국내산 원유 중 비타민 A, E, $B_l$ 및 $B_2$ 함량에 관한 연구

곽병만,김성한,김강섭,이기웅,안장혁,장치훈,Kwak Byung-Man,Kim Sung-Han,Kim Kang-Seob,Lee Ki-Woong,Ahn Jang-Hyuk,Jang Chi-Hoon 한국축산식품학회 2006 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구에서는 2003년 7월에서 2004년 6월까지 충청도와 전라도 지역에서 집유한 원유의 비타민 A, E, $B_l$ 및 $B_l$ 함량을 1년간 분석함으로써 우유에 함유된 비타민의 최근 동향 및 계절적 변화를 조사하고자 연구를 진행하였다. 이 중 지용성 비타민 A와 E의 함량에는 계절적 변화가 있었으며, 비타민 A의 경우 봄($3월{\sim}5월$)은 $35.1{\sim}59.0{\mu}g/100mL$로 평균 $44.4{\mu}g/100mL$, 여름($6{\sim}8월$)은 $36.7{\sim}65.6{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $50.0{\mu}g/100 mL$, 가을($9월{\sim}11월$)은 $28.7{\sim}61.2{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $46.8{\mu}g/100 mL$이었으며, 겨울($12월{\sim}2월$)은 $29.9{\sim}57.8{\mu}g/100mL$로 평균 $43.1{\mu}g/100 mL$를 나타내어 우유 중 비타민 A함량은 여름철이 가장 높고, 겨울철이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 비타민 E의 경우 봄($3월{\sim}5월$)은 $28.3{\sim}59.2 {\mu}g/100 mL$ 로 평균 $45.8 {\mu}g/100 mL$, 여름($6월{\sim}8월$)은 $39.6{\sim}69.9 {\mu}g/100mL$로 평균 $58.8{\mu}g/100 mL$, 가을($9월{\sim}11월$)은 $35.0{\sim}62.8{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $46.2{\mu}g/100 mL$이었으며, 겨울($12월{\sim}2월$)은 $26.0{\sim}55.4{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $41.5 {\mu}g/100 mL$이었다. 분석결과에서 알 수 있듯이 원유 중 비타민 E함량은 여름철이 가장 높고, 겨울철이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 수용성 비타민 $B_l$과 $B_2$의 경우는 계절에 따른 변화가 없었으며(p<0.05), 비타민 $B_l$의 경우 봄($3월{\sim}5월$)은 $27.7{\sim}57.9{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $42.84{\mu}g/100 mL$, 여름($6월{\sim}8월$)은 $32.4{\sim}66.1{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $49.39{\mu}g/100 mL$, 가을($9월{\sim}11월$)은 $34.1{\sim}63.7{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $46.69{\mu}g/100 mL$이었으며, 겨울($12월{\sim}2월$)은 $20.6{\sim}61.4{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균$43.26{\mu}g/100 mL$로 측정되었다. 비타민 $B_2$의 경우는 봄($3월{\sim}5월$)은 $150{\sim}182{\mu}g/100 mL$ 로 평균 $166{\mu}g/100 mL$, 여름($6월{\sim}8월$)에는 $145{\sim}185 {\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $163 {\mu}g/100 mL$, 가을($9월{\sim}11월$)은 $149{\sim}180{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $166{\mu}g/100 mL$이었으며 겨울($12월{\sim}2월$)은 $148{\sim}190{\mu}g/100 mL$로 평균 $167{\mu}g/100 mL$로 측정되었다. This study was performed to investigate the changes of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin $B_l$ and vitamin $B_2$ contents in cow's raw milk collected from dairy farms in Chungcheong-do and Jeolla-do for a year. The contents of fat soluble vitamin A and E were changed as seasonal effect, but water soluble vitamin $B_l$ and $B_2$ contents were not changed as seasonal effect. Vitamin A content in cow's raw milk was as follows [minimum ${\sim}$maximum (mean), ug/100 mL]; $35.1{\sim}59.0$ (44.4) in spring, $36.7{\sim}65.6$ (50.0) in summer, $28.7{\sim}61.2$ (46.8) in autumn and $29.9{\sim}57.8$ (43.1) in winter. In case of vitamin E was as follows [minimum${\sim}$maximum (mean), ug/100 mL]; $28.3{\sim}59.2$ (45.8) in spring, $39.6{\sim}69.9$ (58.8) in summer, $35.0{\sim}62.8$ (46.2) in autumn and $26.0{\sim}55.4$ (41.5) in winter. In case of vitamin $B_l$ was as follow [minimum${\sim}$maximum (mean), ug/100 mL]; $27.7{\sim}57.9$ (42.84) in spring, $32.4{\sim}66.1$ (49.39) in summer, $34.1{\sim}63.7$ (46.69) in autumn and $20.6{\sim}61.4$ (43.20 in winter. The amounts of vitamin $B_2$ in cow's raw milk was as follows [minimum${\sim}$maximum (mean), ug/100 mL]; $150{\sim}182$ (160 in spring, $145{\sim}185$ (163) in summer, $149{\sim}180$ (166) in autumn and $148{\sim}190$ (167) in winter.

