랜드마크의 영향력 범위와 인지요인과의 관계

김종호,변재상,임승빈 한국조경학회 2002 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.30 No.4

This study investigated the influential range of landmarks and the relationship between landmarks and cognition factor so as to offer basic data to be used for the effective use and the management of landmarks. In this study, eighteen famous landmark in Seoul were selected and analyzed. The result of this study can be summarized as follows : 1) First, eighteen determining elements of cognition factors were selected via documents survey. Second, general cognition factors of landmarks were analysed using these elements through questionnaires to specialists. As a result of factor analysis, historic cultural factor, scale factor, visual form factor, locational factor and uniqueness factor were revealed. 2) According to revealed cognition factor, eighteen landmarks are categorized into four types using MDS method via questionnaire to resident in Seoul city. These four types of landmarks are: type I that are recognized by historic cultural factor; type II that are recognized by scale factor; type III that are recognized by uniqueness factor; and type IV that are recognized by visual form factor. 3) As the result of regression, the influential range of landmarks were revealed at about a 10km radius(type I : 12km type II : whole area of Seoul city≒15km, typeIII : 8.7km, typeIV : 8.5km). 4) As a result of analysing the correlation between the influential range and the cognition factor through multiple linear regression analysis, the locational factor is the main factor affecting the influential range of landmarks in every type. The uniqueness factor comes next, which affects influential range partially. 5) Except type 1, as a result of analysing the correlation between influential range and the physical heights of landmarks, a quadratic equation is revealed, showing that the influential range of landmarks over 200 meters in height shows a radical change. Landmarks can be used as reinforcement tools of legibility, effective tools for landscape management and for the improvement of a community's image. This study on the influential range of landmarks and main cognition factor can be utilized as a landmark management plan and in urban planning, such as a new town plan.

