치과용 심미 수복 재료들의 색상 연구를 통한 새로운 치과용 색체계의 제안

오윤정,박수정,김동준,조현구,황윤찬,오원만,황인남 대한치과보존학회 2007 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 새로운 치과용 색체계 개발을 목적으로 현재 치과에서 사용되고 있는 Vita shade를 사용하는 9 제조사의 12종의 광중합형 복합레진과 1종의 치과용 도재의 색상을 diffuse/8° 수광 방식을 사용하는 분광색체계 (MiniScan XE plus, Model 4000S, Hunter Lab, USA)를 이용해 D65 표준광과 10도 관찰자 시야 하에서 CIE L^(*)a^(*)b^(*) 값을 측정하고 색상 범위를 분석하였다. 분석한 정보를 color sorting system을 응용한 CNU Cons Dental Color Chart의 색상 표현 방식인 T###에 치과용 수복 재료들의 범위를 적용하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 측정된 L^(*)a^(*)b^(*)값의 분포를 분석해 보면 L^(*)값은 80.40과 52.70 사이에, a^(*)값은 10.60과-3.60 사이에, 그리고 b^(*)값은 28.40과 2.21 사이에 분포한다. L^(*)값의 평균값은 67.40, 중앙값은 67.30이며, a^(*)값은 2.89와 2.91, b^(*)값은 14.30 과 13.90 이다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 CNU Cons Dental Color Chart의 T###의 첫 번째 숫자에 해당하는 L^(*)값의 각 숫자간의 차이는 2.0으로, 그리고 2번째 숫자인 a^(*)값의 각 숫자간의 차이는 1, 그리고 세 번째 숫자인 b^(*)값의 각 숫자간의 차이는 2로 정하였다. T555에 해당하는 L^(*)값의 범위는 66.0이상, 68.0미만으로, a^(*)값의 범위는 3이상 4미만으로, b^(*)값의 범위는 14이상 16미만으로 결정하였다. The purpose of this study is to develope new dental color-space system. Twelve kinds of dental composites and one kind of dental porcelain were used in this study. Disk samples (15 ㎜ in diameter, 4 ㎜ in thickness) of used materials were made and sample’s CIE L^(*)a^(*)b^(*) value was measured by Spectrocolorimeter (MiniScan XE plus, Model 4000S, diffuse/8° viewing mode, 14.3 ㎜ Port diameters, Hunter Lab. USA). The range of measured color distribution was analyzed. All the data were applied in the form of T### which is expression unit in CNU Cons Dental Color Chart. The value of L^(*) lies between 80.40 and 52.70. The value of a^(*) are between 10.60 and 3.60 and b^(*) are between 28.40 and 2.21. The average value of L^(*) is 67.40, and median value is 67.30. The value of a^(*) are 2.89 and 2.91 respectively. And for the b^(*), 14.30 and 13.90 were obtained. The data were converted to T### that is the unit count system in CNU-Cons Dental Color Chart. The value of L^(*) is converted in the first digit of the numbering system. Each unit is 2.0 measured values. The second digit is the value of a^(*) and is converted new number by 1.0 measured value. For the third digit b^(*) is replaced and it is 2.0 measured unit apart. T555 was set to the value of L^(*) ranging from 66.0 to 68.0, value of a^(*) ranging from 3 to 4 and b^(*) value ranging from 14 to 16.

