3~5세기 세종 지역 묘제의 특징 검토

김성수 ( Kim Sung-su ) 백제학회 2017 백제학보 Vol.0 No.22

본 논문은 세종지역의 3~5세기 고분 구조를 분석하여 세종지역의 백제 묘제 특징과 전개 양상을 구명하고자 하였다. 세종지역의 중심부를 동에서 서로 흐르는 금강유역을 기준으로, 금강유역으로 유입하는 제천유역을 이북권역, 삼성천유역을 이남권역으로 설정하였다. 각 권역에서 확인된 봉토목관묘·주구토광묘·관곽토광묘·수혈식석곽묘·횡혈식석실묘를 대상으로 구조 분석을 통해 유형을 설정하고, 출토 유물과의 상관관계를 검토하였다. 검토 결과 세종지역은 2세기 중·후반에는 봉토목관묘가 조영되고, 3세기 초에 들어서면 주구토광묘가 이남권역의 봉기리 유적과 석삼리 대박골 유적에서 조영되기 시작하며, 3세기 중반 이후에는 이북권역인 송담리 유적에서도 주구토광묘가 조영되기 시작하면서 점차 주구토광묘를 조영하는 집단들이 증가하였다. 4~5세기에 들어서면 관곽토광묘·석곽묘·석실묘로 묘제의 변화가 이루어지는데, 주구토광묘에서 관곽토광묘로의 묘제의 변형은 경기·충청 내륙지역의 분묘 문화 변화양상과 동일하다. 다만 이 지역의 특징은 5세기까지도 주구토광묘를 조영하는 지역적 특성이 있다. 4세기에 들어서면 이북권역인 나성리 유적에서는 위세품인 금동식리가 출토되는 등 백제 중앙과의 관계가 형성된다. 4세기 후반~5세기초에 이르면 석곽묘로 묘제의 변화가 이루어지고, 마구가 부장유물에서 등장한다. 5세기에 들어서면 석실묘로 묘제의 변화가 이루어지는데 송원리 유적이 중심 묘역권이다. 이를 통해 볼 때 중앙과의 관계를 유지한 송원리 유적 조영집단이 최상층 세력으로 부상하면서 이북권역으로 중심세력이 이동하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 세종지역에서 조사된 3~5세기의 분묘유적들은 백제의 지방세력으로 재편되는 과정 속에서도 3세기에 형성된 재지문화의 특징을 유지하고, 백제 중앙의 문화를 받아들이면서 자신들의 분묘문화로 활용한 특징을 보여주었다. This study on the tombs Structures from Sejong area of 3~5^th century. Through this, a Study on the characteristics and Change pattern from Sejong area of Baekje tomb. In Sejong region, Geumgang River crosses the center from East to West and Sejong region can be divided into South shore area and North shore area. North shore area, Jecheon which is flowing into the Geumgang River. South shore area, in samsungcheon which is flowing into the Geumgang River. Through the structural analysis of the as the burial mound wooden coffin tomb(봉토목관묘) and the pit tombs with areal ditch(주구토광묘) were investigated and verified, and the pit tomb with wooden coffin(관곽토광묘), stone coffin tomb(석곽묘) and stone chamber tomb(석실묘), and the correlation with the excavated relics was reviewed. In the former half of ProtoThree Kingdom period, the tomb construction methods of burial mound wooden coffin tomb, and the pit tombs with areal ditch, started being constructed in Bonggi-ri remains and Seoksam-ri remains in South shore area. After the later half of ProtoThree Kingdom period, the influence of the pit tombs with areal ditch was diffused as it started to be constructed in Songdam-ri remains, the North shore area. Entering into Baekje period, the tomb construction method were changed into it tomb with wooden coffin, stone coffin tomb, and stone chamber tomb, and the change of tomb construction from pit tomb with areal ditch to the pit tom with wooden coffin is as same as the aspect of change in the tomb construction culture of inland area of Gyeonggi and Chungcheong the characteristics of this area only. However, this area has regional characteristic that the pit tomb with areal ditch was constructed even in 5^th century. Entering into 4^th century, in the North shore area, Particularly, since in the Naseong-ri remains, the giltbronze shoes, which is the elite grave goods, were excavated, it reveals that it has deep relation with the center of Baekje. Entering into later half of 4^th century, the tomb construction method was changed to stone coffin tomb and the harness was found in the grave goods. Entering into 5^th century, it is observed that the tomb construction method was changed into stone coffin tomb again. A tomb center area Songwon-ri remains. A Songwon-ri remains reveals that it has deep relation with the center of Baekje. so constructing the stone chamber tombs, it is observed that the central force was moved to the North shore area. The tomb remains during the ProtoThree Kingdom and Baekje period investigated in Sejong region show the characteristics that the originally inhabited groups utilized their own burial culture accepting the culture of Baekje and maintaining the characteristics of the originally inhabited culture since the society of Mahan even in the process of being reorganized as the local power of Baekje.