치과용 심미 수복 재료들의 색상 연구를 통한 새로운 치과용 색체계의 제안

오윤정,박수정,김동준,조현구,황윤찬,오원만,황인남 대한치과보존학회 2007 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 새로운 치과용 색체계 개발을 목적으로 현재 치과에서 사용되고 있는 Vita shade를 사용하는 9 제조사의 12종의 광중합형 복합레진과 1종의 치과용 도재의 색상을 diffuse/8° 수광 방식을 사용하는 분광색체계 (MiniScan XE plus, Model 4000S, Hunter Lab, USA)를 이용해 D65 표준광과 10도 관찰자 시야 하에서 CIE L^(*)a^(*)b^(*) 값을 측정하고 색상 범위를 분석하였다. 분석한 정보를 color sorting system을 응용한 CNU Cons Dental Color Chart의 색상 표현 방식인 T###에 치과용 수복 재료들의 범위를 적용하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 측정된 L^(*)a^(*)b^(*)값의 분포를 분석해 보면 L^(*)값은 80.40과 52.70 사이에, a^(*)값은 10.60과-3.60 사이에, 그리고 b^(*)값은 28.40과 2.21 사이에 분포한다. L^(*)값의 평균값은 67.40, 중앙값은 67.30이며, a^(*)값은 2.89와 2.91, b^(*)값은 14.30 과 13.90 이다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 CNU Cons Dental Color Chart의 T###의 첫 번째 숫자에 해당하는 L^(*)값의 각 숫자간의 차이는 2.0으로, 그리고 2번째 숫자인 a^(*)값의 각 숫자간의 차이는 1, 그리고 세 번째 숫자인 b^(*)값의 각 숫자간의 차이는 2로 정하였다. T555에 해당하는 L^(*)값의 범위는 66.0이상, 68.0미만으로, a^(*)값의 범위는 3이상 4미만으로, b^(*)값의 범위는 14이상 16미만으로 결정하였다. The purpose of this study is to develope new dental color-space system. Twelve kinds of dental composites and one kind of dental porcelain were used in this study. Disk samples (15 ㎜ in diameter, 4 ㎜ in thickness) of used materials were made and sample’s CIE L^(*)a^(*)b^(*) value was measured by Spectrocolorimeter (MiniScan XE plus, Model 4000S, diffuse/8° viewing mode, 14.3 ㎜ Port diameters, Hunter Lab. USA). The range of measured color distribution was analyzed. All the data were applied in the form of T### which is expression unit in CNU Cons Dental Color Chart. The value of L^(*) lies between 80.40 and 52.70. The value of a^(*) are between 10.60 and 3.60 and b^(*) are between 28.40 and 2.21. The average value of L^(*) is 67.40, and median value is 67.30. The value of a^(*) are 2.89 and 2.91 respectively. And for the b^(*), 14.30 and 13.90 were obtained. The data were converted to T### that is the unit count system in CNU-Cons Dental Color Chart. The value of L^(*) is converted in the first digit of the numbering system. Each unit is 2.0 measured values. The second digit is the value of a^(*) and is converted new number by 1.0 measured value. For the third digit b^(*) is replaced and it is 2.0 measured unit apart. T555 was set to the value of L^(*) ranging from 66.0 to 68.0, value of a^(*) ranging from 3 to 4 and b^(*) value ranging from 14 to 16.