Sthitibhāgīya(順住分者)와 Śvalāṅgūlika

권오민 불교학연구회 2011 불교학연구 Vol.30 No.-

『아비달마디파』에서는 ‘貪·瞋·邪見=意業’ 설이 Śvalāṅgūlika(개 꼬리를 가진 자)라는 이상한 이름을 별명으로 갖는 Sthitibhāgīya(順住分者)의 학설로 인용되는데, 이는『 구사론』에서 譬喩者의 설로 인 용되고,『 순정리론』 상에서 ‘行蘊=思’라는 上座 슈리라타(=경량부) 의 학설에서 그 이론적 근거가 확인된다.『 디파』에서의 이 두 명칭 의 의미는 무엇인가?『 디파』만으로는 그 의미를 밝히기 어렵기 때문 에 동일한 성격의 선대문헌인 중현의『 순정리론』을 통해 그 의미를 밝히고자 하였다. 이에 따르면 有爲4相의 개별적 실재성을 부정하는 譬喩者(혹 은 上座宗)는 諸行의 因果相續을 住(sthiti)로 이해하고 이를 가 능하게 하는 힘(功能)을 種子(비유자) 혹은 隨界(상좌)라고 하 였다. 디파카라(Dīpakāra)는 아마도 상좌계통의 비유자 일파를 ‘住 즉 相續(saṃtati 혹은 pravāha)과 관계하는 이’라는 의미에서 ‘Sthitibhāgīya(順住分者)’로 이름하였을 것이다. 또한 비유자/경량부는 과거·미래는 물론이고 유부에서 설정한 다수의 法의 개별적 실재성을 부정함으로써 都無論/壞法論( 『디파』 에서는 Vaitulika이단자/Vaināśika절멸자) 등으로 불린 대승의 空見(空花論)과 매우 가까운 것으로 간주되었다. 이에 따라 디파카라는 개가 걸식할 때 몸은 남의 집에 들어갈지라도 꼬리만은 문밖에 두는 것이 개의 법도라는『 십송율』의 우화에 따라 ‘몸은 이미 空見(대승) 에 가담하였으면서 꼬리만 佛弟子’라는 의미에서 ‘Śvalāṅgūlika(개꼬 리를 가진 자)’라고 이름하였을 것이다. 곧 Sthitibhāgīya와 Śvalāṅgūlika는 그들의 종자상속론이나 대승 과의 유사성에 따라 유부논사들에 의해 불려진 貶稱으로 이해된다. In Abhidhamadīpa , that ‘greed (abhidhyā) etc.=mentalmisconduct (mano-duścarita)’ is quoted as a Sthitibhāgīyas,whose second name is Śvalāṅgūlika’s theory. Vasubanduquoted this in the name of Dārṣṭāntika, and in Nyāyānusāraśāstra , it is confirmed as the sects of Sthavira Śrīlāta (thatis Sautrāntika)’s theory. According to Sthavira, the meaningof the term Sthitibhāgīyas is ‘the one concerned with gradualsuccession through causal relation, so-call pravāha or santati’.And maybe Dīpakāra called Śvalāṅgūlika in the meaning oftheir body belongs to a destroyer of Dharma(壞法論宗) namelyMahāyāna, but their tail to Śākyapūtra Buddhism, like a fableof Dasādhyāyavinaya which illustrate a begging dog step in hisbody in the house, but a tail outside.Thus, if Dārṣṭāntika is the conventional name afterAbhidharmamahāvibhāaṣā śāstra , and Sautrāntika is a selfstyledname of a Sthavira’s sect of Dārṣṭāntika, Sthitibhāgīyaand Śvalāṅgūlika is understood as abused name called bySarvāstivādin according to their succession (santati ) theory orsimilarity with Mahāyāna.

Hue & Tone 130색의 색차 적정성 - 일본컬러디자인연구소의 시스템을 중심으로

주대원 한국색채학회 2018 한국색채학회 논문집 Vol.32 No.2

The system of NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors is one of the most popular color development methods used by designers. Ensuring the appropriateness of color difference in the use of color may increase the level of trust in the color system. However, until recently, there has been no study on whether the RGB data of the NCD system are have a color difference from sRGB for the Munsell notation standard. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether the RGB data of NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors have some color difference with sRGB of Munsell notation standard and the color tolerance between them is appropriate. For the reliable color analysis, we used a website with excellent conversion to Yxy data of the Munsell color system and a color conversion system of BabelColor CT&A. The sRGB and L1*a1*b1* data were calculated on the basis of the Munsell notation of NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors. Then, the NCD RGB data were compared with the data converted to L2*a2*b2* and the color difference. At the same time, we analyzed whether each color difference of tones corresponds to the color tolerance range of CIELAB color system. The color distribution in L*a*b* color space was analyzed for visual color difference analysis of L1*a1*b1* and L2*a2*b2* data. The results of the study are as follows. First, to enhance digital utilization of the monitors based on the NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors, color management is required so that the RGB data does not to exceed C grade (dE * ab : 6.5∼13). If the RGB data are reset by referring to the sRGB according to the tone-specific Munsell notation, this problem can be solved to a certain degree. Second, since users may be limited to applying exact colors only with Munsell notation and RGB data, NCD could be more useful if it provides L*a*b in the relevant literature. Third, NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors should be optimized by modifying the variation of L*a*b values as a whole and finding a higher value in the direction of +a* color space.

