자연재해 발생 시 환경부문의 대응체계 개선방안 연구

명수정외 한국환경연구원 2011 수시연구보고서 Vol.2011 No.-

Recently the frequency and intensity of natural disasters are rising sharply worldwide. Natural disasters such as floods or typhoons not only cause property damages and casualties, but also cause disaster waste and operational difficulties of environmental facilities, which can lead to additional environmental pollution hazardous to social safety and public health. Therefore, it is necessary to set up a response system to the natural disasters that should take into consideration the environmental aspects, as well as the protection of property and human lives. However, Korea's current natural disaster response system mainly operates on emergency rescues and recoveries. An inclusive response system considering the environmental effect is needed to prevent environmental damages. With this background, this research reviewed the response system in Korea and other countries, and also analyzed the environmental impact of natural disasters through library research, a survey of cases, and analysis of environment-related manuals of environmental treatment facilities by visiting such places. It also surveyed advanced natural disaster response systems of other countries, especially in the area of environment, and suggested the direction for improvement of the natural disaster response system that takes into consideration the environmental issues. The impacts of the natural disasters are growing serious worldwide, as evidenced by the growing reports of extreme weather throughout the world since the beginning of the 21st century. Due to increasing natural disasters, there are arising impacts and damages on many fields in Korea, too. Korea has severe damages from hydrological disasters such as typhoons and floods. The amount of the cost of the damages and the proportion of the damages on physical infrastructures among the overall damage cost are continuously increasing. Korea's natural disaster response system is organized as a part of the national disaster management system. The standard laws for natural disasters are 「The Standard Law for Disasters and Safety Management」and 「The Law for Natural Disaster Response」. 「The Standard Law for Disasters and Safety Management」 stipulates step-by-step response measures of national physical infrastructures, including the prevention of disasters, preparation for them, response to them, and recovery from them. Other countries' natural disaster response systems have a variety of unique characteristics depending on their national administration systems. The main environmental impacts of natural disaster are environmental pollution such as water and soil pollution caused by the inflow of contaminants, and additional pollution by damaged environmental treatment facilities due to natural disaster. Most natural disasters produce an enormous amount of disaster waste, which, if not treated in time, can ultimately harm public health with the second round pollution such as soil and ground-water contamination. During the decade of 2001 to 2010, the main damages of typhoon and flood in Korea were flooding, landslides, environmental pollution, disaster wastes generation, and operational difficulties of environmental treatment facilities. According to a flood waste analysis, when typhoon Ewiniar hit Korea in 2006, the flood wastes in Gangwon-do were 30 times more than those of a regular period. During the summer season, when typhoons and heavy rains occur frequently, the concentration of suspended solids of streams increases drastically. In the case of July, 2006, the concentration of suspended solid waste in rivers and stream was two times higher than normal. Natural disasters have impact on environmental treatment facilities, too. For example, there have been difficulties in running water supply and sewage treatment facilities in the central region of Korea when typhoons Rusa (2002), Maemi (2003), Ewiniar (2006), and Nari (2007), and extreme heavy rains (2011) hit the nation. If environmental treatment facilities fail, they can delay wastewater treatment, which causes negative effects on environment and public health. In Korea, when a natural disaster occurs, the Central Accident Probation Headquarters of the Ministry of Environment provides support and requests cooperation of related organizations. At the prevention stage of natural disasters, the Ministry of Environment prepares various measures such as setting the emergency standards for environmental treatment facilities. At the response and recovery stages, the ministry restores water supply and sewage treatment facilities, deals with disaster waste treatment, and develops emergency water supply plan. In order to respond to natural disasters, each organization has its own standard manual for storm and flood disaster emergency management and other related organizations' emergency response manuals, all of which were developed based on the National Standard Guidelines for Emergency Management. Environmental treatment facilities also prepares natural disaster response field manuals. An analysis of the field manuals of environmental treatment facilities collected by the