한국 여성의 피부색 분류와 의상선호색에 관한 연구

김구자,이민아 한국의류학회 2002 한국의류학회지 Vol.26 No.1

The textile industry is putting increased effort to manufacture the value-added products that gives the differentiated characters at every level of fiber and fabric production. The color is an important element to be used strategically in order to push up the value-added design. The colors of apparel products have a close relationship with the skin colors of consumers and their preference colors. This study was carried out to cluster the skin colors of the Korean women into several similar skin colors and to analyze their preference colors by the classified groups. We measured the skin colors of 354 Korean women. With color spectrometer, JX-777, we measured 4 points of the body; cheek with removing cosmetics off, forehead, rear neck and arm on the interior part near elbow. All subjects had been shown with 40 color chips and answered the preference colors and preference colors of apparel. Data were analysed to classify skin colors using K-means Cluster Analysis and Duncan test, Frequency and Chi square test on the preference colors about the clustered 3 groups. In doing so, we used in SPSS Win 10 statistical package. Findings were as follows: 1) The skin colors of the Korean women were clustered into YR, R, and Y skin colors. The majority of the subjects, 324 observations had YR skin colors and the subjects were classified into 3 kinds of skin color groups who had YR skin colors. 2) The average skin colors of total 324 subjects was 5.23YR 6.49/4.09 in Munsell Color System(MCS), 66.56 in L value, 10.53 in a value, and 20.67 in b value. 3) The average skin color of Type 1 was 7.98YR 6.24/4.14 in MCS, 64.10 in L value, 15.05 in a value, and 24.0 in b value. For Type 2 was 7.30YR 6.56/3.28 in MCS, 67.24 in L value, 6.89 in a value, and 18.4 in b value, and Type 3 was 7.01YR 7.20/4.38 in MCS, 73.53 in L value, 16.04 in a value, and 24.87 in b value. 4) The average face color of total 324 subjects was 7.31YR 6.65/3.56 in MCS, 68.13 in L value, 9.53 in a value, and 20.18 in b value. 5) The average face color of Type 1 was 4.19YR 6.92/5.05 in MCS, 70.78 in L value, 13.2 in a value, and 25.32 in b value. For Type 2 was 5.24YR 6.33/3.79 in MCS, 64.94 in L value, 9.84 in a value, and 19.08 in b value. Type 3 was 5.4YR 6.85/4.68 in MCS, 70.1 in L value, 11.73 in a value, and 23.92 in b value. 6) The difference of mean values between the clustered 3 skin color groups showed significantly different except the a value of neck and H value of cheeks and H value of foreheads. 7) All 3 groups showed that the most preference colors and the most preference colors of apparel was 5R 4/14. and their preference colors were much more than the preference colors of apparel.