랜드 마크와 20세기 도시계획 -랜드 마크의 상징적 변형과 도시계획에서의 함의-

문종만 ( Moon Jong-man ) 성균관대학교 인문학연구원(성균관대학교 인문과학연구소) 2016 人文科學 Vol.0 No.63

본 논문의 목적은 현대 도시계획에서 땅(Land)과 표시(mark)의 합성어인 랜드 마크(Landmark)가 차지하는 상징적 의미와 변형에 대한 철학적 해석의 기반을 탐구하는 것이다. 현대적인 의미에서 랜드 마크는 눈에 잘 띄어 이정표 역할을 하는 큰 산과 같은 자연물이나 인공물뿐만 아니라 크기는 작더라도 지역의 특성을 담고 있는 상징물과 특색 있는 건물 등에 두루 사용되고 있다. 하지만 시간의 지평을 고대까지 넓혀서 생각한다면, 하늘-대지-인간을 잇는 랜드 마크는 `한 사회 공동체의 의미를 응축한 상징 형식인 동시에 그 의미를 재생산하고 재해석하는 중심`이라는 보다 보편적인 의미를 획득하게 된다. 이런 랜드 마크의 의미, 특히 `사회적 의미를 재해석하는 중심`이라는 측면에 무게중심을 두고 본 논문은 먼저 랜드 마크의 출현에서부터 도시와 랜드 마크의 관계가 형성되는 역동적 과정을 탐색할 것이다. 이를 통해 랜드 마크의 보편적 의미를 분명히 규정하고, 도시의 발전 과정이 랜드 마크의 상징적 의미와 그것의 변형 과정과 일치함을 보일 것이다. 그 다음으로 본 논문은 이런 랜드 마크의 의미를 바탕으로 20세기 도시계획의 역사에서 중요한 공헌을 한 세 명의 도시계획가 -르코르뷔지에(Le Corbusier), 루이스 멈퍼드(Lewis Mumford), 제인 제이콥스(Jane Jacobs)-의 사유와 기획을 분석할 것이다. 근대의 산업화를 동반한 급격한 도시화 속에서 랜드 마크는 문화적으로 다양하게 사용되면서 의미가 모호해졌다. 그러면서 자연스럽게 `사회적 의미를 재해석하는 중심`이라는 랜드 마크의 본래적 의미는 `도시`와 `도시다움` 혹은 `도시계획`과 `도시 공동체의 좋은 삶`이라는 긴장 관계로 논의 중심이 옮겨졌다. 이런 랜드 마크의 의미의 변동을 고려해서, 본 논문은 `어떤 사회적 활동에서 누구도 점유할 수 없지만 여러 가지 가능성을 표현할 수 있는 공적 영역`이라는 정치철학자 끌로드 르포르(Claude Lefort)의 `빈 장소(empty place)` 개념을 도시계획에 적용함으로써, 세 명의 도시 계획가의 입장을 평면적으로 비교하는 대신에 각각이 `빈 장소`를 어떻게 사유했고, 그 결과로 어떻게 서로 다른 독특한 도시계획의 비전을 제시했는지에 초점을 맞출 것이다. 결론적으로, 르코르뷔지에에게 `빈 장소`는 `초월적 기하학`이었고, 멈퍼드에게 `빈 공간`은 사회적 목표의 설정과 도시계획의 구상 속에서 다양한 해석을 열어놓는 `구성의 가능성`이었다. 그리고 제이콥스에게 `빈장소`는 모든 도시계획에 저항하는 `사회적 깃발`이었다. 자연스럽게 이런 분석의 결과는 과거의 도시개발의 거센 후폭풍으로 몸살을 앓고 있는 2016년 대한민국의 도시계획의 현실에 의미 있는 함의를 던져 줄 것이다. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the basis of philosophical interpretation of a landmark`s symbolic meaning as well as its transformation in modern urban planning. Literally “landmark” is formed from the words `land` and `mark`. In a modern sense, landmarks are usually referred to as recognizable natural objects and artefacts used for navigation. It can also be applied to smaller structures or features that have become local symbols. Differing from this modern perspective, landmarks were originally symbolic: a place where since the advent of society the sky, land and humans were connected as one. From then on, the landmark effectively functioned on the one hand as a site for patterns of collective action, periodically through rituals, worship, and the use of language; the landmark helped to strengthen social integrity. On the other hand people reinterpreted the landmark as a means to solve social problems in times of social duress. Landmarks functioned not only as the symbolic from of societies, but also as a centre that produced and reinterpreted social meanings. In this study, I concentrate more on the latter role of a landmark rather than the former in order to emphasize the meaning of philosophical interpretation of the landmark. Departing from this definition of the landmark, I then focus on the implication of the landmark on urban planning by exploring a 20th century dispute concerning urban planning. When it comes to urban planning, I analyze the viewpoints of three urban planners: Le Corbusier, Lewis Mumford, and Jane Jacobs; all of who still influence contemporary urban planning field. In modern times, the landmark has broadened to include a variety of cultural objects, becoming blurred. The landmark has become an object of focus involved in the dispute between `city` and `cityness` or `urban planning` and `good life of the urban community`. In order to explain the strained relationship between landmark and urban planning, I use Claude Lefort`s concept of `empty place`; impossible to occupy, to the extent that those who exercise public authority cannot claim to appropriate it. By `empty space`, I refer to the indeterminism of the social, so opens the possibilities for various interpretations. As a result, I show that Le Corbusier thinks of `empty space` as a transcendental geometry, Mumford regards it as a source of new imagination and possibility to realize the purpose of urban planning, and Jacobs thinks of it as a social flag by extending the meaning of the `cityness`. Lastly, the results of these studies shed light on the present state of our urban planning, which is related to the landmark.

초고층 랜드마크의 공간적 거리 및 인지강도와의 상관성 분석 - 서울시 30층 이상 고층건물을 대상으로 -

변재상,임승빈,주신하,Byeon, Jae-Sang,Im, Seung-Bin,Joo, Shin-Ha 한국조경학회 2007 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