5세기후반(世紀後半) 부산식고배(釜山式高杯)의 변천(變遷)과 의미(意味)

배효원 ( Bae Hyo-won ) 부산광역시 시사편찬위원회 2018 항도부산 Vol.36 No.-

부산지역은 5세기대 토기문화의 전환과정을 살펴 볼 수 있는 중요한 지역이다. 전대의 고식도질토기문화기부터 토기문화의 중심지로서 역할을 하였고, 400년에 촉발된 고구려군 남정 이후에도 신식도질토기의 출현 및 확산을 주도하였다. 또한, 황남대총남분으로 상징되는 신라의 영향력 하에서도 나름의 독자적인 토기문화를 형성하였다. 하지만 황남대총남분 이후, 신라토기가 지속적으로 확산되면서 토착지역양식이 소멸하고 신라토기문화로 일변한다. 부산지역 토기의 연구는 5세기 전반대를 전후하여 활발히 이루어져 왔다. 특히 복천동고분군의 유물을 통한 편년이나 정체성의 연구가 주를 이루었다. 본고는 미흡한 부분이었던 5세기후반대의 토기를 분석대상으로 하였다. 우선 3단각교호투창고배의 속성분석을 통해 토기문화의 전개 양상을 파악하였고, 형식을 더욱 세분하여 살펴봄에 따라 5세기 후반대를 나눌 수 있는 획기를 분석하는 것에 초점을 두어 연구를 진행하였다. 5세기후반의 부산식고배로 명명된 각단이 내사향하며 凹면처리된 고배의 세부속성분석을 하였으며, 기존에 관념적으로 행해오던 4분기법을 세분하여 그 획기를 설정할 수 있을만한 객관적인 자료를 제시할 수 있었다. 또한, 부산지역 토기문화를 황남대총남분 토기의 영향으로 생각하던 기존 인식과는 달리 5세기 3/4분기 전반대까지는 재지의 토기문화가 안정적으로 이어지고 있음을 확인하였다. 그리고 황남대총남분 토기의 영향을 받은 5세기 3/4분기 후반대 이후에도 신라토기문화의 영향 하에 재지 토기문화가 지속적으로 이어지고 있음을 확인하였다. 앞으로의 토기 연구를 통해 ‘교호투창고배=신라토기’라는 선입견과 3단각고배 → 2단각고배의 도식화된 형식변화에 대한 인식이 재고되는 계기가 되었으면 한다. Busan region is an important part to look into the changing aspects of the pottery culture of the 5th century. It was in the role of the center area of pottery culture from the period of early-style pottery(古式陶質土器). It led the appearance and spread of new-style pottery after the conquest of Kingdom of Goguryeo in 400 A.D., and formed its own pottery culture under the influence of Silla Dynasty, symbolized by the southern Mound of Hwangnamdaechong. However, Silla pottery had continued to spread since the southern mound of Hwangnamdaechong. Therefore, the indigenous type of pottery was destroyed and turned to Silla pottery culture. After 5th century, the research which interpreted potteries as political purpose was conducted mainly about potteries of Bokcheon-dong tombs, and the incorporated period of Bokcheon-dong tombs into Silla. In addition, research of ancient tombs in Busan has also conducted due to the recent discovery of ancient Yeonsan-dong tombs. However, the previous research was conducted only in a certain period of time or certain tombs, it was difficult to grasp the whole view of the entire area and the study of earthenware culture which encompasses entire Busan area, is now unprecedented. The focus was on the pottery from the ancient tombs throughout Busan and the subjects of the study were limited to first half of the 5th centuries and inspected pottery culture in Busan. Busan stlye mounted dishes in Busan area was spread around Bokcheon-dong tombs from the second quarter of the 5th century. It was also noted by confirming unique Busan style in each period. In the second part of advance stage in the late second quarter of the 5th century, the unique burial custom in Busan area were found such as Busan-style mounted dishes, the combination of pottery stand and jar, big jars around feet in Bokcheon-dong tombs. In the third part of advance stage in the third quarter of the 5th century, late 5th Busan style mounted dishes were buried as well. The burial custom was continued in Bokcheon-dong tombs. In the fourth part of advance stage in the fourth quarter of the 5th century, the main tombs were moved to Yeonsan-dong tombs, however, Busan style mounted dishes, called Yeonsan-dong style mounted pottery, was buried. Furthermore, earlier burial custom was continued to be centered around large tombs. However, Silla pottery had continued to spread since the southern mound of Hwangnamdaechong. Therefore, the indigenous type of pottery was destroyed and turned to Silla pottery culture.