researchers revealed that their natural disaster response manuals differ from facilities to facilities, and that the manuals' organization and the content were determined by the capabilities of the authors of such manuals. In other words, although most of the environmental treatment facilities have their own manuals, because of the lack of standards and guidelines, these field manuals do not consider the potential crisis coming from natural disasters, and do not have systematic response measures. Therefore, this research suggests the improvement of the environmental aspects of Korea's natural disaster response system as follows. First, improve the disaster waste handling system. Korea's disaster wastes are handled by different organizations depending on the type of the waste, which makes the overall management difficult. Therefore, incentives are needed to encourage the cooperation between organizations and between regions. It is also necessary to make temporary disposal sites in preparation for natural disaster and to establish cooperating systems between surrounding municipalities. Second, the environmental treatment facilities' field response manuals should be improved in order to minimize the damages caused by natural disasters. Since the current environmental treatment facilities' field manuals were developed separately by individual organizations without standard guidelines to refer to, they do not fully consider possible crisis situations incurred by natural disasters. It is necessary to provide, on the national level, guidelines for the development of natural disaster response field manuals that consider the impact of the future climate change as well. The standard manuals and guidelines need to include checklists to assess the facilities' risk and vulnerability, and they need to be updated constantly on the national level. Discovering good manuals and disseminating them are also necessary. Third, the environmental problems and damages from natural disasters should be monitored and disasters information should be disseminated promptly. Experience tells us that natural disaster causes environmental pollution and harms public health, and yet scientific analysis of the damages is lacking due to the absence of data before and after the disasters. Since identifying the natural disasters' impact on environment is a prerequisite for developing of appropriate response systems, it is necessary to constantly monitor the environmental impacts such as the amount and types of disaster waste and the change in the water quality of rivers and streams. Furthermore, when disasters occur, the information should be relayed not only to the concerned organizations but also to regional communities so that their facilities and rainwater drainage can be checked. Fourth, it is necessary to establish regional cooperation systems with a view to reducing disaster risks. Natural disasters frequently bring forth operational difficulties in particular regions' environmental treatment facilities and causes environmental pollution. A contingency network is necessary to allow neighboring regions to share facilities when a particular region's facilities are shut down or inaccessible. In Japan, running water businesses have cooperative agreements to respond to the situation where their water supply is paralyzed by large-scale disasters. In order for this type of cooperation to be possible, a regional cooperative network should be established in advance, and the communities' cooperation is necessary. Fifth, natural disaster prevention systems that take environment into consideration should be developed. To this end, the natural disaster classification system need to be improved, the cooperative system between related organizations need to be established, guidelines for the people's action need to be provided, public awareness education need to be intensified, and related legal systems need to be improved. That is, the current contingency classification system need to include a variety of crisis situations including flood, storm, heavy snow, and landslide. In addition, guidelines should be provided to the community people in order to prevent the damages from disasters in their residential areas, and awareness education should be intensified about potential disaster risk. Besides, since natural disasters cannot be properly responded by the efforts of one particular individual organization, a close cooperative network need to be established to disseminate disaster information. Also, in order to reduce the damages of natural disasters on environmental treatment facilities, the environmental aspect of natural disasters need to be considered at the initial stage of site selection of the facilities. Improvement of laws need to be considered by clearly identifying the types of natural disasters and their relationships with environmental treatment facilities. The suggestions for improvement of the natural disaster response system of Korea that were made in the present study are expected to contribute to the improvement of the nation's natural disaster response system. Further research based on the present study needs to be continuously conducted.