Landmarks like high-rise building are one of the important elements for the enhancement of city identity and provides the hierarchy of city streets, playing a central and symbolic role in cities. Research on physical attribute of landmarks, such as height, distance, location and shape, which are suitable for a city scale, can help a city create a distinct image and maintain comprehensible structure. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to understand the spatial and cognitive characteristics of a landmark for the establishment and management of it. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. The level of representativeness of a landmark increases in proportion to the degree of cognitive intensity on it. The relation between representativeness and cognitive intensity can be explained as the log-function as follows: Log(the number of people who respond "It has representativeness")=$-1.2579+1.5908{\times}$(cognitive intensity); 2. There are a few differences based on the attributes of respondents: while gender has no distinct influence, residential period and age show statistically meaningful influence on cognitive intensity of a vertical landmark Cognitive intensity of an individual landmarks especially, differs according to the class of main users. Because of frequent changes in occupation or employment, respondents consider the distance from a residential area more important than the distance from a working area in evaluating cognitive intensity of landmarks; 3. landmark can be classified into two kinds: a district landmark and an urban landmark A district landmark is closely connected with physical attributes of the landmark itself, such as distance, size and height. An urban landmark is mainly related to cognitive attributes such as the image and identity of a city as a whole. As a result, the landmark analysis data in this research provides spatial order and identity in a city. It is difficult to establish and reinforce the image of a city as a single element ike a landmark. However, withy steady follow-up research, this study could be seen as a systematic and logical model to improve urban landscape and image.

랜드마크의 요소가 약속장소 지정에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

강경희,전효정,정진우 한국공간디자인학회 2019 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.14 No.1

(Background and Purpose) The most important function of a landmark is place designation, which includes anchoring a selection point for directions, and designating appointment places through communications with others. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the direction of landmark design which helps to set appointment places by investigating and analyzing the elements of landmark which are used to designate the landmark among other places. (Method) In this study, the appointment place designation specified through communication is set as the scope of this study, and the survey target area is set as the area around Gangnam Station. In order to investigate the factors influencing the selection of landmarks, we defined the characteristics of the landmarks, the characteristics of the users, the methods of accessibility and the persons' familiarity with the target area as independent variables, as well as whether