호작용적 응대로 구분하고 각각의 유형이 유아 발화에서 어떻게 나타나는지를 살펴본 결과, 준상호작용적 응대와 비상호작용적 응대가 성인에 비해 자주 나타난다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 월령이 높은 집단에서 상호작용적 응대가 차지하는 비율이 더 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로, 요구 수용 여부에 따라 수락과 거절로 나누어 유아의 응대에 나타나는 특징을 살펴본 결과, 수락 응대에서는 행위 묘사, 결과 묘사 등이 유아의 특징적인 응대 방법으로 나타났다. 거절 응대에서는 `-아니야.` 등의 부정법으로 거절을 수행하는 점 등에서 성인과 차이를 보였다. 선행 지시에 대한 응대자의 관점에 따라서 보면, 유아의 응대 대부분이 행동 수행에 초점을 두는 행위적 관점의 응대에 속했고, 자신의 인지적 상태나 판단에 초점을 두는 인지적 관점의 응대는 상대적으로 늦게 나타나는 것으로 관찰되었다. 정서적 관점의 응대의 경우, 거절에서는 자주 나타나는 반면에 수락에서는 거의 발견되지 않았다. This study aims to observe the styles of child response to demand and find out if there are any characteristics in child response. Subjects were 8 normal children who were 24-34 months of age at the time of first assessment. We classified response styles according to the degree of interaction-interactional response, semi-interactional response, non-interactional response. Analysis of response styles showed that semi-interactional response and non-interactional response are common in young children`s utterances. Interactional response increased with the growth of age. And response styles can be classified as acceptance and refusal whether the speaker accept the demand or not. Regarding acceptance, it was observed that children often use unique style. For example, some children describe their own conduct, or describe the result of their having performed the demand. With regard to refusal, young children show high percentage of negative sentences such as `It`s not -.`. We can also classify response styles as behavioral response, perceptional response and emotional response according to the speaker`s point. The whole young children focused on behavior when they receave the demand. And as they grow in months, the focus has shifted to perception. The emotional response was found frequently in acceptance but was hardly found in refusal.

A new approach to modeling the effects of temperature fluctuations on monthly electricity demand

Chang, Yoosoon,Kim, Chang Sik,Miller, J. Isaac,Park, Joon Y.,Park, Sungkeun Elsevier 2016 ENERGY ECONOMICS Vol.60 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We propose a novel approach to measure and analyze the short-run effect of temperature on monthly sectoral electricity demand. This effect is specified as a function of the density of temperatures observed at a high frequency with a functional coefficient, in contrast to conventional methods using a function of monthly heating and cooling degree days. Our approach also allows non-climate variables to influence the short-run demand response to temperature changes. Our methodology is demonstrated using Korean electricity demand data for residential and commercial sectors. In the residential sector, we do not find evidence that the non-climate variables affect the demand response to temperature. In contrast, we show conclusive evidence that the non-climate variables influence the demand response in the commercial sector. In particular, commercial consumers are less responsive to cold temperatures when controlling for the electricity price relative to city gas. They are more responsive to the price when temperatures are cold. The estimated effect of the time trend suggests that seasonality of commercial demand has increased in the winter but decreased in the summer.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Estimate and identify temperature effects in a short-run electricity demand function. </LI> <LI> A new approach using temperature densities to estimate a cross-temperature response. </LI> <LI> Allow non-climate variables to influence the short-run demand response to temperature changes. </LI> <LI> Non-climate variables influence the demand response in the commercial sector of Korean electricity market. </LI> </UL> </P>

An Analysis on Power Demand Reduction Effects of Demand Response Systems in the Smart Grid Environment in Korea

Won, Jong-Ryul,Song, Kyung-Bin The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.6

This study performed an analysis on power demand reduction effects exhibited by demand response programs, which are advanced from traditional demand-side management programs, in the smart grid environment. The target demand response systems for the analysis included incentive-based load control systems (2 month-ahead demand control system, 1~5 days ahead demand control system, and demand bidding system), which are currently implemented in Korea, and price-based demand response systems (mainly critical peak pricing system or real-time pricing system, currently not implemented, but representative demand response systems). Firstly, the status of the above systems at home and abroad was briefly examined. Next, energy saving effects and peak demand reduction effects of implementing the critical peak or real-time pricing systems, which are price-based demand response systems, and the existing incentive-based load control systems were estimated.