자연재해에 의한 2차 환경피해의 국내법적 대응

김형섭 ( Hyung Seob Kim ) 한국환경법학회 2012 환경법연구 Vol.34 No.1

Regulation of the Environmental Side Effects of Natural Disasters in Korean Legal System Kim, Hyung Seob The purpose of Post-Management system is to reduce effects of secondary environmental damage resulted from natural disasters, such as Earthquake and Tsunami, and to establish immediate and relevant management system for restoring material and natural damage. Another purpose of this system is to establish the scientific monitoring system for prevention of secondary environmental damage. Because effects of natural disaster cannot be limited to one jurisdiction, international society, including victimized state by natural disaster, should pay due attention to effective cooperation concerning management of natural disaster. Also, cooperation among states, such as sharing crisis- management technology and new technology for reducing effects of natural disaster, should be taken seriously for reducing effects of secondary environmental degradation by natural disaster. Natural disaster should not be understood as natural phenomenon. Natural disaster should be understood as security concerns which bring about massive loss of life and property damage. For the purpose of this shift in disaster management paradigm, shared interests of inter-social and inter-state should be sought. Also, due attention should be paid to the possibility of man-made natural disaster, which could be resulted from the destruction of eco-system and massive environmental degradation. The counter-natural disaster project should be taken in terms of strengthening the capacity of state to establish disaster prevention measures for the purpose of preventing natural disaster and deterring proliferation of damage due to the disaster. Legal disputes of right to enjoy comfortable environment has been recently increasing. Nevertheless, legal protection of prospect right on the current law is lacking and as there is no protective regulation of prospect right unlike right of light prescribed on construction law and basic law of environmental policies, it has been argued that whether prospect right is reflective interest or it is the right having legal protection as the independent right.

12세기 전반기 고려(高麗)에서의 자연재해 발생과 사회변화 -‘기후위기론’의 검토와 새로운 연구방법의 모색-

이정호 한국중세사학회 2024 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.76

This paper is designed for the purpose of examining the relationship between natural disasters including climate change and social change. Specifically, while paying attention to the occurrence of natural disasters in the Goryeo Dynasty in the first half of the 12th century, it examined whether there was a ‘climate crisis’, and tried a new research method to understand the relationship with social change. In the case of disaster records in the first half of the 12th century, not only does the proportion of drought the highest as before, but many disasters related to the cold climate such as hail, frost, and wood ice(木氷) are recorded. It is noteworthy that irregular climate fluctuations, that is, abnormal low or abnormal high temperatures, were occurring during this period, and many disasters were recorded ‘repeatedly’. Such cold climates and irregular abnormal climate fluctuations are the contents of the ‘climate crisis’ in the first half of the 12th century, and it is believed that there is a possibility of an El Nino phenomenon as a cause. The occurrence of natural disasters in the first half of the 12th century directly or indirectly affected human production activities and lives. This fact can be confirmed through the correlation between the occurrence of natural disasters and the trends of famine, disease, and infectious diseases. In addition, it is believed that the occurrence of these natural disasters also affected the social composition or operation, and paradoxically, the damage also affected social development. It is also noteworthy that such cases often appear at a time when a lull reaches some extent, especially after experiencing damage caused by natural disasters.

초등학교 5학년 학생들의 자연 환경 보존에 대한 인식

심왕근(Wang Geun Shim),문병찬(Byoung-Chan Moon) 한국환경교육학회 2009 환경교육 Vol.22 No.1

This paper is intended to investigate the awareness of the elementary school students about the natural environment preservation. For this purpose, 21 elementary school students from the 5th grade of elementary school located in Gwangju city were selected. Especially, we focused on the students' conceptions related to 1) the environments, 2) the safe national land development activity to face several natural disasters and 3) the environmental preservation with the national land development. To evaluate the change of students' conceptions for the national land development, the students were also participated in establishing the plan of the national land development using the model of the natural environment after learning in detail about the natural environments. The results of this study showed that most of the students recognized the concept of the environments as a simple knowledge itself and pollution rather than the protection of environment. In the course of the safe national land development activity to face several natural disasters, the students expressed standardized answer indicating the knowledge based thinking of the environments. According to the results of the environmental preservation with the national land development and the hypothetical project of the national land development, the students did not have enough knowledge for the natural environment preservation although they had understanding of natural disasters and environmental preservation. Therefore, it is necessary to stress affirmative concept for the environment related to the preservation of natural environment. Also we need to develop the syllabus, which is related to the environmental studies, in the elementary educational program leading students to participate in the environmental preservation with the national land development reasonably and practically.