기원전 7~기원전 4세기 유라시아 초원 스키타이 전통의 여성형상물과 그 의미 - 흑해 부근의 고고자료를 중심으로 -

김재윤 중부고고학회 2023 고고학 Vol.22 No.2

In the Black Sea region, female figures appearing in artifacts from the 7th to 4th centuries BC have been compared to anthropomorphized figures in Scythian mythology, as they were excavated from large tombs. In the 7th century BC, female figures decorated on mirrors and each ship have wings and extend their hands to hold the feet of wild animals, and after the 5th century BC, there have been changes in their shape, material, and decorative objects. and decorative objects. Female figures from the 5th century B.C. only come from square ornaments attached to women's clothing or veils. There is a scene in which he is wearing a skitai collar, sitting on a chair, holding a mirror, and facing a skitai man holding each belly. The former was classified as female figure A and the latter as female figure B. Female figure A is transformed into female figure A-1, which appears with beasts after the 5th century BC, and female figure A-2, which holds non-beasts animals and other objects. Female figure A-1 is attached to the Scythian calaf, and there are many examples of it being identified in the temple decoration. The female figure A-2 is seen in various artifacts, including linen decorations and bone combs, wearing a Greek calaf. In the remains of Kul'-oba, where the female figure A-1 is excavated, the remains of Tolstaya Mogila, a Scythian woman was actually buried wearing a Scythian calaf. It was excavated not only from large tombs but also from general tombs. The face ornament, identified as female figure A-2, came from the Bol'shaya Bliznitsa site, where a woman wearing a Greek calaf was actually buried. Female figure B was not used for many purposes, but was only expressed and used on rectangular decorative plates hanging on clothes or veils, and was only excavated from large tombs. In particular, traces of wearing a hat in the form of a cone hat were found in the ruins of Chertomlyk and Mordvinovka. Female figure A was believed to have been expressed in the Scythian myth of the cult of cybeles personifying the great nature of Anatoli. It is believed that the order of the Scythian aristocracy was reflected in the form of a silver mirror and the decorations of the Scythian leopard. After the 5th century BC, female figures A-1, which follow the Scythian tradition, were accompanied by beasts, but female figures wearing non-beasts and Greek hats showed Greek characteristics. Female figures B date from the 5th century B.C., and appear in various ruins without a change in form between relics in a limited number of decorative plates. In particular, new head ornaments and wooden bowls were found in the Mordvinovka ruins, reflecting the tradition of Scythian culture. The woman from the Tolstaya Mogila ruins, where female figure B is excavated, was actually buried wearing a gold-decorated Scythian calaf. Female figures B, which appear in the same shape in several large ruins, may have been objects of worship in that they come from the tombs of high-ranking women. In addition, the woman in the tomb who owned it was likely a priest who enshrined a traditional Scythian god represented by the female figure B.