An Analysis on Power Demand Reduction Effects of Demand Response Systems in the Smart Grid Environment in Korea

원종률,송경빈 대한전기학회 2013 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.6

This study performed an analysis on power demand reduction effects exhibited by demand response programs, which are advanced from traditional demand-side management programs, in the smart grid environment. The target demand response systems for the analysis included incentive-based load control systems (2 month-ahead demand control system, 1~5 days ahead demand control system,and demand bidding system), which are currently implemented in Korea, and price-based demand response systems (mainly critical peak pricing system or real-time pricing system, currently not implemented, but representative demand response systems). Firstly, the status of the above systems at home and abroad was briefly examined. Next, energy saving effects and peak demand reduction effects of implementing the critical peak or real-time pricing systems, which are price-based demand response systems, and the existing incentive-based load control systems were estimated.

우리나라의 수요,공급 충격과 통화정책

박원암 ( Won Am Park ) 한국금융연구원 2012 금융연구 Vol.26 No.2

This paper identifies the demand and supply shock using the structural vector-autoregressive (SVAR) model and recovers the Taylor rule from the model. The rise of the raw material prices is usually considered as the supply shock. However, it is not just the supply shock if it reflects the rising global demand. Furthermore, debate goes on the causes of the Korea`s recent high inflation whether it was mainly due to demand or supply shock. The two-variable SVAR model of economic growth and inflation was built to identify the demand and supply shock under the assumption that the demand shock has no long-run impact on the output. It was found that the 2008 crisis was characterized as the demand-shock crisis. But the high inflation in 2010 reflected the supply shock rather than the demand shock, as people in the policy circle argued. The situation changed in the first half of 2011 when the demand shock played the greater role than the supply shock, as the IMF argued. It is interesting the oil price change has strong correlation with the demand shock during the 2006~2011, confirming the IMF World Economic Outlook that the rise of the raw material prices reflects the expansion of the global demand. Then the three-variable SVAR model including the call rate as the monetary policy variable under the inflation targeting was built to examine how the call rate responded to the demand and supply shock. As expected, the demand shock increased the growth and inflation in the short run, while the supply shock decreased the growth and increased the inflation. The call rate responded positively to the demand shock, but negatively to the supply shock in the short run. The long-run response of the call rate differed whether the call rate has the unit root, as the test results were not decisive. The accumulated response of the difference of the non-stationary call rate to the demand shock was almost the same as the response of the stationary call rate to the demand shock. After the initial rise of the call rate upon the demand shock, the call rate rapidly returned to the pre-shock level. However, the accumulated response of the difference of the non- stationary call rate to the supply shock was different from the response of the stationary call rate to the supply shock. The initial decline of the non-stationary call rate was maintained to the long run. But the stationary call rate returned to the pre-shock level after the initial decline. The long-run difference was about 0.4% point. Finally, the Taylor rule recovered from the three-variable SVAR and was compared with the estimation results of the call rate reaction function. The estimation results of the call rate reaction function during 1999. I~2011. II showed that the long-run response coefficient of the call rate to the expected inflation was 0.64, implying that the Korean central bank accommodated the inflation pressure. The recovered Taylor rule during the same sample period showed that the call rate was responded negatively to the growth and inflation when the call rate was stationary. The long-run response of the call rate to the inflation in the recovered Taylor rule was only 0.21.

