Ubiquitous ID 시스템에서의 Enhanced bit-by-bit 이진 트리 알고리즘

최호승,김재현 대한전자공학회 2004 전자공학회논문지TC (Telecommunications) Vol.41 No.8

This paper proposes and analyzes two anti-collision algorithms in Ubiquitous ID system. We mathematically compares the performance of the proposed algorithms with that of binary search algorithm slotted binary tree algorithm using time slot, and bit-by-bit binary tree algorithm proposed by Auto-ID center. We also validated analytic results using OPNET simulation. Based on analytic result comparing the proposed Modified bit-by-bit binary tree algorithm with bit-by-bit binary tree algorithm which is the best of existing algorithms, the performance of Modified bit-by-bit binary tree algorithm is about 5% higher when the number of tags is 20, and 100% higher when the number of tags is 200. Furthermore, the performance of proposed Enhanced bit-by-bit binary tree algorithm is about 335% and 145% higher than Modified bit-by-bit binary tree algorithm for 20 and 200 tags respectively.

RFID 다중 태그 인식을 위한 스택 Bit-By-Bit 알고리즘

이재구,유대석,최승식,Lee, Jae-Ku,Yoo, Dae-Suk,Choi, Seung-Sik 한국통신학회 2007 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.32 No.8a

RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) 리더기가 영역내의 다수의 태그를 인식하기 위해선 충돌방지 알고리즘이 반드시 필요하다. 본 논문은 Auto ID Class 0에서 정의한 충돌방지 알고리즘인 Bit-by-Bit(BBB) 이진트리 알고리즘의 충돌 위치를 스택에 저장하고 이를 통해 다음 질의어를 결정함으로써 성능이 크게 개선된 Stack-Bit-by-Bit(SBBB) 알고리즘을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션을 통한 검증결과 대표적인 충돌 방지 기술인 Query Tree(QT)는 물론 기존의 BBB 알고리즘에 비해 질의-응답 횟수, 질의어의 크기, 응답어의 크기의 모든 면에서 성능이 개선된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. For the implementation of a RFID system, an anti-collision algorithm is required to identify multiple tags within the range of a RFID Reader. A Bit-by-Bit algorithm is defined by Auto ID Class 0. In this paper, we propose a SBBB(Stack Bit-by-Bit) algorithm. The SBBB algorithm save the collision position and makes a query using the saved data. SBBB improve the efficiency of collision resolution. We show the performance of the SBBB algorithm by simulation. The performance of the proposed algorithm is higher than that of BBB algorithm. Especially, the more each tag bit streams are the duplicate, the higher performance is.

전치부 개방교합을 동반한 골격성 제3급 부정교합 환자에 대한 양측 하악지 시상분할 골절단술후 안정성에 관한 임상적 분석

김현수(Hyun-Soo Kim),권대근(Tae-Geon Kwon),이상한(Sang-Han Lee),김진수(Chin-Su Kim),강동화(Dong-Hwa Kang),장현중(Hyun-Jung Jang) 대한구강악안면외과학회 2007 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.33 No.2

This study was conducted to patients visited oral maxillo-facial surgery, KNUH and the purpose of the study was to assess skeletal and dento-alveolar stability after surgical-orthodontic correction treated by skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with open bite versus non-open bite. This retrospective study was based on the examination of 40 patient, 19 males and 21 females, with a mean age 22.3 years. The patients were divided into two groups based on open bite and non-open bite skeletal Class III malocclusion patients. The cephalometric records of 40 skeletal Class III malocclusion patients (open bite: n = 18, non-open bite: n = 22) were examined at different time point, i.e. before surgery(T1), immediately after surgery(T2), one year after surgery(T3). Bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy was performed in 40 patients. Rigid internal fixation was standard method used in all patient. Through analysis and evaluation of the cephalometric records, we were able to achieve following results of post-surgical stability and relapse. 1. There was no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in maxillary occlusal plane angle of pre-operative stage(p>0.05). 2. Mean vertical relapses of skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with open bite were 0.02±1.43mm at B point and 0.42±1.56mm at Pogonion point. In skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with non-open bite, 0.12±1.55mm at B point and 0.08±1.57mm at Pogonion point. There was no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in vertical relapse(p>0.05). 3. Mean horizontal relapses of skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with open bite were 1.22±2.21mm at B point and 0.74±2.25mm at Pogonion point. In skeletal Class III malocclusion patients with non-open bite, 0.92±1.81mm at B point and 0.83±2.11mm at Pogonion point. There was no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in horizontal relapse(p>0.05). 4. There were no significant statistical differences between open bite and non-open bite with skeletal Class III malocclusion patients in post-surgical mandibular stability(p>0.05). and we believe this is due to minimized mandibular condylar positional change using mandibular condylar positioning system and also rigid fixation using miniplate 5. Although there was no significant relapse tendency observed at chin points, according to the Pearson correlation analysis, the mandibular relapse was influenced by the amount of vertical and horizontal movement of mandibular set-back(p=0.05, r>0.304).