분광측정기를 이용한 자연 치아의 색조 비교 분석

김사학(Sa-Hak Kim),황성식(Seong-Sig Hwang),이혜은(Hye-Eun Lee) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 상악 전치부 색조 선택에 객관적인 기준을 설정하고자 색체계 Shade-Eye NCC를 이용하여 CIE L<SUP><SUP>*</SUP></SUP>, a<SUP>*</SUP>, b<SUP>*</SUP>값으로 측정하여 이 값들을 비교 분석하고 그 의미를 고찰하고자 실시되었다. 치과를 내원하는 환자에게 연구 의도를 설명해 주고 동의를 얻어 111명(남자 50명, 여자 61명)의 3개 치아, 즉 상악 중절치, 상악 측절치, 상악 견치 총 333개의 치아를 측색하였다. 절단부와 치경부의 색차를 비교한 결과 상악견치의 ΔE<SUP>*</SUP>값이 5.81(±2.98)으로 가장 낮았으며, 상악 측절치 6.51(±3.23), 상악 중절치의 7.51(±3.04) 순으로 점차 그 색차가 커지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 중절치와 측절치, 견치 모두 여성이 남성에 비해 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>)가 높았으며, 황색채도(b<SUP>*</SUP>)는 중절치에서 남성이 여성보다 약간 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 연령은 중절치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>), 적색채도(a<SUP>*</SUP>), 황색채도(b<SUP>*</SUP>), 측절치와 견치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>), 황색채도(b<SUP>*</SUP>)에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 흡연은 자연치의 색조에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하였으며, 음주는 중절치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>)를 감소시키며, 측절치의 적색채도(a<SUP>*</SUP>)를 감소시키는 경향을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 만성질환은 중절치와 측절치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>)를 감소시키는 경향을 나타냈다(p<0.05). This study is to set the objective criteria on maxillary incisors shade selection by using the colorimetric Shade-Eye NCC as measuring in CIE L<SUP>*</SUP>, a<SUP>*</SUP>, b<SUP>*</SUP> values, and look into the meaning by analyzing its values. We explain the purpose of this study and gotten their agreement from patients visiting the dentist, 111 people’s (men 50, women 61) three teeth, the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canines, total of 333 teeth colorimetry. As a result of comparing the differences in colors between cervical margin and incisal edge, ΔE<SUP>*</SUP> of canine is shown as low as 5.81(±2.98), followed by lateral incisor of maxilla as 6.51(±3.23) and central incisor of maxilla 7.51(±3.04). Females show higher luminosity(L<SUP>*</SUP>) than males do in all teeth- central incisor, lateral incisor and canine; in yello chroma(b<SUP>*</SUP>) males’ central incisor is slightly higher than that of females (p<0.05). Age significantly influences the luminosity and red (a<SUP>*</SUP>) and yellow chroma (b<SUP>*</SUP>) of central incisor(L<SUP>*</SUP>); the luminosity(L<SUP>*</SUP>), and yellow chroma(b<SUP>*</SUP>) of lateral incisor and canine (p<0.05). Smoking doesn’t significantly influence the color of natural teeth. Drinking reduces the luminosity of central incisor as well as red chroma of lateral incisor(p<0.05). A chronic illness is likely to reduce the luminosity of central incisor and lateral incisor(p<0.05).

A novel antihypertension agent, sargachromenol D from marine brown algae, <i>Sargassum siliquastrum</i>, exerts dual action as an L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker and endothelin A/B₂ receptor antagonist

Park, Byong-Gon,Shin, Woon-Seob,Oh, Sangtae,Park, Gab-Man,Kim, Nam Ik,Lee, Seokjoon Elsevier 2017 Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry Vol.25 No.17

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We isolated the novel vasoactive marine natural products, (5<I>E</I>,10<I>E</I>)-14-hydroxy-2,6,10-trimethylpentadeca-5,10-dien-4-one (<B>4</B>) and sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>), from Sargassum siliquastrum collected from the coast of the East Sea in South Korea by using activity-guided HPLC purification. The compounds effectively dilated depolarization (50mMK<SUP>+</SUP>)-induced basilar artery contraction with EC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 3.52±0.42 and 1.62±0.63μM, respectively, but only sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) showed a vasodilatory effect on endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced basilar artery contraction (EC<SUB>50</SUB> =9.8±0.6μM). These results indicated that sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) could act as a dual antagonist of <SMALL>L</SMALL>-type Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channel and endothelin A/B<SUB>2</SUB> receptors. Moreover, sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) lowered blood pressure in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) 2h after oral treatment at a dose of 80mg/kg dose and the effect was maintained for 24h. Based on our ex vivo and <I>in vivo</I> experiments, we propose that sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) is a strong candidate for the treatment of hypertension that is not controlled by conventional drugs, in particular, severe-, type II diabetes-, salt-sensitive, and metabolic disease-induced hypertension.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) acts as a dual antagonist of L-type Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channel and endothelin A/B<SUB>2</SUB> receptors.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

