대기오염확산모델을 이용한 유동인구의 대기오염 노출에 관한 연구

박진우,박진홍,최진무 국토지리학회 2018 국토지리학회지 Vol.52 No.2

Recently, much attention has been given to air pollution such as particulate matter (PM10). However, existing studies on air pollution still uses low-resolution data interpolated from the air pollution monitoring network. This study focused on two goals. First, we have derived high-resolution air pollution distribution from the air pollution dispersion model (CALINE4) using micro traffic volume and weather data. Secondly, we analyzed the correlation between the derived air pollution distribution and the estimated floating population data provided by SKT Geovision. The results of the analysis showed that elderly people rather than younger ones, and males rather than females were more influenced by air pollution in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the locational characteristics and the distribution of elderly people; vulnerable to diseases in air pollution. In addition, it is also necessary to conduct in-depth research using high-resolution air pollution dispersion results when making policies on air pollution. 최근 미세먼지 등 대기오염에 많은 관심이 집중되고 있다. 하지만 대기오염에 관한 기존 연구에서는 아직도 대기오염측정망을 사용하여 보간한 낮은 해상도의 데이터를 사용하고 있다. 본 연구는 두 가지 목표를 중점으로 수행하였다. 첫째, 미시적인 교통량 및 기상 데이터를 사용하여 선형 대기오염확산모델(CALINE4)로 부터 높은 해상도의 대기오염 분포를 도출하였다. 둘째, 도출된 대기오염 분포와 SKT Geovision에서 제공하는 유동인구 추정데이터의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 높은 해상도를 가지는 대기오염 데이터를 사용함으로써 미시적 수준의 분석이 가능하였다. 분석결과로써 연구지역에서는 여성보다는 남성이, 젊은 층보다는 노년층의 유동인구가 대기오염에 더 밀접한 관련이 있었다. 따라서 향후 대기오염관리 정책에 있어서 지역적 특성과 질병에 취약한 고령 인구의 분포를 고려할 필요가 있다. 또한 기존의 낮은 해상도의 측정망 데이터를 사용하기보다는 고해상도의 대기오염확산 결과를 활용한 심층적인 연구가 필요하다.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and the risk of suicide death: A population-based cohort study

Min, Jin-young,Kim, Hye-Jin,Min, Kyoung-bok Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.628 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Suicide is a major public health problem. Previous studies have reported a significant association between acute exposure to air pollution and suicide; little attention has been paid to the long-term effects of air pollution on risk of suicide. We investigated whether long-term exposure to particulate matter of ≤10μm in diameter (PM<SUB>10</SUB>), nitrogen dioxide (NO<SUB>2</SUB>), and sulfur dioxide (SO<SUB>2</SUB>) would be associated with a greater risk of death by suicide. The study sample comprised 265,749 adults enrolled in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (2002−2013) in South Korea. Suicide death was defined as per ICD-10 code. Data on air pollution exposure used nationwide monitoring data, and individual exposure levels were assigned using geographic information systems. Air pollution exposure was categorized as the interquartile range (IQR) and quartiles. Hazards ratios (HRs) were calculated for the occurrence of suicide death after adjusting for potential covariates. During the study period, 564 (0.2%) subjects died from suicide. Increases in IQR pollutants (7.5μg/m<SUP>3</SUP> for PM<SUB>10</SUB>, 11.8ppb for NO<SUB>2</SUB>, and 0.8ppb for SO<SUB>2</SUB>) significantly increased HR for suicide death [PM<SUB>10</SUB>: HR=3.09 (95% CI: 2.63–3.63); NO<SUB>2</SUB>: HR=1.33 (95% CI: 1.09–1.64); and SO<SUB>2</SUB>: HR=1.15 (95% CI: 1.07–1.24)]. Compared with the lowest level of air pollutants (Quartile 1), the risk of suicide significantly increased in the highest quartile level (Quartile 4) for PM<SUB>10</SUB> (HR=4.03; 95% CI: 2.97–5.47) and SO<SUB>2</SUB> (HR=1.65; 95% CI: 1.29–2.11) and in the third quartile for NO<SUB>2</SUB> (HR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.17–1.96). HRs for subjects with a physical or mental disorder were higher than that those for subjects without the disorder. Subjects living in metropolitan areas were more vulnerable to long-term PM<SUB>10</SUB> exposure than those living in non-metropolitan areas. Long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with a significantly increased risk of suicide death. People having underlying diseases or living in metropolitan areas may be more susceptible to high air pollution exposure.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Air pollution is associated with mental health problems. </LI> <LI> We investigated the risk of suicide death on exposure to air pollution. </LI> <LI> Adults exposed to high air pollution had an increased likelihood for suicide death. </LI> <LI> Adults having an underling disease and living in metropolitan areas were more susceptible to air pollution exposure. </LI> <LI> Air pollution may be a risk factor for completed suicide. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Public-health impact of outdoor air pollution for 2<SUP>nd</SUP> air pollution management policy in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea

Jong Han Leem,Soon Tae Kim,Hwan Cheol Kim 대한직업환경의학회 2015 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.27 No.-

Objectives: Air pollution contributes to mortality and morbidity. We estimated the impact of outdoor air pollution on public health in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea. Attributable cases of morbidity and mortality were estimated. Methods: Epidemiology-based exposure-response functions for a 10 μg/m3 increase in particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were used to quantify the effects of air pollution. Cases attributable to air pollution were estimated for mortality (adults ≥ 30 years), respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions (all ages), chronic bronchitis (all ages), and acute bronchitis episodes (≤18 years). Environmental exposure (PM2.5 and PM10) was modeled for each 3 km × 3 km. Results: In 2010, air pollution caused 15.9% of total mortality or approximately 15,346 attributable cases per year. Particulate air pollution also accounted for: 12,511 hospitalized cases of respiratory disease; 20,490 new cases of chronic bronchitis (adults); 278,346 episodes of acute bronchitis (children). After performing the 2<SUP>nd</SUP> Seoul metropolitan air pollution management plan, the reducible death number associated with air pollution is 14,915 cases per year in 2024. We can reduce 57.9% of death associated with air pollution. Conclusion: This assessment estimates the public-health impacts of current patterns of air pollution. Although individual health risks of air pollution are relatively small, the public-health consequences are remarkable. Particulate air pollution remains a key target for public-health action in the Seoul metropolitan area. Our results, which have also been used for economic valuation, should guide decisions on the assessment of environmental health-policy options.