한·중 투자보장협정의 투자자와 정부간 분쟁해결 제도

김여선 법무부 2009 통상법률 Vol.- No.87

한국과 중국은 1992년 BIT를 체결하여 양자간 투자 보호의 제도적 틀을 제공하여 왔다. 2007년에 1992년 BIT를 전면 개정하여 새로운 BIT가 발효되게 되었다. 2007년 BIT의 가장 큰 특징은 투자자와 국가간 분쟁해결조항의 대폭 보강이라고 할 수 있을 것이다. ISD는 일반적으로 국제중재 절차를 이용하기 때문에 판정의 공정성을 확보한다는 점에서 매우 유용하다고 할 것이다. 1992년 BIT에서는 수용과 이에 따른 보상분쟁만 중재신청이 가능하도록 되어 있었다. 그리고 사전 동의를 구하는 내용이 규정되어 그 실효성에 의문이 있었다. 하지만 2007년 BIT에서는 BIT의무위반에 의한 투자관련 분쟁의 경우, 모두 국제중재를 통하여 해결할 수 있도록 하였다. 그리고 사전 동의 조항도 자동적으로 부여되도록 규정하였다. 논문에서는 첫째, ISD의 대상을 BIT의무위반으로 한정한 분쟁원인 특정형을 채용하고 있다. 이는 국가계약상의 분쟁은 BIT 보호 대상이 되지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 하지만 한.중 BIT에서는 우산조항을 규정하고 있어 이를 원용하는 경우 국가계약도 BIT상의 ISD 대상이 될 가능성이 있음을 검토하였다. 둘째, ISD의 일방 당사자는 수용국 정부가 될 것이다. 하지만 지방정부나 투자관련 기관들의 행위가 어떤 요건하에서 국가에 귀속하는지를 살펴보았다. 그리고 한.중 BIT에 규정된 이행확보의무 규정에 따라 지방정부의 BIT 위반행위가 국가에 귀속되는지는 해석상 다툼이 있을 수 있음을 검토하였다. 셋째, 국제중재와 국내구제관계에서 한.중 BIT는 선택형 조항을 채택하고 있다. 따라서 병행구제절차와 이중구제의 존재 가능성에 대하여서도 논의하였다. 2007년 한.중 BIT는 1992년 BIT를 대폭 수정하고 있는 것은 틀림없다. 그러나 동시에 많은 법적 쟁점들을 남겨두고 있다. 최근까지 중국은 ICSID 관할권을 인정하지 않았다. 최근 개정된 한.중BIT는 이를 극복하고 전체적으로 BIT 의무위반에 대해 관할권을 인정하고 있다. 향후 투자는 에너지 개발 분야, 조달사업 그리고 국가 공공사업 등의 국가계약을 중심으로 전환될 것이다. 그리고 투자자기업에 대한 규제를 강화할 것이다. 이 과정에서 BIT상의 간접(indirect)수용과 공정.공평대우위반이 될 가능성이 존재하게 된다. 따라서 BIT에 간접수용에 관한 규정들을 대폭 보강할 필요가 있을 것이다. 실제로 중국은 미국의 2004 모델 BIT의 간접수용 규정을 참조하여 2006년 중국.인도 BIT에서 간접수용을 상세히 규정하고 있다. 따라서 향후 한국.중국FTA의 투자분야에서 이를 대폭 보강하는 협상을 진행하여야 할 것으로 보인다. By establishing the Korea-China BIT in 1992, Korea-China lay the ground to protect the investment between to country. In the 1992 version of BIT, no other arbitrations are not allowed other than expropriation and compensation for damages and losses. In addition, it is doubtful that such arbitration come into effect because of the condition of pre-agreement. However, the 2007 version of BIT made possible that the investment dispute caused by the breach of BIT obligation will be solved through the international arbitration all in all. Thus, the article on the pre-agreement is automatically stipulated. The present paper is as follows: First, by adopting a specific type of dispute cause, the target of ISD is limited to the breach of BIT obligation. This means that the contract dispute between countries is not an object of protection in BIT. However, there is an umbrella clause in the Korea-China BIT. By its extended application, it is examined that state contract might be the target of ISD in BIT Second, the only party concerned will be a host country. It is examined under what conditions a local government or the invest institution fall to the level of a nation. And according to the provision on fulfillment of an obligation stipulated by the Korea-China BIT, it is also argued that where the breach of BIT by the local government would be reverted to that of a nation is open to discussion. Third, the Korea-Chian BIT adopts the clause of fork in the road type on the relation of international arbitration and domestic relief efforts. Consequently, it is argued that there is a possible existence of parallel procedure and double benefit. Even though some efforts have been made in revising the 1992 version of BIT in the Korea-China BIT in 2007, there might still remain the issues of discussion. Up until recently, China does not acknowledge the power of jurisdiction. The new Korea-China BIT revised the jurisdiction in regard to the BIT obligation breach as a whole. Future investment into the energy development, business in supplies, and public affairs will turn into the contract by a nation. And the more regulation will be put on the investor-owned business. In this process of change, there might be a possibility of the breach of the indirect expropriation and fair and equitable treatment in the enforcement of BIT. Accordingly, it is necessary to make the improved additional regulations on the indirect expropriation of BIT. For example, by referring to the indirect regulations of BIT of the States, the indirect expropriations are in detail prescribed in the China-India BIT in 2006. In the future negotiation of the investment in FTA, it is desired to make additional efforts to introduce the better improvement in indirect expropriation.