영남지역 출토 4~5세기대 土師器系土器의 재검토

조성원 한국고고학회 2016 한국고고학보 Vol.99 No.-

There is much evidence of interaction between the Japanese Archipelago and the Youngnam region. Among such evidence is the Hajiki type pottery that was influenced by the utilitarian Hajiki pottery of the Japanese Kofun Period. However, while Hajiki type pottery is an important category of evidence that illustrates the wide range of the interactions that took place between the Japanese Archipelago and the Youngnam region, analysis carried out thus far has only focused on the reason for their presence, based on the similarity with the Hajiki pottery of Japan. However, there have been few studies concerning the standards according to which a vessel is judged to be similar to the Japanese Hajiki pottery or how to regard the differences and similarities. Based on a detailed observation of the pottery, this study presents the differences between Japanese Hajiki pottery and the soft earthenware vessels of the Youngnam Region which are contemporaneous. Based on the observations, this study tries to establish whether or not actual examples of Japanese Hajiki pottery were introduced into the Youngnam region, as well as whether or not Japanese Hajiki pottery was imitated. Furthermore, the study attempts to carry out groundwork for assessing the various data involved in the interaction between the two regions, through an analysis on the excavated contexts of the Hajiki vessels dating to the 4th and 5th centuries. As a result, the presence of non-local products or local products that were imitations, which followed the manufacturing techniques of the Hajiki vessels dating from the end of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 5th century were identified. Some of the vessels had become ‘localized’ by the indigenous population. In addition, Hajiki pottery was found to have been used in the Gimhae-Busan area from the end of the 3rd century to the middle of the 4th century. In the southern coastal region of Korea, the Jeolla provinces, and the Ulsan-Kyoungju regions, Hajiki pottery continued to be used after the end of the 4th century. This study shows that the manufacturing techniques of the Hajiki pottery was continually introduced into the Youngnam region during 4th with the movement of populations. The number of such vessels, however, was limited. And because Hajiki pottery is found in association with the indigenous soft earthenwares or unglazed earthenwares of the Korean Peninsula, and as archaeological contexts in which only Hajiki was excavated have yet to be found, it can be surmised that the pottery was used with a specific purpose by the communities of the Korean Peninsula.

全南 東部地域 1~5世紀 住居址의 變遷樣相

박미라 호남고고학회 2008 湖南考古學報 Vol.30 No.-

This study aims to examine the transition aspect of the dwelling sites from the 1st century to the 5th century in the eastern Jeonnam province. The dwelling sites can be divided into three districts and into four periods. Period Ⅰ, late 1st century to late 2nd century, maintains previous round shaped plan of dwelling sites with wide use of hard plain pottery. Dwellings are distributed widely on the eastern region along the riverside or the seaside. Period Ⅱ, early 3rd century to late 3rd century, is time of expansion in the distribution of the dwellings and rapid change from hard plain potteries to beating patterned potteries. The southwestern part of the eastern area show steep rise in the number of square shaped plan. In Period Ⅲ, early 4th century to late 4th century, dwelling sites are most actively built and so the density increased with occasional appearance of four-post type. Production technique of pottery standardized during period Ⅲ but diversified by the end of the century. By period Ⅳ, 5th century, four-post type dwelling sites are found all over the eastern region with the introduction of Gaya pottery. Most of the dwelling are distributed by the seashores. The ratio of hard greyish blue potteries rise and various types of pottery emerge, especially potteries that are likely to be from Gaya, Baekje and Japan are abundant. As discussed in this paper, the dwellings in eastern Jeonnam province are distinct round shaped plan is maintained until the late period with limited number of four-post type and underdeveloped fireplace. Another special aspect is that hard plain potteries lasted until the late 3rd century.