to select appointment places as a dependent variable. After experimental hypotheses were constructed based on these variables, questionnaires were administered, and statistical programs were used to test them. (Results) The significant results are as follows: 1) Appointment place is designated according to the respondent's familiarity level; 2) Appointment place is designated according to the familiarity level of the partner with the destination; 3) Appointment place is designated according to the sex of the respondent; 4) Appointment place is designated according to the ages of respondents; and 5) Appointment place is designated according to respondent access methods. In addition, the design direction was derived through discussion of these results. First, people who are accustomed to the site rarely choose a public landmark as a place for appointment compared to those who are not familiar with it. Landmarks must be placed in consideration of the means of transportation and the location of the landing. Second, landmarks that are visited by many people who are not familiar with the area should be located near subway stations or near such nodes of public transportation as bus stops. Third, since the population density of public landmarks are high, it is necessary to minimize unnecessary public facilities to create a pleasant environment. (Conclusions) This study was conducted to improve the usability of the landmark-used appointment place. The independent variables that affect the appointment place specification are personal characteristics, the familiarity level of the target area, and means of approach. Also, it can be seen that there is a difference in the appointment place selected according to the situation in which the variables are considered together. The significance of this study is to reveal the relationship between the properties of the landmark and the location of the appointment, thereby providing a basic knowledge of the landmark. (연구배경 및 목적) 랜드마크의 가장 중요한 기능은 장소지정이며, 그 방법에는 길찾기를 위한 선택지점 지정, 타인과 커뮤니케이션을 통해 정하는 약속 장소 지정이 있다. 본 연구는 타인과 함께 장소를 지정하는데 쓰이는 랜드마크의 사용 요소를 조사 · 분석하여 약속 장소 지정에 도움을 주는 랜드마크의 설계방향을 도출하는데 그 목적을 둔다. (연구방법) 본 연구에서는 랜드마크의 기능 중 타인과 정하는 약속장소 지정을 연구의 범위로 설정하고, 조사 대상지는 강남역 주변지역으로 설정한다. 또한 랜드마크의 사용 속성에 따라 상징성, 공공성, 개인성으로 분류하였으며, 랜드마크의 선택에 영향을 미치는 요소를 조사하기 위해 랜드마크의 속성, 이용자들의 특징, 약속상대방의 대상지 익숙도, 접근방식 등을 독립변수로 설정하고, 약속장소 지정 여부를 종속변수로 설정해 실험 가설을 세우고, 설문조사를 실시한 뒤, 통계 프로그램을 이용해 검정하였다. (결과) 검정을 통해 나타난 유의한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1)응답자의 대상지 익숙도에 따른 약속장소 지정 2)약속상대방의 대상지 익숙도에 따른 약속장소 지정 3)응답자의 성별에 따른 약속장소 지정 4)응답자의 연령에 따른 약속장소 지정 5)응답자의 접근수단에 따른 약속장소 지정. 또한 이러한 결과를 논의를 통해 설계방향을 도출했으며, 이는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대상지에 익숙한 사람들은 익숙하지 않은 사람들에 비해 공공성의 랜드마크를 약속장소로 많이 선택하지 않기 때문에 사용하는 이동수단과 내리는 장소를 고려해 랜드마크를 배치해야 한다. 둘째, 지역에 익숙하지 않은 사람이 많이 방문하는 곳의 랜드마크는 지하철역 주변이나 버스 정류장같이 대중교통 근처에 위치하는 것이 좋다. 셋째, 공공성의 랜드마크 주변은 인구밀도가 높으므로 불필요한 공공시설물을 최대한 줄여 쾌적한 환경을 조성해야 한다. (결론) 본 연구는 약속장소로 쓰이는 랜드마크의 사용성을 향상시키기 위해 진행한 연구로, 약속장소 지정에 영향을 주는 독립변수로는 개인적 특성, 약속 상대방의 대상지 익숙도, 접근방식, 랜드마크의 사용 속성이 있으며 해당 변수가 함께 고려된 상황에 따라 선택되는 약속장소는 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구의 의의는 랜드마크의 속성과 약속장소 정하기와의 관계를 밝힘으로서, 보다 효율적인 약속장소 정하기에 쓰이는 랜드마크에 대한 기초적 지식을 제시하고자 하는 데 있다.