新羅ㆍ大加耶 新式板轡의 成立

이상율 한국대학박물관협회 2009 고문화 Vol.74 No.-

Prevailing throughout the age of the three states in Korea, the single plate Bit for mounting horses divides into old-type plate Bit and new-type plate Bit clearly as appearance, shape, process, function and character. While the old-type plate Bit is affected by the plate Bit of Sunbi-style, the new-type plate Bit which is transformed from the old one develops peculiarly on the southern latitudes in the latter half of 5th century. The new-type plate Bit appears because of necessity of the decorative harness which has more character of implements used in the national ceremonies during being introduced of a new coupling method from‘ ㅗ’style round plate Bit. As adding more competent improvement to the bottom piece and attaching some decorations, the new-type plate Bit has an important meaning that shows a unique harness system in Silla and Dae-Gaya out of the harness of Gemguan-Gaya. It is the plate Bit which is excavated at the south side of the in Hwangnam Great Tomb that leads to this era and becomes the beginning of new-type plate Bit on the southern provinces. Furthermore this is a driving force of spreading of new-type plate Bit as giving a shot of establishing harness system to the whole southern parts. The sphere of Dae-Gaya stimulated by that fact makes‘ core inner round’plate Bit with rapid changes instead of adopting new-type plate Bit of Silla positively. Supposing it were completion of new-type plate Bit, the appearance of ‘f’style plate Bit which is much more decorative than ‘core inner round’ plate Bit is accomplishment of new-type plate Bit on the sphere of Dae-Gaya. The remains where ‘f’ style plate Bit is excavated should be considered Baekjae which used to share harnesses early as well as Dae-Gaya. And the maximum limit lies beyond the transfer of the capital to Wongjin(A.D.475) because the harness system seems to be consolidated with new establishment. 우리나라 삼국시대에 유행한 1인 기승용 판비는 그 출현시기와 형태, 제작법, 기능과 성격에서 고식판비와 신식판비로 뚜렷하게 대별된다. 고식판비가 기왕의 선비계판비의 영향을 간직한 것이라면, 신식판비는 이로부터 완전히 변모하여 5세기후반대에 남부지방을 중심으로 독특하게 발달한 판비이다. 신식판비의 출현은 기왕에 ㅗ자형환판비에서 비롯된 새로운 연결법이 정착된 가운데 점차 의장적 성격이 강한 장식마구의 필요성이 대두됨에 따라 기능적인 개량을 지판에 적용하고 여기에 장식을 구사한 데 따른 것으로, 지금까지 금관가야 중심의 마구문화에서 탈피하여 신라와 대가야를 축으로 한 독자적인 마장체제를 갖추어 나가는 시점과 맞물려 출현하는 점에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 이를 주도한 것이 황남대총 남분의 판비이며 남부지방 신식판비의 시발점이 된다. 나아가 남부지방 제 지역의 마장체제 확립에 계기를 부여해 줌으로써 신식판비의 확산을 촉진하는 원동력이 되었다. 여기에 자극받은 대가야권은 신라의 신식판비를 적극 수용하기 보다는 이로부터 빠르게 변용시켜 새로이 내만타원형판비를 만들었는데, 최초의 예가 옥전M2호분 판비이다. 이것이 대가야권 신식판비의 성립이라면, 내만타원형판비를 더욱 장식적으로 개량한 f자형판비의 출현은 대가야권 신식판비의 완성이라 할 수 있다. f자형판비의 출자는 대가야뿐만 아니라 일찍부터 마구를 공유하던 백제도 한 후보지로 보아야 하며, 웅진천도 이후 새로운 체계의 구축과 함께 마장체제도 새로이 정비한 것으로 보아 그 상한은 이를 넘어서지 못한다.