동아시아 전통사회의 재이 DB 구축과 그 의미

최봉준(Choi, Bong Jun) 역사실학회 2021 역사와실학 Vol.75 No.-

인류는 오랜 역사에 걸쳐 자연재해에 대응하였다. 그러나 오늘날까지도 인류는 자연재해에서 자유롭지 않다. 근대 이전 동아시아 전통사회에서는 자연재해 뿐만 아니라 일식, 월식, 혜성의 출현, 기형아와 쌍둥이 출산 등을 정상적인 자연 현상으로 보지 않았다. 그리고, 이는 중국과 한국의 정사(正史) 기록에서 ‘재이(災異)’라는 용어로 개념화되었다. 전세계적으로 환경사에 대한 관심은 이미 증가하고 있는 추세이며, 많은 연구자와 기관에서 다양한 형태의 DB가 생산되고 서비스되고 있다. 이는 재이에 관심을 갖는 인문학과 사회과학, 자연과학 등 여러 분과 학문에서의 연구가 질적으로 향상되는데 크게 기여하고 있다. 동아시아로 좁혀보면, 중국은 이미 방대한 자료를 종합하여 여러 형태의 DB를 구축하였으나, 한국에서는 일관된 기준 아래 종합적인 성격의 DB가 구축되지 않았다. 비록 중국의 재이 관련 DB가 국외 연구자들의 접근이 쉽지 않다는 단점이 있다고 해도, 이는 중국과 한국의 재이 연구를 위한 환경에서 매우 큰 격차로 나타날 수 있다. 이에 필자가 소속된 가톨릭대학교 인문사회연구소에서는 인문학과 사회과학, 자연과학 등 재이와 관련한 분과 학문의 관심사를 모두 모아, 종합 학문으로서의 “재해학”의 형성과 구축을 목표로 연구를 진행하고 있다. 그 첫 번째 단계로 한국과 중국 등 동아시아의 전통사회를 배경으로 재이 DB를 구축하고 있다. 본 연구팀은 한국과 중국의 정사, 연대기자료, 일기류, 공문서, 금석문 등에 흩어져 있는 재이 관련 자료를 종합하고 용어를 표준화하고, 연구자와 대중이 중국과 한국의 재이 발생과 전개를 상호비교할 수 있도록 하기 위해 재이 DB를 구축하고 있다. 이를 통해 재이 관련 연구가 앞으로 확대 재생산될 수 있을 것이며, 재이 연구의 새로운 발전의 계기가 될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다. Human beings have responded to natural disasters for a long time in history. Nevertheless, human beings are not free from natural disasters even today. Before modern times, East Asian traditional society didn’t consider solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, appearance of comet and birth of deformed and twin children as normal natural phenomena as well as natural disasters. This was conceptualized as the term ‘natural disaster(Jaei災異)’ in Chinese and Korean authentic history. The interest in environment history is increasing in the world, and many researchers and institutions produce various types of DB and provide service. This makes a significant contribution to qualitative improvement of research in many divisions such as the humanities, social science and natural science that pay attention to natural disasters. When narrowed in East Asia, China already established various types of DB by integrating massive material, but Korea hasn’t established comprehensive DB under the consistent standard. Although the DB of China regarding natural disasters is not easily accessible for overseas researchers, this can be a big difference between Korea and China in the environment to study natural disasters of China and Korea. Therefore, Humanities and Social Institute of The Catholic University of Korea, which I belong to, is conducing research to form and establish ‘Disaster Studies’ as a comprehensive study by gathering matters of interest related to natural disasters from humanities, social science and natural science. The first stage is to establish DB of natural disasters with the background of East Asian traditional society such as China and Korea. The establishment of natural disaster DB is to integrate natural disaster related resources that are scattered in Korean and Chinese history, chronicles, diaries, public documents and epigraph materials, to standardize terms and to compare the occurrence and development of natural disasters in Korea and China. Through this, natural disaster related research is expected to be expanded and reproduced, and to become an opportunity of new development in this field.