길찾기 과정에서 랜드마크의 시각적·심리적 요소에 관한 연구

정진우 한국공간디자인학회 2019 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.14 No.1

(Background and Purpose) The elements of landmarks that play an important role in wayfinding are visibility and identification, and in order to design efficient wayfinding methods, it is necessary to clarify the visual / psychological properties of landmarks. The purpose of this study is to measure the visibility and identification of landmarks in various experimental conditions using eye-tracking technology and computer simulation, and to reveal the complex relationship between these properties and wayfinding behavior to present the conditions of landmarks for effective wayfinding. (Method) In this study, we set the scope of the research focusing on the visibility and the identity of the landmarks, which is a descriptive variable of the research topic. This explains how the visual and psychological properties of the landmarks affect the identity and visibility of the landmarks. For the hypothesis test, four experiments were made by advancing-color(a), receding-color(r), familiarity(f), and unfamiliarity(u), and subjects were assigned to each experiment. The subjects read the instructions of the assigned experimental conditions, and after wearing the eye-tracker, they performed the task of selecting the objects specified in the computer simulation of the experimental conditions assigned. During the experiment, the subjects were properly selected and the time of object selection was recorded for the identification of the landmarks, and the subject's pupil movement was recorded for the visibility analysis of the landmarks. (Results) The results of the study are as follows. First, the age and sex of the subjects did not significantly affect the response variables of the study. Second, the visual and psychological factors of the landmarks did not significantly affect the accuracy of the landmarks selection. Third, the visual factor of the landmarks shows a slight difference in the promptness of the landmarks selection, but it is not statistically significant. Fourth, landmarks's psychological factors showed significant differences in the speed of landmarks selection and statistically tested. Fifth, in the experiment on visibility, it was found that both the position of the object and the visual / psychological factors have a significant effect on the visibility of the landmarks. (Conclusions) In order to improve the visibility and identification of the landmarks, this study has developed the direction of the landmarks design that the landmarks should be designed using the familiar objects and the color should be differentiated from the surrounding environments. The significance of this study is first, to provide the basis for designing a landmarks for effective wayfinding and secondly, to provide the researchers studying design various analysis methods and suggest ways to apply them to design. Experimental errors caused by limitations of experimental control in this study were derived as research problems through discussion. These research problems should be reflected in the experimental design of future research. (연구배경 및 목적) 도시의 길찾기에서 중요한 역할을 하는 랜드마크의 속성은 가시성과 식별성이고, 효율적인 길찾기 방법을 설계하기 위해서는 랜드마크의 시각적 / 심리적 속성을 밝힐 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 시선추적 기술과 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 다양한 실험조건에서 랜드마크의 가시성과 식별성을 측정하고 그러한 속성들과 길찾기 행위와의 복합적 관계를 밝혀 효과적인 길찾기를 위한 랜드마크의 조건을 제시하는데 그 목적을 둔다. (연구방법) 본 연구에서는 연구주제의 설명변수인 랜드마크의 가시성과 식별성을 중심으로 연구의 범위를 정한다. 이는 랜드마크의 시각적 속성과 심리적 속성이 어떻게 랜드마크의 길찾기 역할인 식별성과 가시성에 영향을 미치는가를 밝히려는 것이다. 연구가설을 검정하기 위해 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션과 시선추적 실험이 준비되었다. 가설검정을 위해 진출색(a), 후퇴색(r), 익숙함(f), 익숙치 않음(u)을 조합하여 4가지의 실험을 만들고 피험자를 배정하였다. 피험자는 배정된 실험조건의 지시문을 읽고 시선추적기를 착용한 후에 배정된 실험조건의 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션에서 지정된 물체를 선택하는 작업을 수행하였다. 실험이 진행되는 동안, 피험자가 제대로 물체를 선택하였는가와 물체 선택 시간이 랜드마크의 식별성 분석을 위해 기록되었고, 피험자의 눈동자의 움직임이 랜드마크의 가시성 분석을 위해 기록되었다. (결과) 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 피험자의 나이, 성별 등은 연구의 반응변수에 유의적인 영향을 주지 못하였다. 둘째, 랜드마크의 시각적, 심리적 요인은 반응변수인 랜드마크 선택의 정확성에 유의적인 영향을 주지 못하였다. 셋째, 랜드마크의 시각적 요인은 반응변수인 랜드마크 선택의 신속성에 약간의 차이를 보여주고 있으나, 통계적으로 유의한 결과는 아니었다. 넷째, 랜드마크의 심리적 요인은 랜드마크 선택의 신속성에 유의한 차이를 보여주고 있으며, 통계적으로 검정 되었다. 다섯째, 가시성에 대한 실험에서는 물체의 위치 및 시각적/심리적 요인 모두 랜드마크의 가시성(선주시)에 유의미적인 영향을 준다는 사실이 발견되었다. (결론) 본 연구는 랜드마크의 가시성과 식별성을 향상시키기 위해, 사용자에게 친숙한 사물을 이용하여 랜드마크를 설계해야 한다는 것과 주변환경과 차별되는 진출색을 가지고 있어야 한다는 랜드마크 설계 방향을 도출하였다. 본 연구의 의의는 첫째, 효과적인 길찾기를 위한 랜드마크 설계를 위한 기초를 제공한다는 것과 두 번째로, 디자인을 공부하는 연구자들에게 디자인 대상물에 대한 다양한 분석방법을 소개하고 디자인에 적용할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다는 것이다. 본 연구의 실험 통제의 한계로 발생된 실험오류들이 논의를 통해 연구문제로 도출되었고 이러한 연구문제들은 차후 연구의 실험설계에서 학문적으로 전개되어 반영되어야 한다.

Cephalometric landmark variability among orthodontists and dentomaxillofacial radiologists: a comparative study

Ana Paula Reis Durão,Aline Morosolli,Pisha Pittayapat,Napat Bolstad,Afonso P. Ferreira,Reinhilde Jacobs 대한영상치의학회 2015 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.45 No.4