Low Leakage Asynchronous PP based Single Ended 8T SRAM bit-cell at 45nm CMOS Technology

Sonam Jain,Neeraj Kr. Shukla 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.6

Low power SRAM memory designs has become challenging for portable device applications. Semiconductor/ VLSI industry growth has exponentially demanding low leakage power SRAM designs for high performance chips and microprocessors. To get optimized standard cell memory design for battery operated devices at deep sub micron CMOS technology, a low leakage Asynchronous 8T SRAM is proposed. In this paper gated–ground P-P based low leakage 8T SRAM bit cell design is proposed for reducing the standby leakage power dissipation. The Proposed 8T SRAM bit - cell has used single bit line (single voltage source) for reading and writing operations to reduce active power consumption. The reduction of voltage swing and low standby leakage results appreciable reduction in total power consumption of the proposed design. The SPECTRE simulation and analysis at a 45nm CMOS feature size shows significant results in the proposed design at 0.7v supply voltage. Proposed Asynchronous single ended 8T SRAM bit - cell greatly reduced 99.92% stand by leakage power consumption and 11.76% of write ‘1’ active power consumption from the existing 8T SRAM bi – cell design. Whereas comparing with the standard 6T SRAM bit – cell design, proposed design also achieved 99.88% standby leakage power reduction and 95.8% of total active write ‘1’ power consumption from the conventional 6T SRAM bit – cell. This results overall total average power reduces in the proposed 8T SRAM bit-cell design i.e. reduction of 99.93% from the existing 8T SRAM bit – cell and 80.63% from the conventional 6T SRAM bit – cell design while keep maintaining the read static noise margin and write noise margin.

‘개물림 대책과 그 처리에 관한 법률’의 제안 연구 ― 미국 뉴욕주의 개물림 규제법들을 중심으로 ―

조성자 ( Sung Ja Cho ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2019 法學硏究 Vol.29 No.3

Every day, as of 2019, on average, 6 counts of dig bite accidents take place in Korea. The Korean people prefer group houses like apartments and more than 90% of the Korean people live in cities where group houses like apartments are a main house form. These group houses are not a good living style to provide sufficient space and freedom for pet dogs. Also, as the Korean economy enters the aged society, the single household and the aged household are increased, which leads to the increase of pet dog for their needs. According to the increase of pet dogs, it is natural and inevitable for the dog bite accidents to increase. So, now it seems that we need more regulations and measures to prevent and curb the increase of dog bite accidents, along with promoting more responsible dog ownership. First of all, at the administrative level, we need a legal system to register a dangerous dog that has attacked a person or showed a vicious attacking propensity toward a person. We also need a strict punishment law to a dog owner and its dog that caused serious bodily damage to persons. This strict punishment system will be an incentive for more responsible dog ownership so as for the dog owners to put more efforts to prevent dig bite accidents. This article is to review the current Korean laws how they are not good enough to prevent dog bite accidents, and to provide a legislative dog bite law proposal. Part 2 will review the current Korean laws related to dog bite accidents, and Part 3 will introduce the experts’ opinions about dog bite accidents, mainly focused on the American Veterinary Medical Association(AVMA) that tries to raise dog bite awareness, with a slogan, “any dog can bite.” Part 4 reviews the dog bite regulation laws of New York State, USA, and Part 5 provides a legislative proposal to regulate dog bite necessary for Korea.

Bit-Usage Analysis Based Frame Layer QP Adjustment for H.264/AVC Rate Control at Low Bit-Rate

Shuijiong WU,Yiqing HUANG,Qin LIU,Takeshi IKENAGA 대한전자공학회 2009 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2009 No.7

To regulate the output video streaming, rate control is introduced into practical video codec. It allocates the bit budget, dynamically adjusts quantization parameter (QP) to achieve target bit-rate while keeping the coding quality. This paper presents a bit analysis based frame layer QP adjustment for H.264/AVC rate control at low bit-rate. The bit generation of previous coded frames, bit estimation of current frame and the remaining bit resources are utilized to get estimation for current coding status. Backward and forward bit usage measurements are combined to make a global judgment based on the whole sequence. Then the QP computed for current frame is further adjusted by the bit usage judgment. Simulation results verify the performance of proposed algorithm. Compared with the recommended rate control in H.264/AVC reference software JM13.2, a gain up to 0.3 ㏈ on peak-signal-noise-ratio (PSNR) is observed. And the rate mismatch is reduced about 84 % for tested sequences.