건물 에너지 수요관리를 위한 BEMS 연계형 수요반응 시스템 개발

이상학 한국위성정보통신학회 2016 한국위성정보통신학회논문지 Vol.11 No.2

건물을 에너지 수요관리 자원으로 활용하기 위해서는 수요 반응에 대응할 수 있는 자동화된 시스템을 필요로 한다. 에너지 수요관리사업자의 출현으로 이를 뒷받침할 수 있는 건물 에너지 관리 시스템과 수요반응 시스템에 대한 연구 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 아직까지 자동화된 실시간 수요 반응 시스템 도입은 미흡하고 비용도 높다. 본 연구에서는 이를 해소하기 위해 건물을 대상으로 수요 반응 시스템 구축을 위한 OpenADR 프로토콜과 수요 반응에 참여할 수 있는 건물 에너지 관리 시스템을 개발하고 실환경에 적용하여 실증을 수행하였다. OpenADR은 표준 프로토콜로 사업자와 수요자원간의 이벤트 발생과 리포팅을 통해 자동화된 시스템이다. 또한 다양한 제어 시스템이 이용되고 있는 건물을 대상으로 단일화된 제어 시스템 구축을 위해 웹 기반 건물 자동제어 시스템을 개발하여 수요 반응 이벤트 발생 시 부하를 줄일 수 있도록 한다. 개발된 결과물을 건물에 적용하여 동작하는 것을 검증하고감축량을 측정하여 수요반응 효과를 확인하였다. In order to take advantage of the building as an energy demand resources, it requires automated systems that can respond to the demand response event. Load aggregator has been started business in Korea, research and development of building energy management and demand response systems that can support them has been active recently. However, the ratio of introducing automated real-time demand response systems is insufficient and the cost is also high. In this research, we developed a building energy management system and OpenADR protocol to participate in a demand response and then evaluated them in real building. OpenADR is a standard protocol for automated system through the event and reporting between load aggregator and demand-side. In addition, we also developed a web-based building control system to embrace different control systems and to reduce the peak load during demand response event. We verified that the result systems are working in a building and the reduced load is measured to confirm the demand response.

수요반응자원을 고려한 지역별 한계가격 해석기법 연구

金鉉烘(Hyun-Houng Kim),金眞鎬(Jin-Ho Kim),金亨中(Hyeong-Jung Kim),朴宗培(Jong-Bae Park),愼重麟(Joong-Rin Shin) 대한전기학회 2008 전기학회논문지 Vol.57 No.1

This paper presents a new approach of a evaluation of location marginal prices(LMPs) considering demand response resources in the competitive electricity market. The stabilization of the electric power supply and demand balance has been one of the major important activities in electric power industry. Recently, much attention is paid to the demand-side resources which are responsive to incentives or time-varying prices and existing power system planning and operation activities are incorporated with the so-called demand response resources. In this paper, we first present an analytical method for calculation of LMPs considering demand response resources and then break down the LMPs into three components. In this study, we assume that Korean power system consists of two major regions, one which is the metropolitan and the other is non-metropolitan region. In the case study, we have considered several LMPs cases with different use of locational demand response resource and we can obtain a locational signal to demand response resources. Also, the economics of demand response resources are evaluated, compared with the increase of transmission line capacity and of generation capacity.

유연수요반응을 제공할 수 있는 역사 내 부하 활용 방안 연구: 도시철도 역사 사례 분석

고웅,허재행,강현구,김보경,박종영 한국철도학회 2020 한국철도학회논문집 Vol.23 No.3

This paper proposes a way to determine that the electric load in an urban railway station has the potential to provide a flexible demand response that can mitigate the variability and uncertainty of power systems. Furthermore, potential capacity and duration of demand resource in the station are estimated for an actual station. In order to analyze the demand resource for providing the flexible demand response, this research defines the characteristics of the flexible demand response so as to differentiate between the new resource and the conventional resource. In addition, reducible and irreducible demand resources are classified based on an interview with the manager of the urban railway station. The monthly proportion of reducible demand resource is analyzed utilizing annual load data; the potential capacity and duration are estimated from daily load pattern. With these analyses, we propose a method to analyze the reducible demand resource in an urban railway station to provide flexible demand response.