대기오염도가 프로야구 관중 수에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

남상욱,전계형 대한경영학회 2019 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

Recently, air pollution, especially particulate matters, has emerged as a major issue in Korea. The increase in air pollutants such as particulate matters can have an effect on people to avoid outdoor activities. Accordingly, it is necessary to ensure that the number of Korean baseball spectators who rely heavily on the attendance of stadiums is affected by air pollution. This paper analyzed the impact of air pollution on Korean baseball in particular. To that end, we use data on Korean professional baseball and weather information to estimate the impact of air pollution on Korean baseball. Korea reports directly on the level of particulate matters every day and provides information that divides pollution into four stages: good, normal, bad, and very bad. Using this information, the level of particulate matters and the presentation of stages were estimated to affect the number of spectators at baseball games. The analysis method used in this study is a fixed effect panel data model. The dependent variable is logarithmic value of the number of spectators. The stadium fixed effects control the long-term level of popularity of the home team and the average level of air pollution on the stadium. The monthly fixed effects are to control the difference in popularity of professional baseball by season, the seasonal effects, and average number of spectators by season. The day of the week fixed effects control the difference in the average number of spectators by day of the week. The yearly fixed effects control the difference in popularity of professional baseball by year. The opponent team's popularity is controlled through opponent team fixed effects. In addition, they included temperature, dummy variable of below 10 degrees Celsius, dummy variable of above 30 degrees Celsius, density variables of air pollutants, and stage dummy variables of air pollutants. Of these, the variable of interest is the stage variable of the air pollutant. The air pollutants used in the analysis were particulate matters(PM10, PM2.5), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The analysis found that the relationship of baseball attendance rates in relation to the Particulate matter level has a very nonlinear effect. The number of baseball spectators is not significantly affected by the level of particulate matters. However, the announcement that the level of particulate matters has changed from “good” or “normal” to “bad” or “very bad” reduces the number of baseball spectators by about eight percent. This effect is similar to a decrease in the number of visitors(10 percent) when it rains. Other factors related to air pollution, including ozone concentrations, have been found to have no statistically significant effects. The average level of particulate matters during the three days before the game also did not affect the number of spectators. The results indicate the need to make a decision considering the impact of the stage of particulate matters on the morning of the game on the number of spectators in the game. The results of this study are meaningful in that it have demonstrated the effect of air pollution, particularly particulate matters, which is increasingly an important factor in decision making. The results of this study showed that Korea also needs to increase the number of dome stadiums and adjust demand forecasts system and schedule to considering weather and air pollution. The results of this study show that the effects of PM2.5 is not significant, but additional data for 2018 are needed to fully discuss the causes. One of the most likely causes of no PM2.5 effect in this study is that people are alert to visible particulate matters(PM10), but not to unseen particulate matters(PM2.5). However, for this possibility to be clearly demonstrated, additional data from 2018 will need to be added. Considering that people tend to be sufficiently alert about particulate matters in 2018 and reflect it in t... 최근 한국의 대기오염, 특히 미세먼지가 중요한 이슈로 떠올랐다. 미세먼지와 같은 대기오염 물질의 증가는사람들로 하여금 야외활동을 자제하도록 하는 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이를 고려할 때 외부 경기장의 출석에크게 의존하는 한국 프로야구 경기 관중 수가 대기오염으로 인해 얼마나 영향을 받는 지를 확인할 필요가있다. 본 논문은 대기오염이 한국 야구에 미친 영향에 대해 특히 미세먼지의 영향력을 분석하였다. 이를 위해한국 프로야구 자료와 날씨 및 대기오염 관련 변수들에 대한 자료를 이용하여 대기오염이 한국 야구에 미치는영향을 추정했다. 우리나라는 매일 미세먼지의 수준을 직접 보고하며 오염 상태를 좋은 상태, 보통 상태, 나쁜상태, 그리고 매우 나쁜 상태의 4등급으로 구분한 정보를 제공한다. 이 정보들을 활용하여 미세먼지 수준과등급 발표가 야구 경기 관중 수에 미치는 영향을 추정하였다. 분석 방법으로는 여러 경기장에서 여러 회에 걸쳐 진행된 경기들을 패널자료로 활용한 패널고정효과 모형을이용하였다. 이때 경기장 고정효과 뿐 아니라 연도, 월, 요일에 대한 고정효과를 포함하여 시기에 따른 차이를통제하고자 하였다. 추가로 상대팀 고정효과를 고려하여 홈팀의 고정효과뿐 아니라 상대팀의 인기도에 따른영향도 통제하고자 하였다. 날씨요인에는 기온과 우천 여부를, 대기오염도에는 기본적으로 미세먼지(PM10)와초미세먼지(PM2.5)를 설명변수로 포함하였다. 또한 날씨 및 대기오염도의 비선형적 효과를 고려하기 위해기온의 경우 기온이 10℃보다 낮았는지 여부를 의미하는 더미변수와 기온이 30℃보다 높았는지 여부를 의미하는 더미변수를 포함하였고, 미세먼지와 초미세먼지는 등급이 ‘나쁨’ 이상인 경우 1을 갖는 더미변수를 포함하였다. 분석 결과, 대기오염 정보가 보도되는 방식과 프로야구 관중 수의 관계가 매우 비선형적인 영향을 보이는것으로 확인되었다. 프로야구 관중 수는 미세먼지의 수준에 따라 통계적으로 크게 영향을 받지 않는다. 그러나미세먼지 등급이 '정상'에서 '나쁨'으로 바뀌었다는 발표는 야구 관람객 수를 약 8% 가량 감소시키는 것으로나타났다. 이 효과는 비가 올 때의 관중 수 감소 수준(10%)과 유사한 수준이다. 오존 농도를 비롯하여 대기오염도와 관련된 다른 요소들은 통계적으로 유의한 영향이 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 경기 전의 3일 간 평균적인미세먼지 수준 역시 관중 수에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 프로야구 관람과 관련된 산업에서 경기 당일 오전의 미세먼지 수준이 당일 경기 관중 수에 미치는 영향을 고려하여 의사결정을 할 필요가있음을 알려준다.