Geographical distribution of health indicators related to snake bites and envenomation in Morocco between 1999 and 2013

Faiçal El Hattimy,Soulaymani Bencheikh Rachida 한국역학회 2018 Epidemiology and Health Vol.40 No.-

OBJECTIVES: Envenomation from snake bites is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological features of snake bites in Morocco and to evaluate time-space trends in snake bite incidence, the mortality rate, and the case-fatality rate. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of snake bite cases reported to the Moroccan Poison Control Center between 1999 and 2013. RESULTS: During the study period, 2,053 people were bitten by snakes in Morocco. Most victims were adults (55.4%). The average age of the patients was 26.48±17.25 years. More than half of the cases (58.1%) were males. Approximately 75% of snake bites happened in rural areas, and 85 deaths were recorded during this period. The incidence of snake bites remained generally steady over the 15-year period of this study, with a marked increase noted since 2012. The mortality rate has increased slightly, from 0.02 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants in 1999 to 0.05 in 2013. The geographical distribution of snake bite cases in the regions of Morocco showed that Tanger-Tétouan had the highest annual incidence of snake bites (1.41 bites per 100,000 inhabitants). However, the highest annual mortality rates were recorded in the Guelmim-Es Semara and Souss-Massa-Drâa regions (0.09 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants for both regions). CONCLUSIONS: The geographical distribution of the incidence, mortality, and case-fatality rates of snake bites in Morocco showed large disparities across regions during the three 5-year periods included in this study, meaning that certain areas can be considered high-risk for snake bites.

성장기 아동의 single tooth scissors bite의 교정 치료: 증례 보고

김지인,현홍근,김영재,김정욱,장기택,이상훈,한세현,김종철 大韓小兒齒科學會 2011 대한소아치과학회지 Vol.38 No.4

A scissors bite in the posterior teeth occurs when the upper teeth are positioned totally buccal to the lower teeth in centric occlusion, either unilaterally or bilaterally. This malocclusion can result from either excessive width of the maxilla or deficient width of the mandible, or sometimes combination of the both. Scissors bite, when left untreated without a proper dental intervention, interferes with the normal mandibular growth leading to a state where consequent disharmony in dental arch width evokes occlusal disturbances. Therefore, early preventive orthodontic treatment is necessary in patients with scissors bite. Scissors bite rarely involves anterior and posterior sites concuttently across the dental arch but usually affect single tooth. Even in the single tooth scissors bite cases, more likely to be met in the clinical fields, immediate dental intervention is indicated because continuous occlusal forces that exacerbate the already adverse axis of the posterior teeth. In this case study, patients with single tooth scissors bite, each 7, 14, 12, and 16 years old, were each treated with criss-cross elastic, fixed appliance, removable appliance, and miniscrews. With the proper selection of appliances appropriate to each specific cases, good treatment outcome can be achieved without resulting any side effects. 중심교합위의 상태에서 편측 혹은 양측으로 상악 구치부의 치아가 하악 구치부의 협측으로 위치한 경우를 scissors bite라 고 한다. 이는 상악의 폭경이 크거나 하악의 폭경이 좁은 경우 발생한다. Scissors bite의 경우 방치하게 되면 하악의 성장이 방해받게 되고 그 결과, 악궁 폭경의 부조화가 심해져 저작 장애를 일으킬 수 있으므로 조기 차단 교정이 반드시 필요하다. 실제 임상에서는 여러 치아의 scissors bite보다 최후방 구치 혹은 그 외 하나의 구치만의 single tooth scissors bite(STSB)을 보이는 경우가 많다. 이러한 STSB의 경우도 방치하게 되면 저작력으로 인하여 구치의 각도가 더욱 악화되므로 즉각적인 치료가 필요하다. 본 증례에서는 STSB를 보이는 7세, 14세, 12세, 16세의 환자에게 각각 criss-cross elastic, 고정성 장치, 가철성 장치, miniscrew를 사용하여 치료한 증례를 보고하였다. 각 환자의 증례에 적합한 장치를 잘 선택하여 사용한다면 치아를 정출시키는 등의 부작용을 야기하지 않고 양호한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이다