초등 사회 및 과학 교과서의 자연재해 내용 분석

김해경,문병찬,오강호 한국환경교육학회 2007 환경교육 Vol.20 No.3

The purpose of this study was to analysis natural disasters which can be applied environmental education for elementary students. For this study, the elementary society and science textbooks were selected. The results of this study are as follows. the society textbooks contain 2 units of the natural disaster in the 4th and 5th grades. In the science textbooks, 5 units of the natural disaster were showed in 3rd, 5th and 6th grades. The learning quantities were 4 hours in society textbooks and 7 hours in science textbooks. In society textbooks, the contents relating meteorological disasters were dominance. But the science textbooks were showed both meteorological and geological disasters. In aims of learning, while the society textbooks were focused as damages, prevention, counter-plan and restoring plan of the natural disaster, the science textbooks were emphasized damages. the photos in society textbooks, meteorological disasters were superiority in number; especially the flood and heavy rain were 76%. In science textbooks, the photos about earthquake were prominent as 40%. For activating environmental education in elementary school based on these results, it can be suggested that the effects of natural damage as tsunami and global warming should add to elementary textbooks. And the elementary teachers need to understand contents and photos relating environment problem in the elementary textbooks.

중립적 원인자가 손해발생에 가공한 경우 가해자의 손해배상책임

전경운 ( Chun Kyoung Un ) 한국환경법학회 2018 환경법연구 Vol.40 No.3

ⅰ) The damage can be caused or increased by the neutral factor like natural force as environmental influence goes high. The precedent judges to deduct the attributable fraction by natural force from perpetrator’s liability for damage in view of fair burden of damage. ⅱ) There have been a lot of debates on this matter in Korea. Natural disaster such as cold damage by abnormal cold wave, increase of water temperature by abnormal climate, red tide and typhoon shall not be attributable to anybody. Therefore, such damage will be a risk to be taken by the victim, unless there are special circumstances. In this regard, in the event the neutral factor is related, the liability for damage should be charged on the basis that the attributable fraction by natural force should be deducted from the total liability. However, if the perpetrator could foresee such neutral factors, when taking all circumstances into consideration, and take preventive measures without a huge expense, such liability reduction should not be admitted. On this matter of damage caused by the neutral factor, Germany also agrees that the attributable fraction by the neutral factor should be deducted from the total liability. It means Germany takes the natural-force reduction theory also. ⅲ) In case the neutral factor like natural force contributed to the liability for damage or caused to give more damage, joint tort liability cannot be assumed for both perpetrator and natural force. That is, the perpetrator who has caused damage is not liable for the total damage as joint tort liability is applied, however, the perpetrator shall be liable for the damage occurred in terms of legal principles of joint tort liability.