대기오염 재해방지를 위한 대기오염 관리시스템 구축에 관한 연구

임익현(Ik Hyun Lim),황의진(Eui Jin Hwang),류지협(Ji Hyeob Ryu) 한국방재안전학회 2009 한국방재안전학회 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

환경재해방지와 대기오염관리를 목적으로 GIS기반의 대기오염관리시스템 즉, 높은 시·공간적 해상도의 오염물질배출량 산정과 영향예측, 자료관리 및 분석 등이 가능한 지리정보시스템을 구성하였다. 사례연구는 다양한 오염원의 존재하여 대기오염물질 배출량 증가로 인하여 환경재해의 가능성이 상존하는 광양만지역을 선정하고, 대기오염관리시스템에 오염원의 속성·공간자료체계를 구축과 배출모형, 대기오염모델, 분석도구 등을 이용하여 배출량 산정과 영향예측, 분석 등을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 산정된 배출량이 대상지역 오염원의 위치와 오염물질의 배출특성, 공간분포와 일치하는 정확한 예측결과를 나타내었다. 또한, 대기오염모델의 TSP 예측결과는 실측값과 상관계수가 0.75로서 다소 높은 상관도와 오염원 영향농도와 범위 등의 파악에서 명확한 분석기능이 제공되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발된 대기오염관리시스템은 신속한 공간·속성 자료체계(database)의 구축과 높은 시·공간적 해상도의 배출량 산정, 대기오염모델의 입력자료 생성, 영향예측, 다양한 결과분석 등이 가능하여 합리적인 대기오염관리의 분석도구로서 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. In this study, the air pollution management system based GlS has been developed to estimate the emission rate and air pollution modeling of air pollutants, effectively. This system is able to estimate emission rate of air pollutant and to analyze the emission characteristics with high spatial and temporal resolution. air pollution modeling. The air pollution management system was applied to Gwangyang Bay including large industry complex with a large number of emission sources. The air pollution management system was constructed using the spatial database of emission sources in Gwangyang Bay. It was found that the estimated emission rates of air pollutants is similar to the emission characteristics in Gwangyang Bay. Also, the spatial distribution of pollutants was similar to the location of emission sources. The predicted results of air pollution model was showed a good correlation coefficient (0 .75) for TSP. The air pollution management system is expected to be effective tool (database system (GIS)) for the management and the control of air pollution.

한국 도시의 대기오염도에 관한 지리학적 연구

이재하,문상호 慶北大學校 社會科學大學 地理學科 1993 地理學論究 Vol.- No.12-13

The purpose of this study is to attempt the geographical analysis and to find out geographical effects upon the degree of air pollution in cities in Korea which increases recently due to the increase of urban population, cars and industrial facilites. The most serious air pollutant in urban Korea are SO_(2), TSP(Total Suspended Particulates) and partly CO, O_(3), NO_(2). SO_(2) and TSP in many cities exceed the domestic primary air quality standards which is loose and much lower than that of WHO and major developed countries. The degree of air pollution of cities - Seoul, Inchon, Anyang, Sungnam - in the Seoul conurbation area is high presented. These cities belong to the area where about a half of Korean population, car and industry is concentrated. In such industrial cities as Yochon,Pohang, Kumi, Chongju and Kwangju, air pollution shows low. the degree of air pollution is closely related with the number of population, factory and automobile. But what is most co-related with the degree of air pollution of each city is found to be population density of each city. So, the systematic policy for urban population dispersion ought to be accomplished to reduce air pollution above all things. TSP among air pollutants shows the highest co-relation with five geographical elements(population, population density, the number of household, factory and automobile) of each city. And it is identified that the degree of air pollution of the cities located inland is higher than that of the coastal cities. It means that topographical location or site of city has a positive effect on the diffusion of air pollutants. In conclusion, the air pollution of cities well reflects geographical elements and feature of those. To find out clearly the geography of air pollution among cities, we should use the more geographical elements to analyze daily and monthly air pollution data.