Purpose: The aim this study was to compare the accuracy of orthodontists and dentomaxillofacial radiologists in identifying 17 commonly used cephalometric landmarks, and to determine the extent of variability associated with each of those landmarks. Material and Methods: Twenty digital lateral cephalometric radiographs were evaluated by two groups of dental specialists, and 17 cephalometric landmarks were identified. The x and y coordinates of each landmark were recorded. The mean value for each landmark was considered the best estimate and used as the standard. Variation in measurements of the distance between landmarks and measurements of the angles associated with certain landmarks was also assessed by a subset of two observers, and intraobserver and interobserver agreement were evaluated. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent for intraobserver agreement, but only good for interobserver agreement. The least reliable landmark for orthodontists was the gnathion (Gn) point (standard deviation [SD], 5.92 mm), while the orbitale (Or) was the least reliable landmark (SD, 4.41 mm) for dentomaxillofacial radiologists. Furthermore, the condylion (Co)-Gn plane was the least consistent (SD, 4.43 mm). Conclusions: We established that some landmarks were not as reproducible as others, both horizontally and vertically. The most consistently identified landmark in both groups was the lower incisor border, while the least reliable points were Co, Gn, Or, and the anterior nasal spine. Overall, a lower level of reproducibility in the identification of cephalometric landmarks was observed among orthodontists.

Cephalometric landmark variability among orthodontists and dentomaxillofacial radiologists: a comparative study

Durao, Ana Paula Reis,Morosolli, Aline,Pittayapat, Pisha,Bolstad, Napat,Ferreira, Afonso P.,Jacobs, Reinhilde Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology 2015 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.45 No.4

Purpose: The aim this study was to compare the accuracy of orthodontists and dentomaxillofacial radiologists in identifying 17 commonly used cephalometric landmarks, and to determine the extent of variability associated with each of those landmarks. Materials and Methods: Twenty digital lateral cephalometric radiographs were evaluated by two groups of dental specialists, and 17 cephalometric landmarks were identified. The x and y coordinates of each landmark were recorded. The mean value for each landmark was considered the best estimate and used as the standard. Variation in measurements of the distance between landmarks and measurements of the angles associated with certain landmarks was also assessed by a subset of two observers, and intraobserver and interobserver agreement were evaluated. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent for intraobserver agreement, but only good for interobserver agreement. The least reliable landmark for orthodontists was the gnathion (Gn) point (standard deviation [SD], 5.92 mm), while the orbitale (Or) was the least reliable landmark (SD, 4.41 mm) for dentomaxillofacial radiologists. Furthermore, the condylion (Co)-Gn plane was the least consistent (SD, 4.43 mm). Conclusion: We established that some landmarks were not as reproducible as others, both horizontally and vertically. The most consistently identified landmark in both groups was the lower incisor border, while the least reliable points were Co, Gn, Or, and the anterior nasal spine. Overall, a lower level of reproducibility in the identification of cephalometric landmarks was observed among orthodontists.

Generation and Detection of Cranial Landmark

Heo, Suwoong,Kang, Jiwoo,Kim, Yong Oock,Lee, Sanghoon International Society for Simulation Surgery 2015 Journal of International Society for Simulation Su Vol.2 No.1

Purpose When a surgeon examines the morphology of skull of patient, locations of craniometric landmarks of 3D computed tomography(CT) volume are one of the most important information for surgical purpose. The locations of craniometric landmarks can be found manually by surgeon from the 3D rendered volume or 2D sagittal, axial, and coronal slices which are taken by CT. Since there are many landmarks on the skull, finding these manually is time-consuming, exhaustive, and occasionally inexact. These inefficiencies raise a demand for a automatic localization technique for craniometric landmark points. So in this paper, we propose a novel method through which we can automatically find these landmark points, which are useful for surgical purpose. Materials and Methods At first, we align the experimental data (CT volumes) using Frankfurt Horizontal Plane (FHP) and Mid Sagittal Plane(MSP) which are defined by 3 and 2 cranial landmark points each. The target landmark of our experiment is the anterior nasal spine. Prior to constructing a statistical cubic model which would be used for detecting the location of the landmark from a given CT volume, reference points for the anterior nasal spine were manually chosen by a surgeon from several CT volume sets. The statistical cubic model is constructed by calculating weighted intensity means of these CT sets around the reference points. By finding the location where similarity function (squared difference function) has the minimal value with this model, the location of the landmark can be found from any given CT volume. Results In this paper, we used 5 CT volumes to construct the statistical cubic model. The 20 CT volumes including the volumes, which were used to construct the model, were used for testing. The range of age of subjects is up to 2 years (24 months) old. The found points of each data are almost close to the reference point which were manually chosen by surgeon. Also it has been seen that the similarity function always has the global minimum at the detection point. Conclusion Through the experiment, we have seen the proposed method shows the outstanding performance in searching the landmark point. This algorithm would make surgeons efficiently work with morphological informations of skull. We also expect the potential of our algorithm for searching the anatomic landmarks not only cranial landmarks.