환경 및 방재의 국제 협력과 한국의 역할 정립

이자원 국토지리학회 2018 국토지리학회지 Vol.52 No.1

Environmental awareness has been confirmed to be related to the accretion of natural disasters. The ongoing expansion of urbanization is closely linked with the issue of climate change, and that has generated diplomatic problems regarding the promotion of international cooperation as well as regional and national policy issues. This study analyzed Korea’s status in terms of international cooperation on environmental security and prevention of disaster. Environmental security and prevention of disaster cooperation are particular areas where the role of a middle power nation such as Korea is emphasized. Korea needs a specific physical system that can lead the environmental cooperation in the Asian continent, concrete strategies to occupy the position for fundraising, and practical activities in the global society. The agenda of the environment and disaster prevention ecosystem should be clearly composed in order for Korea to maintain its status as a middle power nation and to act as an Asian hub of environmental and disaster security. 기후변화와 관련된 이슈가 더해지면서 환경의 관리와 보전에 대한 인식이 더욱 확대되고 있다. 도시화의 지속적 확장은 자연 재난의 확대와 밀접하게 관련되어 있음이 이미 확인되었고, 이는 지역 및 국가의 정책적 문제는 물론 국제 협력 증진을 통해 저감하고자 하는 외교적 노력으로 이어지고 있다. 본 연구는 환경과 재난재해의 안보에 대해 국제협력의 관점에서 한국의 입지를 분석하였다. 환경과 재난재해 안보 협력은 한국 등 중견국의 역할이 특히 부각되는 부문이다. 한국은 아시아 대륙 내에서의 환경협력을 주도할 수 있는 물리적 제도와 기금 조성 및 실천적 활동 범위의 위치를 점유하기 위한 구체적 전략이 필요하다. 한국이 중견국으로서의 입지를 공고히 하고, 환경 및 재난 재해 안보의 아시아 허브역할을 하기 위하여 환경 및 방재 생태계의 아젠더 설정이 우선되어야 한다.

Water Sensitive Urban Design(WSUD)의 주환경 기능과 평가에 관한 연구

김효정(Kim, Hyo-Jung),곽동화(Kwack, Dong-Wha),윤민영(Yoon, Min-Young),이종록(Lee, Jong-Lok),황영삼(Hwang, Young-Sam) 한국주거환경학회 2014 주거환경(한국주거환경학회논문집) Vol.12 No.3

As the climate is changed gradually all over the world, many natural disasters like flood and drought are becoming more and more frequent. As some solutions for the disasters, many techniques such as LID, WSUD, SUDS, and GSI have been used. Out of all those techniques, WSUD is intended to restore water circulation, focused on urban planning and design. The purpose of this study is to deduct the function and the element of residential environment in WSUD, and is to evaluate water circulation system of three new town in terms of residential environment. As the function of residential environment in WSUD, circularity, ecology, functionality, aesthetics, and multipurpose are deducted, and items and physical elements for evaluation are also deducted. Based on the function of residential environment, items, and physical elements, the evaluation of residential environment for Gangkyo New City, Unjeong New City, and Multifunctional Administrative City is conducted. Through the evaluation of residential environment, the characteristics on the three cities are summarized. This study gives us a viewpoint for the planning and evaluation of residential environment focused on water circulation.

자연재난의 신학적 관점과 선교실천

이종우 ( Lee Jong Woo ) 한국복음주의선교신학회 2016 복음과 선교 Vol.35 No.-

The 21st century frequently sees unprecedentedly tremendous disasters throughout the world like earthquakes, tsunami, tornadoes, or deluges. The suffering from those disasters is as horrible as from the war. These disasters become increasingly bigger in intensity and predict thereby the end of the earth environmental time. The disasters are roughly classified into two: the first is from the geological change such as earthquake, volcano explosion, and tsunami thereafter; the second is from the global warming like deluge, typhoon, snowstorm, draught, sea level rise, etc. The present article studies theological significance of these disasters through the Biblical exploration. The theological viewpoints on disasters are: firstly, divine wrath and judgment on sin and idol worship; secondly, eschatological sign and herald of the Second Coming, hence requiring perseverance and hope to Christians; thirdly, the means of divine glory. And we should put into practice God’s mission by Christ’s love. The present paper presents comprehensive missional action plans: 1) God’s mission practice through wholistic missions, 2) the Expansion of Christian’s participation for the relief and restoration activities, 3) the organic cooperation and information exchange among the missional groups and Christian NGO’s, hence minimizing separate activities and unnecessary competition, 4) international monitoring for the honest implementation of recovery funds, 5) the practice of the relief mission respecting local culture and custom, 6) international intercession prayer for the disaster victims, 7) the investment on green industry and the environment-friendly life practice. For this study, the present paper has done analysis on the scientific data regarding geological and marine disasters. The paper has also done research on the Biblical commentaries and theological papers. It has supported those researches by introducing the local news data and doing interviews with the missionaries who participated in the relief activities.