코호트 자료를 이용한 대기오염의 만성건강영향 평가체계 구축

배현주 한국환경정책평가연구원 2014 기본연구보고서 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 국민건강보험공단의 국민건강정보 데이터베이스를 이용한 표본 코호트DB를 이용하여 대기오염으로 인한 만성 건강영향을 시범적으로 평가하고, 이를 토대로 대기오염의 만성건강영향 평가 체계를 제언하여 환경정책에 활용하는 토대를 마련하였다. 만성건강영향 평가의 시범적용과 평가체계를 구축하기 위하여 국외의 대기오염 장기노출로 인한 만성건강영향 평가사례와 대기오염의 건강영향 평가를 고려한 관리정책 사례를 파악하고 시사점을 제시하였다. 미국과 유럽의 코호트 연구사례를 중심으로 대기오염의 장기노출로 인한 건강영향 평가의 연구설계, 노출추정 방법,노출수준별 건강영향, 연구결과에 대하여 살펴보았다. 또한 대기오염의 건강영향평가 등 과학적인 검토와 관리를 바탕으로 하는 미국 국가대기질 기준(NAAQS)의 관리정책에 대해 각 과정별로 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 코호트 데이터베이스를 이용하여 대기오염의 만성 건강영향을 시범적으로 평가하였다. 2005년부터 2010년까지 대기오염의 단기노출 및 장기노출(1개월~36개월 누적노출)로 인하여 새로이 발생한 심혈관계 입원발생위험의 건강영향을 시계열 분석하였다. 미세먼지(PM10), 이산화질소(NO2), 이산화황(SO2),일산화탄소(CO)의 경우, 대기오염의 단기노출 및 장기노출 농도 증가는 심혈관계 입원발생위험을 유의하게 높였다. 전반적으로 대기오염으로 인한 심혈관계 입원발생위험은 단기노출의 건강영향보다 장기노출의 건강영향이 더 큰 것으로 나타났고,특히 미세먼지(PM10)와 이산화황(SO2)의 경우 단기노출의 심혈관계 입원발생위험보다 장기노출의 심혈관계 입원발생위험이 높게 나타났다. 또한 대기오염의 장기노출로 인한 기존질환의 악화를 평가하기 위하여, 2002년부터 2010년까지 전국 7대 도시를 대상으로 대기오염의 장기노출로 인한 급성관상 동맥증후군(acute coronary syndrome) 환자의 사망발생위험에 대하여 생존분석을 실시하였다. 대기오염의 장기노출로 인한 건강영향을 평가하기 위하여 급성관상동맥증후군(acute coronary syndrome)이 발생하기 1개월 전부터 12개월 누적평균까지 대기오염노출로 인한 사망발생위험을 산출한 결과, 미세먼지(PM10), 이산화질소(NO2), 이산화황(SO2), 일산화탄소(CO)의 장기노출은 급성관상동맥증후군(acute coronary syndrome) 환자의 사망발생위험을 유의하게 높였다. 코호트 자료를 이용한 대기오염의 만성건강영향에 대한 시범평가를 토대로 대기오염 만성건강영향 평가체계를 제시하였다. 대기오염의 만성건강영향 평가체계에서 고려해야 할 요소는 건강영향 평가의 목적, 건강영향 및 대기오염 노출 자료수집 및 가공, 대기오염의 건강영향 평가, 건강영향 평가의 질 관리, 연구결과의 정책적 활용으로 이루어진다. 본 연구에서 제시한 대기오염의 건강영향 평가체계는 오랜 기간동안 대규모 인구집단을 대상으로 한 코호트 자료를 바탕으로 대기오염으로 인한 건강영향의 총체적인 추정치를 제공할 수 있으며 대기오염으로 인한 건강피해를 더 제대로 반영할수 있게 된다. 이와 같은 과학적이며 체계적인 건강영향 평가방법은 다각적 측면을 고려한 수용체 중심의 환경보건정책을 마련하는데 있어 과학적 근거자료로서 활용되고 정책 수립의 타당성을 제공할 수 있다. 또한 대기환경기준 등 환경기준 설정및 개정에 있어서 단편적인 접근이 아닌 만성 건강영향평가 등의 다각적 접근을 통한 기준 설정 및 개정에 기여할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 정책이 시행되기 전후에 경제적으로 환산된 건강영향의 비용편익의 결과는 한정된 환경보건자원의 효과적인 배분에 있어 효율적인 근거자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. This study evaluated the long-term health effects of air pollution, using Cohort DB through the national health information database of the National Health Insurance Service, suggested the chronic health impact assessment system of air pollution, and laid the foundation for use in environmental policy. For example application of chronic health impact assessment and assessment system establishment, this study identified chronic health impact assessment cases, due to long-term exposure to air pollution, and management policy cases that considered the health impact assessment of air pollution, and also presented implications. Centered on the Cohort case studies in the U.S. and Europe, this study examined the research design of health impact assessment, due to long-term exposure to air pollution, exposure estimation method, health impact by exposure level and study results. This report also specifically reviewed each process on the management policy of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the U.S. that is based on scientific review and management including the health impact assesment of air