Sthitibhāgīya(順住分者)와 Śvalāṅgūlika

권오민 불교학연구회 2011 불교학연구 Vol.30 No.-

『아비달마디파』에서는 ‘貪·瞋·邪見=意業’ 설이 Śvalāṅgūlika(개 꼬리를 가진 자)라는 이상한 이름을 별명으로 갖는 Sthitibhāgīya(順住分者)의 학설로 인용되는데, 이는『 구사론』에서 譬喩者의 설로 인 용되고,『 순정리론』 상에서 ‘行蘊=思’라는 上座 슈리라타(=경량부) 의 학설에서 그 이론적 근거가 확인된다.『 디파』에서의 이 두 명칭 의 의미는 무엇인가?『 디파』만으로는 그 의미를 밝히기 어렵기 때문 에 동일한 성격의 선대문헌인 중현의『 순정리론』을 통해 그 의미를 밝히고자 하였다. 이에 따르면 有爲4相의 개별적 실재성을 부정하는 譬喩者(혹 은 上座宗)는 諸行의 因果相續을 住(sthiti)로 이해하고 이를 가 능하게 하는 힘(功能)을 種子(비유자) 혹은 隨界(상좌)라고 하 였다. 디파카라(Dīpakāra)는 아마도 상좌계통의 비유자 일파를 ‘住 즉 相續(saṃtati 혹은 pravāha)과 관계하는 이’라는 의미에서 ‘Sthitibhāgīya(順住分者)’로 이름하였을 것이다. 또한 비유자/경량부는 과거·미래는 물론이고 유부에서 설정한 다수의 法의 개별적 실재성을 부정함으로써 都無論/壞法論( 『디파』 에서는 Vaitulika이단자/Vaināśika절멸자) 등으로 불린 대승의 空見(空花論)과 매우 가까운 것으로 간주되었다. 이에 따라 디파카라는 개가 걸식할 때 몸은 남의 집에 들어갈지라도 꼬리만은 문밖에 두는 것이 개의 법도라는『 십송율』의 우화에 따라 ‘몸은 이미 空見(대승) 에 가담하였으면서 꼬리만 佛弟子’라는 의미에서 ‘Śvalāṅgūlika(개꼬 리를 가진 자)’라고 이름하였을 것이다. 곧 Sthitibhāgīya와 Śvalāṅgūlika는 그들의 종자상속론이나 대승 과의 유사성에 따라 유부논사들에 의해 불려진 貶稱으로 이해된다. In Abhidhamadīpa , that ‘greed (abhidhyā) etc.=mentalmisconduct (mano-duścarita)’ is quoted as a Sthitibhāgīyas,whose second name is Śvalāṅgūlika’s theory. Vasubanduquoted this in the name of Dārṣṭāntika, and in Nyāyānusāraśāstra , it is confirmed as the sects of Sthavira Śrīlāta (thatis Sautrāntika)’s theory. According to Sthavira, the meaningof the term Sthitibhāgīyas is ‘the one concerned with gradualsuccession through causal relation, so-call pravāha or santati’.And maybe Dīpakāra called Śvalāṅgūlika in the meaning oftheir body belongs to a destroyer of Dharma(壞法論宗) namelyMahāyāna, but their tail to Śākyapūtra Buddhism, like a fableof Dasādhyāyavinaya which illustrate a begging dog step in hisbody in the house, but a tail outside.Thus, if Dārṣṭāntika is the conventional name afterAbhidharmamahāvibhāaṣā śāstra , and Sautrāntika is a selfstyledname of a Sthavira’s sect of Dārṣṭāntika, Sthitibhāgīyaand Śvalāṅgūlika is understood as abused name called bySarvāstivādin according to their succession (santati ) theory orsimilarity with Mahāyāna.