전문가용 염색 차트의 적색 염색모 비교 연구: A사, M사, L사를 중심으로

황수경,천수경,박은준 한국인체미용예술학회 2024 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.25 No.3

. In recent times, the hair coloring market has undergone rapid changes and expansion. Yet, beauty salon professionals have encountered challenges in attaining the desired hair colors. Due to a scarcity of relevant research, this study aimed to quantify the lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) of red-dyed hair using the hair color charts of a prominent hair dye brand from various countries, aiming to delineate any discrepancies. Additionally, it sought to enhance beauty salon workers' comprehension of red-dyed hair and red dyes, ultimately contributing to the beauty industry by improving customer satisfaction. The study employed a chroma meter (CR-400) for color comparison, manufactured by Konica Minolta (Tokyo, Japan). Subsequently, the lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values from the hair color charts of Companies A, M, and L were each measured five times. These measurements were then comparatively analyzed using means and standard deviations. Specifically, after selecting red-dyed hair with a level of 8 or higher on the hair color chart from each brand, means were calculated. Subsequently, the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of the hair dyes from Companies A, M, and L were compared. In terms of red expression, Company A showed the highest levels, while Company L exhibited high levels of both redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) in virgin hair. This study is limited as it only covered three companies (A, M, and L) and investigated samples from the red-dyed hair chart exclusively. Nevertheless, it is anticipated that the study results will contribute to the growth and development of the Korean beauty industry. This can be achieved by enhancing customer trust and providing better services through uncovering differences among hair coloring brands and discovering the colors customers prefer.

부실기재선하증권을 발행한 해상운송인의 포장당 책임제한조항 적용가능성에 대한 연구-미국 Berisford Metals Corp. v. S/S Salvador, and A/S Ivarans Rederi(1985) 판례를 중심으로-

김상만 국제거래법학회 2010 國際去來法硏究 Vol.19 No.2

It has been widely acknowledged that a carrier’s liability shall be limited to certain amount per package or per an accident. In this respect, the Hague Rules,which was adopted in 1924, limits a carrier’s liability to 100 pounds per package. Numerous countries including U.S.A, Korea, accepted the Hague Rules. Nevertheless, it has been criticized that a carrier’s liability is limited even though the damage is caused by its willful or gross negligent conduct. The Hague-Visby Rules, which is an amendment to the Hague Rules, provides some an exception to the package limitation of a carrier’s liability. Korea accepted the Hague-Visby Rules, but U.S.A. didn’t. However, U.S. federal courts recognized some exceptions in case of vacant B/L, or misrepresented B/L. In Berisford case regarding misrepresented B/L, the federal court concluded that carrier must held responsible for full value of the lost cargo and cannot invoke the $500 package limitation of liability provision of COGSA. The court applied a higher standard in the event that a carrier makes a representation in a B/L with respect to its own conduct since it is reasonably expected to be aware of its own actions, including whether or not it has loaded cargo. Furthemore, the court held that the carrier’s misrepresentation amounted to a fundamental breach going to the very essence of its contract and precluding it from invoking those package limitation of liability provision.

양극산화방법으로 착색한 티타늄 안경테의 산화막 두께에 따른 색상 연구

현승철,진문석,김용근 한국안광학회 2009 한국안광학회지 Vol.14 No.4

목적: 본 연구에서는 양극산화방법을 이용하여 티타늄 안경테를 다양한 색상으로 착색하는 조건들을 규명하고자 한다. 방법: 자체 제작한 양극산화박막 제조 장치를 사용하였다. 음극에는 33cm2의 백금판을 사용하였으며, 양극 에는 티타늄 안경테 재료 시편을 장착한 다음 전해액이 접촉하도록 하였다. 전원 장치는 정전류 방식으로 시간에 따라 일정한 전류가 미세하게 조정되도록 고안 설계하였다. 산화막의 색분석은 분광측색계의 적분구를 이용하였고, 색좌표는 CIE L*a*b color system를 사용하였다. 결과 및 고찰: 전극에 인가되는 시간을 조정하여 티타늄 안경테 재료의 산화막(TiO2) 두께를 변화시킴으로서 호도색, 황갈색, 군청색, 파란색, 연푸른색, 녹두색, 황록색, 연보라색, 보라색, 꽃분홍색, 청록색, 에메랄트색, 녹색등 다양한 색상을 얻을 수 있었다. 정확한 색상 변화를 CIE L*a*b* 값을 측정하였다. 그 결과 티타늄 안경테 재료 산화막의 두께가 두꺼워지면서 색좌표 상에서 시계방향으로 변화가 진행 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 티타늄 안경테 재료에 양극산화에 의해 착색원리를 규명하였다. Purpose: To examine the coloring condition of titanium spectacle frames with various colors by using anodization method. Methods: We made an anodization coater. Platinum plate with 3 cm2 was used for a cathode and titanium spectacle frame specimens was mounted on an anode in an electrolyte. An electric source device were designed to supply steady state current. The color of the coated spectacle frame specimens were measured by a spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere. We use CIE L*a*b color system as chromaticity coordinates. Results: The thickness of TiO2 of titanium spectacle frame specimens was varied as controlling current flow time for electrodes. The specimens with various kinds of color as a walnut, a yellow brown, a navy blue, a blue, a light blue, a mung bean, a yellowish green, a light purple, a purple, a flower pink, a bluish green, an emerald, and a green color etc. were obtained. The values of CIE L*a*b* for these specimens were measured and analyzed to be changed clockwise in chromaticity coordinates as the thickness of TiO2 increases. Conclusions: We identified the coloring mechanism by anodization method in titanium spectacle frame specimens.