pollution. This study evaluated the chronic health impact of air pollution using the Cohort DB. This study conducted a time series analysis on the health impact of new hazard risk of cardiovascular admission, due to short- and long-term exposures to air pollution (cumulative exposure from one month to 36 months) from 2005 to 2010. Concerning PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO, the concentration increase of short- and long-term exposures significantly increased the relative risk of cardiovascular admission. The health impact from the long-term exposure was generally bigger than the short-term exposure in terms of the relative risk of cardiovascular admission, due to air pollution. Especially, the relative risk of cardiovascular admission, due to the long-term exposure, was higher than the short-term exposure in the case of PM10 and SO2. To assess the deterioration of existing disease, due to long-term exposure to air pollution, this study conducted a survival analysis on the death risk of the acute coronary syndrome patients, because of long-term exposure to air pollution targeting seven largest cities nationwide from 2002 to 2010. To evaluate health impact, due to long-term exposure to air pollution, this study estimated the mortality owing to exposure to air pollution from one month before the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome to 12 months cumulative average. According to the estimation result, the long term exposure to PM10, NO2, SO2 and CO significantly increased the mortality of the acute coronary syndrome patients. Based on the evaluation of chronic health impact assessment of air pollution using Cohort data, this study presented an air pollution chronic health impact assessment system. The factors to consider in the chronic health impact assessment system of air pollution were the purpose of health impact assessment, the collection and processing of health impact and air pollution exposure data, health impact assessment of air pollution, quality management of health impact assessment and policy application of study results. The health impact assessment system of air pollution presented in this study can offer overall estimation values of health impact, due to air pollution, based on Cohort data targeting large scale population group for a long time, and can more properly reflect health damage owing to air pollution. The scientific and systematic health impact assessment method is used as scientific base data in devising receptor-centered environment and health policy considering various aspects, and can offer the validity of policy establishment. Also, the method is judged to contribute to criteria establishment and revision through multilateral approach including chronic health impact assessment, not through a fragmentary approach in the establishment and revision of environmental criteria such as air environmental criteria. The cost-benefit result of health impact economically converted before and after the policy is executed can be used as efficient base data in effective distribution of limited environmental and health resources.