랜드마크 및 층 감지 방법을 이용한 스마트폰 기반 실내 보행자 항법 시스템

이선우,Khanh Nguyen-Huu 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2020 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.26 No.9

In this paper, an indoor PDR(Pedestrian Dead Reckoning) system using landmark and floor detection is proposed. The proposed method uses the PDR technique with error correction based on detecting the landmark. The system consists of an improved PDR, the landmark recognition, and the floor detection components. The improved PDR component is a PDR system with an improved capability using the recognition of holding styles. The landmark recognition component detects whether the user walks on the landmarks. Two kinds of landmarks are defined including the WiFi and the turning landmarks. The methods for recognizing each landmark are developed. Whenever the landmark is detected, the system updates the position with the given position of the landmark, which means to remove the cumulative position error. In addition, an adaptive floor detection method using a barometer and a WiFi fingerprinting technique is suggested for tracking a pedestrian in a multi-floor building. The experimental results on a three-floor building with three subjects show the superior performance of the proposed system. .

충북지역 랜드마크 설화 연구

이효순,오세정 한국고전연구학회 2020 한국고전연구 Vol.0 No.51

This study was conducted as part of a search for local values. In order to study legend as local culture and promote the revitalization of the cultural industry, a specific methodology for local cultural research should be prepared. Therefore, this study selected a landmark folktales in Chungbuk province by utilizing photography semiotics “characteristics of index” and architectural engineering’s “landmark” theory in order to find a specific methodology for local literature research. Landmark folktales see local legends as landmarks that represent or distinguish a region and highlight text that contains regional characteristics. The landmark folktale is said to have five characteristics: visibility, uniqueness, characteristics of social value, characteristics of community and characteristics of cluster. At least one characteristic and up to all five can appear in a single text. At this time, it can be said that a landmark-folktale can represent the region only when the text’s landmark characteristics are clearly revealed. Visibility, uniqueness, and characteristics of social value are the primary requirements of landmark tales. Lastly, considering the characteristics of index and the landmark- folktale, based on the text Jeonseolji, which is a representative collection of legends in Chungbuk, a landmark-folktale representing each of Chungbuk province’s 11 cities and counties was selected and analyzed. 본 연구는 로컬의 가치를 탐색하기 위한 일환으로 진행되었다. 지역문화로서의 전설을 연구하고 문화 산업의 활성화를 도모하기 위하여 구체적인 지역 문화 연구 방법론이 마련되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 지역 문학 연구 방법론의 구체적인 방법론을 찾기 위해 사진 기호학의 ‘지표성’ 논의와 건축공학에서의 ‘랜드마크’ 이론을 활용하여 ‘랜드마크 설화’를 설정하고 실제 지역을 대상으로 랜드마크 설화를 선정하고자 하였다. 랜드마크 설화란 지역 전설을 지역을 대표하거나 구별하게 하는 표지인 랜드마크로 보는 용어로, 지역의 특성을 담은 텍스트임을 부각시키는 용어이다. 랜드마크 설화는 가시성, 특이성, 사회성, 응집성, 군집성의 다섯 가지 특성으로 보고 분석하였다. 텍스트가 지닌 랜드마크적인 특성이 강하게 드러나야만 지역을 대표할 수 있을 만한 랜드마크 설화라고 할 수 있다. 이때 가시성, 특이성, 사회성이 랜드마크 설화의 1차적인 요건이 된다. 지표성과 랜드마크 설화의 특성을 고려하여 충북의 대표 전설 자료집인 『전설지』 소재 텍스트들을 검토하여 충북의 11개 시군 각각을 대표하는 랜드마크 설화를 선정하고 분석하였다.