CIE L*a*b* 칼라 공간의 성분 영상 a*을 이용한 효과적인 여드름 검출

박기홍,노희성 한국디지털콘텐츠학회 2018 한국디지털콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.19 No.7

Today, modern people perceive skin care as part of their physical health care, and acne is a common skin disease problem that is found on the face. In this paper, an effective acne detection algorithm using CIE L*a*b* color space has been proposed. It is red when the pixel value of the component image a* is a positive number, so it is suitable for detecting acne in skin image. First, the skin image based on the RGB color space is subjected to light compensation through color balancing, and converted into a CIE L*a*b* color space. The extracted component image a* was normalized, and then the skin and acne area were estimated with the threshold values. Experimental results show that the proposed method detects acne more effectively than the conventional method based on brightness information, and the proposed method is robust against the reflected light source.

參照色과 色差값을 活用한 舌診의 同質性檢定

박영재(Young-Jae Park),박영배(Young-Bae Park) 대한한의진단학회 2002 대한한의진단학회지 Vol.6 No.1

Evaluating RGB or L*a*b* values of tongue surface is one of many methods to standardize Tongue-Diagnosis. In evaluating RGB or L*a*b* values, it is difficult to maintain the same lighting condition and an adaptation of colorimetry has the limitation of it’s expensiveness and inconvenience. Therefore a counterproposal to overcome both the variation of lighting condition and the limitation of it’s expensiveness and inconvenience is needed. The using color difference for the evaluation of treatment on portwine stains proposed by Na et al. is a noteworthy method that minimized the variation of lighting conditions. But it is difficult to apply the same method used by Na et al. to Tongue-Diagnosis because each color value of a man’s normal site is not equal to that of the others. This problem can be solved by applying the color value of standardized reference instead of that of normal site. This method will overcome both the variation of lighting condition and the different color values of normal site from each other simultaneously. 12 volunteers participated in our study. Four different lighting conditions were set up and we acquired a digital image of the top surface of tongue and also of the bottom surface of tongue respectively from one volunteer by four different lighting conditions, total eight digital images from one volunteer by the digital camera(C-2100 ultra zoom, Olympus, Japan). For examining whether color difference values maintain within regular range under the diverse lighting condition or not, we transported digital images acquired to a personal computer and yielded out RGB and L*a*b* values by Picture Color Analyzer and Adobe Photoshop?? software. L*a*b* values were then transformed to color difference values between reference color values and tongue color values for L*a*b* by the geometry of color coordinate. For assessing the inter-observer reliability, photographing of 12 volunteer’s tongues was performed twice by two examiners respectively and for assessing the intra-observer reliability, photographing of 12 volunteer’s tongues was additionally performed by the same examiners three days after the first photographing had been performed. Then using one-way ANOVA, we analyzed the color difference values to see if there was a statistically valid difference by diverse lighting conditions, examiners, repetitions of the evaluation. As a result, there was no significant difference of color difference by sex and age. There was significant difference between the top surface of tongue and reference color for the color difference values by lighting condition. There was, however, no significant difference between the bottom surface of tongue and reference color for the color difference values by lighting condition. Then we performed an additional statistical analysis to see if there is significant difference between the bottom surface of tongue and reference color for the color difference values by examiners and by repetitions of the examination. As a result, there was no significant difference of color differences by examiners and by repetitions of the examination. We concluded that color difference between the bottom surface of tongue and reference color maintained regular range regardless of diverse lighting conditions, examiners and repetitions of examination and the homogeneity in Tongue-Diagnosis by using reference color and color difference values were assured.