무덤자료를 통해 본 4~5세기 한반도 서북부지역의 양태-한 군현 멸망에서 고구려 평양천도 이전시기까지를 중심으로

주홍규 고조선단군학회 2022 고조선단군학 Vol.47 No.-

This paper focuses on tombs found in the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula. In particular, the purpose is to grasp the identity of the group that constructed the tomb in the northwest area the Korean Peninsula and Goguryeo's control method through structural features, excavated relics, and location features. It seems that the aspect of the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula was quite different from jian's area. The pattern was identified by dividing it into three stages as follows. The first half of the 4th century, when tombs were built by Chinese people, was divided into the 1th stage, centering on each Hwanghae-do area around AnakㆍSeunghoㆍSincheonㆍBongsan. The second half of the 4th century, when Chinese or Chinese groups built tombs in PyongyangㆍGangseoㆍSeunghoㆍAnak areas, was divided into the 2th stage. The early 5th century, when tombs were built in GangseoㆍSinchonㆍPyongyang, was divided into the 3th stage. In the 1th stage, it was divided into areas where the tradition of creating existing tombs could be continued in the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula, and areas where such tradition could no longer be continued. Sincheon area is at the center of it. The reason why the tradition of tombs, which had continued from the 3rd century to the 1st half of the 4th century in the Sincheon area, was able to be continued was because Goguryeo allowed them to maintain their traditions to some extent. It is believed that Goguryeo indirectly ruled the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula using existing local groups. In the 2th stage, the Chinese or Chinese group will expand from the southern part of Hwanghae-do, centered on Sincheon, to the Pyongyang area, which was the base of Nakrang. Breaking away from the method of the first stage, which was managed by granting certain authority to existing local groups, groups around the Jaeryeong River and groups from China are newly relocated by Goguryeo. However, this aspect was no longer sustained due to the confrontation between Goguryeo and Baekje over the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula, and it is believed that Goguryeo's control over this region was weakened. In the 3th stage, Goguryeo, which expanded its territory based on its strong military power, actively ruled the northwester area of the Korean Peninsula, which is believed to have laid the groundwork for transition to the Pyongyang area. 본 연구는 한반도 서북부지역 일대에서 발견된 무덤 중에서도 특히, 한 군현 멸망에서 고구려 평양천도 이전시기까지 조영된 것들을 중심으로 구조상의 특징과 출토유물, 입지적 특징 등을 통해 한반도 서북부지역에서 무덤을 조영한 집단의 정체성과 중심지역, 고구려의 지배방식 등을 파악하는 것을 목적으로 한 것이다. 한반도 서북부지역의 양상은 집안지역과는 사뭇 달랐던 것 같은데, 그 양상을 다음과 같이 3단계로 나누어 파악했다. 즉 안악ㆍ신천ㆍ봉산 일대의 황해도 각 지역을 중심으로 중국계 사람들에 의해 무덤이 만들어지는 4세기 전반을 제1단계로, 평양ㆍ강서ㆍ승호ㆍ안악지역 일대에서 중국 출자 혹은 중국계 집단들이 무덤을 만들게 되는 4세기 후반을 제2단계로, 강서ㆍ신천ㆍ평양지역에 무덤이 조영되는 5세기 초를 제3단계로 구분했다. 제1단계에서는 한반도의 서북부지역에서 기존의 묘제적 전통을 이어나갈 수 있었던 지역과 더 이상 전통을 이을 수 없는 지역으로 나누고, 그 중심에 신천지역이 있었던 것으로 상정했다. 이러한 신천지역 일대에서 3세기 단계부터 이어지던 묘제의 전통을 4세기 전반까지도 이어서 조영할 수 있었던 것은, 고구려가 일정 부분 그들의 전통을 유지할 수 있도록 용인해 주었기 때문으로 이는 곧 기존의 재지집단을 이용해 고구려가 한반도 서북부지역을 간접 통치했던 것으로 판단된다. 제2단계는 기존의 신천지역을 중심으로 한 황해도 남부지역에서 북상해 낙랑의 거점이었던 평양지역까지 중국 출자 혹은 중국계 집단이 확장된다. 재지집단에게 일정 권한을 부여해 관리하던 제1단계의 방식에서 탈피해, 재령강 일대의 집단들과 중국에서 이주해 온 집단들이 고구려에 의해 새로 재배치된다. 하지만 이러한 양상은 한반도의 서북부지역을 둘러싼 고구려와 백제의 대결양상으로 인해 더 이상 지속되지 못하고, 이 지방에 대한 고구려의 통제력이 약화되었던 것으로 판단된다. 제3단계에는 강력한 군사력을 바탕으로 영역을 확장시킨 고구려가 한반도의 서북부지역을 적극적으로 통치하게 되었고, 이로 인해 평양지역으로 천도할 수 있는 발판을 마련하게 된 것으로 판단된다.