Adverse Effects of Air Pollution on Pulmonary Diseases

경선영,Won Ko Ui 대한결핵및호흡기학회 2022 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.85 No.4

Environmental exposure to air pollution is known to have adverse effects on various organs. Air pollution has greater effects on the pulmonary system as the lungs are directly exposed to contaminants in the air. Here, we review the associations of air pollution with the development, morbidity, and mortality of pulmonary diseases. Short- and long-term exposure to air pollution have been shown to increase mortality risk even at concentrations below the current national guidelines. Ambient air pollution has been shown to be associated with lung cancer. Particularly long-term exposure to particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 μm (PM_2.5) has been reported to be associated with lung cancer even at low concentrations. In addition, exposure to air pollution has been shown to increase the incidence risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and has been correlated with exacerbation and mortality of COPD. Air pollution has also been linked to exacerbation, mortality, and development of asthma. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) has been demonstrated to be related to increased mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, air pollution increases the incidence of infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Furthermore, emerging evidence supports a link between air pollution and coronavirus disease 2019 transmission, susceptibility, severity and mortality. In conclusion, the stringency of air quality guidelines should be increased and further therapeutic trials are required in patients at high risk of adverse health effects of air pollution.

Integrated dataset of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study cohort with estimated air pollution data

Hae Dong Woo,Dae Sub Song,Sun Ho Choi,Jae Kyung Park,Kyoungho Lee,Hui-Young Yun,Dae-Ryun Choi,Youn-Seo Koo,Hyun-Young Park 한국역학회 2022 Epidemiology and Health Vol.44 No.-

Public concern about the adverse health effects of air pollution has grown rapidly in Korea, and there has been increasing demand for research on ways to minimize the health effects of air pollution. Integrating large epidemiological data and air pollution exposure levels can provide a data infrastructure for studying ambient air pollution and its health effects. The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES), a large population-based study, has been used in many epidemiological studies of chronic diseases. Therefore, KoGES cohort data were linked to air pollution data as a national resource for air pollution studies. Air pollution data were produced using community multiscale air quality modeling with additional adjustment of monitoring data, satellite-derived aerosol optical depth, normalized difference vegetation index, and meteorological data to increase the accuracy and spatial resolution. The modeled air pollution data were linked to the KoGES cohort based on participants’ geocoded residential addresses in grids of 1 km (particulate matter) or 9 km (gaseous air pollutants and meteorological variables). As the integrated data become available to all researchers, this resource is expected to serve as a useful infrastructure for research on the health effects of air pollution.

中国大气污染问题和改善方向 : 以甘肃省兰州市为中心

Lin Dong,Jae Eun Lee 위기관리 이론과 실천 2019 Disastronomy Vol.2 No.1

The problem of air pollution in China comes along with the process of industrialization and urbanization, which is mainly caused by human activities. Recently, although China has achieved certain results in the process of air pollution prevention and control, it is mainly an one-way management mode dominated by the government in the process of prevention and control, which tends to cause problems such as low efficiency and unreasonable treatment methods. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is how to effectively prevent and control air pollution. On the one hand, this paper attempts to quote the analysis results of various literatures on China's air pollution control policies. On the other hand, this paper introduces the causes of air pollution and the changes of air pollution control policies in China. This article analyzes the problems that should be reflected in the process of air pollution control in Lanzhou, which was one of the ten most polluted cities in China. Finally, it points out the improvement directions for the prevention and control of air pollution in the future; (1) It is the time for local governments at all levels to strengthen cooperative exchanges and ensure the efficient allocation of various equipments, technologies and other resources. It is a necessary condition for successful control of air pollution. (2) Although the primary source of air pollution is the industrial activities of enterprises, the development of enterprises is also one of the important means to promote regional economic development. So, in the process of air pollution prevention and control, the benefits and costs of enterprises should also be taken into account, and the development obstacles faced by each enterprise should be considered. (3) It is necessary for the government to pay attention to the openness and authenticity of environmental information. It is no doubt that a good and transparent social environment helps to promote the convergence of other forces. (4) The basic right of the public to participate in environmental protection should be guaranteed as far as possible.