2020 발행 『중학교 역사 ②』 교과서 「선사문화와 고대국 가의 형성」 지도·그림자료 검토

장창은 ( Jang Chang Eun ) 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2021 한국학논총 Vol.55 No.-

이 논문은 2020년에 발간된 『중학교 역사②』 교과서 제Ⅰ장 「선사문화와 고대국가의 형성」에 나오는 지도·그림자료를 검토하였다. 분석 결과 다음과 같은 문제점과 개선사항이 있었다. 학계의 연구성과가 미흡하게 반영된 경우이다. 「선사문화와 고조선」에서는 한반도의 구석기 유적 분포도에서 순천 월평 유적 같은 전라도 지역의 최근 발굴성과를 반영하지 못했다. 「삼국의 성립과 발전」에서는 백제가 4세기 근초고왕 대에 마한을 병합했다는 주장이 여전히 반복되고 있다. 그러나 백제의 영산강 유역 진출은 5세기 후반~6세기 중반으로 보는 것이 현재 통설이므로 교과서 내용도 이를 반영할 때가 되었다. 5세기 고구려의 영역지도에서도 북방과 남방 진출의 범위에 있어 일부 교과서가 학계의 연구를 흡수하지 못해 수정이 필요하다. 「삼국의 문화와 대외교류」에서는 삼국 및 가야와 서역 간 문화교류를 지나치게 단선적인 직접 교류로 한정하였다. 학계의 연구는 직접적인 인적 교류보다는 중국과 북방세력을 매개로 한 전래로 파악하는 것이 다수 설이다. 오류 및 오해의 소지가 있는 경우도 많았다. 「선사문화와 고조선」에서는 고인돌의 분류와 분포지도에서 개석식(덮개식) 고인돌을 다루지 않았다. 우리나라의 현존 고인돌 중에서 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 개석식 고인돌이 교과서에서 다루어지지 않는 것은 고인돌을 올바르게 인식하는 데 개선할 사안이다. 고조선의 문화범위 지도에서는 고조선의 시기 변화를 반영하지 않아 오해의 소지가 있었다. 「삼국의 성립과 발전」에서는 6세기 진흥왕대 북방 진출 범위를 표시한 지도에서, 568년 신라가 상실한 것으로 추정되는 안변 이북의 영역을 표시하지 않은 교과서가 있었다. 4~5세기 고구려의 국제관계를 도식화한 그림에서는 백제와 남조의 관계가 단절된 것으로, 고구려와 북위는 친선관계로 단순하게 제시하였다. 이 시기 다변화된 국제관계가 생동감 있게 드러나도록 개선할 필요가 있다. 「삼국의 문화와 대외교류」에서는 삼국 및 가야와 일본 간 관계가 우리 측문화의 일본 전파만이 강조됨으로써 초래되는 오해가 컸다. 고대 한·일 관계는 문화 전파라는 시혜적 측면이 아닌 호혜적 교류의 측면에서 객관적으로 그려내야 한다. This paper reviewed the map and picture data from Chapter I of the history textbook for middle school students published in 2020 in the 「Prehistory Culture and Formation of Ancient Nations」. As a result of the analysis, there were the following problems and improvements. It is a case in which the authorized research achievements of academia are insufficiently reflected. 「prehistoric culture and Gojoseon」 did not reflect the recent excavations in Jeolla-do, such as Suncheon and Wolpyeong sites, from the distribution chart of Paleolithic sites on the Korean Peninsula. 「In the establishment and development of the Three Kingdoms」, it is still repeated that Baekje annexed Mahan in the 4th century during the reign of King Geunchogo. However, Baekje's entry into the Yeongsangang River basin was considered to be in the late 5th and middle 6th centuries, so it was time to reflect this in the contents of the textbook. In the 5th century map of Goguryeo, some textbooks cannot absorb academic research and need to be revised. 「The cultural and foreign exchanges of the three kingdoms」 were limited to direct exchanges between the three kingdoms, Gaya and the West Asia. Academic research is widely believed to be based on the tradition of China and the northern forces rather than direct human exchanges. There were many cases of errors and misunderstandings. 「prehistoric culture and Gojoseon」 did not deal with the covering dolmens in the classification and distribution map of dolmens. The failure of the textbooks to deal with the top portion of Korea's existing dolmens is an urgent improvement in recognizing dolmens. The map that deals with the cultural scope of Gojoseon does not reflect the change in the timing of Gojoseon, which has led to misunderstanding. 「In the establishment and development of the Three Kingdoms」, there were some textbooks that did not indicate the area north of Anbyeon, which was presumed to have been lost by Silla in 568. A schematic diagram of the international relations of Goguryeo in the 4th and 5th centuries shows that the relationship between Baekje and the Southern Dynasties was severed, and the relationship between Goguryeo and the Northern Wei was simply presented as a friendly relationship. It is necessary to improve diversified international relations during this period so that they can be more lively. In the culture and foreign exchanges of the three countries, the relationship between the three countries and Gaya and Japan was largely misunderstood by the emphasis on the spread of Korean culture to Japan. The relationship between Korea and Japan in ancient times should be portrayed objectively in terms of reciprocal exchanges, not in the poetic aspect of spreading culture.

3-5세기 그리스도 조상(彫像)과 불상 이미지

이정구 한국종교교육학회 2010 宗敎敎育學硏究 Vol.33 No.-

3-5 세기에 출현한 간다라 불상과 초기 그리스도 조각상의 비교를 통해 부처와 예수의 공통된 이미지를 찾아보는 글이다. 3-5 세기 간다라 불상과 그리스도 조상의 형태는 모두 그리스 아폴론 상에서 연유한다. 그러나 3-5세기 간다라 불상 수준의 예술적 정교함에 견줄만한 그리스도 조각상이 출현하는 것은 거의 11세기 고딕시기에 이르러서이다. 표현기법에서 단순 비교하여 기독교 미술의 수준이 불교 미술보다 700여 년 뒤졌다고 단정할 수는 없다. 이것은 불교와 기독교가 미술을 통해 추구하려했던 목적이 달랐기 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 불교는 미술을 포교의 방편으로 삼아 불심을 고양시키려 하였기 때문에 불상을 높은 예술적 작품으로 발전시킨 반면에, 기독교는 미술을 문맹자를 위한 교육적 수단으로 사용하였기 때문에 예술성보다는 내용을 잘 전달하려는 데 관심이 있었다고 할 수 있다. 3-5 세기에 나타난 불상은 미소 짓는 이미지인 것에 비해 그리스도 조상은 공생애 활동에 관한 내용을 표현한 다양한 이미지이나 주된 것은 대속의 고통의 이미지이다. 또 이 둘의 공통된 이미지는 철학자, 교사로서의 이미지로 나타나고 있다. 유년기와 청소년기에 바른 종교문화교육을 통해 세계종교의 다양성과 차이성을 익히고 체험하는 가운데 상호 다른 종교를 존중하며 자신의 종교관을 건강하게 확립해 갈 수 있도록 돕는데 이 글의 의의를 두고자 한다.

5世紀代 釜山地域 墳墓出土 大壺의 副葬樣相과 意味

裵孝元(Bae, Hyo Won) 부산고고학회 2018 고고광장 Vol.- No.22

대호는 기본적으로 50cm 이상이며, 기벽이 0.7cm 이상으로 단경호나 장경호에 비해 두껍다. 색조는 주로 (암)청색이고 속심은 자색을 띠며 타날을 한 뒤 회전물손질로 깨끗하게 지운다. 특히, 기대 위에 얹혀서 부장되는 장경호·단경호와는 달리 대호는 피장자의 발치에 구덩이를 파서 안치되어 장경호·단경호 등 他 壺類와는 다른 부장양상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이에 착안하여 장경호·단경호와 대호를 구분하는 기준을 마련하였다. 부곽이나 피장자의 발치에 구덩이를 파서 대호를 안치하는 습속은 전대의 고식도질토기단계부터 이어져온 부산지역 고유의 매장방식이다. 5세기 전반대에 일시적으로 확인되지 않으나 복천동39호분 등 대형분을 중심으로 그 습속이 다시 이어지며 6세기를 전후한 시점에 사라진다. 이는 5세기 2/4분기 후반대부터 부산 식고배를 지속적으로 창출해내며, 호류를 기대에 얹어서 대량으로 부장하는‘부산식 기종조합’의 존속기간과도 일치한다. 즉,‘부산식 기종조합’이 의연히 傳承되는 5세기대의 부산지역은 타지역 토기양식과는 차별화 된 신식도질토기문화를 공유하고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Basically, The large-sized jar is larger than 50cm and thicker than 0.7cm, which is thicker than short-necked jar and long-necked jar. The color tone of large-sized jar is mainly (dark) blue, and internal component is purple, and it was cleared turning after paddle and anvil. Especially, the large-sized jars burial custo m is different from long-necked jar · short-necked jar. The unique burial custom in Busan region were found such as Busan-style mounted dishes, the combination of pottery stand and jar, and large-sized jars around feet in large tombs. Based on this, large-sized jars and long-necked jar · short-necked jar are distinguished from each other. The tradition that dig a hole at the feet of the buried person and set the large-sized jar is unique to the Busan area that has continued from the former early-stlye pottery stage. Although it was temporarily disappearing in the first quarter of the 5th century, and the tradition continues again as Bokcheon-dong tombs No.39, etc. The tradition is finally disappearing around the 6th century. In the late second quarter of the 5th century, the unique burial custom in Busan region were found such as Busan-style mounted dishes, the combination of pottery stand and jar, large-sized jars around feet in Bokcheon-dong tombs. In other words, Busan region, which has traditional combination of “Busan style pottery was found to have different pottery styles from other regions.

5세기 일본 近畿지역 한식계토기 출토 유적과 백제계 이주민들의 성격

신이슬 충남대학교 백제연구소 2021 百濟硏究 Vol.73 No.-

The dissemination of technology by immigrants is an advanced method of cult ural exchange compared to import of finished goods. Earthenware produced in l ocal area, which is an archaeological data, shows more practical exchange betw een groups, in comparison with imports or trade of foreign goods including pres tige goods, royal gifts, and imported local-specialties. The changes in the proc ess of local residents accepting a new culture from outside can be identified th rough excavated earthenwares from local sites. This research reviewed Korean-style earthenware of Three-Kingdom-Dynasty excavated in Japan, especially in Kinki region, where emigrants of Baekje settled down during 5th century. The examination of soft-earthenware produced by Kore an emigrants and imitation made by Japanese, showed result that the manufacturi ng techniques gradually became localized. In addition, it needs to be noted that e xcavated potteries from one ruin were not only influenced by one Korean regiona l culture, but by various Korean regional culture. Majority of excavated potteries seemed similar to those of midwest-Baekje and Yeongsangang River basin, which confirms the aspects of exchange between Baekje and Mahan emigrants. Through these discoveries, the research intends to examine the role of Baekje emigrants in the areas settled, and understand the aspects of exchange between various Baekje area and Kinki area. Moreover, the research also covers Baekje emigrants role in the Yamato(倭) kingdom back then, by examining Baekje-style factors found in the historical sites. 이주민에 의한 기술과 문화의 전파는 완성품의 수입보다 한 단계 진전된 교류 방식이다. 재지 집단이 외부의 새로운 문물을 수용하는 과정 속에서 변화 양상이 가장 잘 확인되는 자료로서 생활 유적에서 사용된 일상용기인 토기가 있다. 본고는 5세기 한반도에서 일본 열도로 건너간 사람들이 정착한 곳에서 확인되는 삼국 시대 연질토기인 심발형 토기, 시루, 장란형 토기, 동이와 기형이 유사한 한식계토기를 검토하였다. 특히 5세기 近畿지역 중 오사카(大阪), 나라(奈良)에서 한식계토기가 출토되는 대표적인 유적을 선정하여 한반도계 이주민이 제작하였거나 그들이 가지고 온 연질토기를 모방해 제작된 것을 포함하여 그 특징을 살펴보았다. 5세기 近畿지역에서 확인되는 한식계토기의 전개 양상을 통해 백제계 이주민들의 성격과 정착 과정을 파악하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 시기와 지역에 따라 취락 유적 내에서 한식계토기의 변화 모습에 차이가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 재지 집단과의 관계 속에서 지역별로 이주민의 성격에 차이가 확인되는 것과도 관계가 있다. 왜 왕권의 요구에 따른 기술자 집단의 단발성 이주뿐만 아니라 이전부터 교류를 계속 해왔던 한반도의 여러 지역 사람들이 여러 차례 이주하여 정착한 결과로 판단된다. 한식계토기를 적극적으로 수용한 취락에서는 수공업 생산과 지역 개발에 참여한 백제계 이주민과의 친연성이 높게 확인된다. 또한 한식계토기 이외에도 다양한 백제계 요소가 확인되는 유적을 통해 왜와의 교류를 중요시하고 계속적으로 이어온 백제 여러 지역에서 건너간 이주민들의 존재도 확인할 수 있었다.