Hue & Tone 130색의 색차 적정성 - 일본컬러디자인연구소의 시스템을 중심으로

주대원 한국색채학회 2018 한국색채학회 논문집 Vol.32 No.2

The system of NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors is one of the most popular color development methods used by designers. Ensuring the appropriateness of color difference in the use of color may increase the level of trust in the color system. However, until recently, there has been no study on whether the RGB data of the NCD system are have a color difference from sRGB for the Munsell notation standard. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether the RGB data of NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors have some color difference with sRGB of Munsell notation standard and the color tolerance between them is appropriate. For the reliable color analysis, we used a website with excellent conversion to Yxy data of the Munsell color system and a color conversion system of BabelColor CT&A. The sRGB and L1*a1*b1* data were calculated on the basis of the Munsell notation of NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors. Then, the NCD RGB data were compared with the data converted to L2*a2*b2* and the color difference. At the same time, we analyzed whether each color difference of tones corresponds to the color tolerance range of CIELAB color system. The color distribution in L*a*b* color space was analyzed for visual color difference analysis of L1*a1*b1* and L2*a2*b2* data. The results of the study are as follows. First, to enhance digital utilization of the monitors based on the NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors, color management is required so that the RGB data does not to exceed C grade (dE * ab : 6.5∼13). If the RGB data are reset by referring to the sRGB according to the tone-specific Munsell notation, this problem can be solved to a certain degree. Second, since users may be limited to applying exact colors only with Munsell notation and RGB data, NCD could be more useful if it provides L*a*b in the relevant literature. Third, NCD Hue & Tone 130 colors should be optimized by modifying the variation of L*a*b values as a whole and finding a higher value in the direction of +a* color space.

근적외선 분광광도계를 이용한 차제품의 표면 색상 및 발효정도 측정

천종은 한국작물학회 2009 한국작물학회지 Vol.54 No.1

녹차, 부분발효차 및 발효차 등 다양한 차제품 117개 제품을 수집하여 분말화하여 측색계로 각 차제품의 표면 색상을 측정한 후 NIRS를 이용하여 가시광선 대역(400~700 nm)에서 스펙트럼을 얻어 중회귀분석에 의해 각각 색상 관련 특성에 대한 검량식을 작성하였다. 1. 측색계로 제품의 색상을 측정한 결과 CIE color scale에서 L값(6.98), a값(0.25) 및 b값(15.42)이 높았으나, a/b(0.09)값은 Hunter color scale에서 높았다. 또한 색상관련 특성 a* (a)와 a*/b* (a/b)의 변이계수가 317.2~327.5% 와 293.8~316.7% 로 제품간 변이성이 매우 컸다. 2. CIE color scale와 Hunter color scale에서 발효정도(X9 )의 변이를 a*/b*(X4) 나 a/b(X8 )로 99.7% 설명될 수 있어 a*/b* (a/b)값으로 차제품의 발효정도를 추정할 수 있다. 3. Modified partial least square(MPLS)를 이용하여 작성된 검량식의 결과 두 color scale을 종합하여 L값의 검량식 작성시 결정계수(R2 )는 0.973~0.977 , 검증시 상관도(1-VR) 0.969~0.972 , a값의 결정계수는 0.999, 검증시 상관도 0.998, b값의 결정계수는 0.858~0.902 , 검증시 상관도 0.833~0.888 , a/b값의 결정계수는 0.997, 검증시 상관도 0.993으로 매우 높았다. 4. 차 제품 표면 색상관련 특성들(CIE color scale; L* , a* , b* , a*/b* , Hunter color scale; L, a, b, a/b)의 검량식 정확도가 매우 높아서 NIRS의 가시광선 대역(400~700nm )에서 이들 특성을 용이하고 정밀하게 측정할 수가 있으며, 또한 근적외선 대역(900~2500nm )에서 기존 성분분석 화일과 병합하여(merge) 차 제품의 표면 색상 및 화학적 성분을 1~2 분내로 동시에 측정이 가능하다. This study was conducted to measure tea surface colors using the visible bands (400~700 nm) with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The surface colors of 117 tea products were measured with a colorimeter. The a*/b* (CIE color scale) or a/b (Hunter color scale) ratios in different tea products accounted for about 99.7% of the variation in fermentation degree (FD), indicating that the a*/b* (a/b) ratio is a very useful trait for assessing fermentation degree. Also tea powders were scanned in the visible bands used with NIRS. Calibration equations for surface colors and fermentation degree were developed using the regression method of modified partial least-squares (MPLS) with internal cross validation. The equations had low SECV (standard errors of cross-validation), and high R2 (coefficient of determination in calibration) values with 0.779~0.999 , indicating that the whole bands (400~2500~;nm ) with NIRS could be used to rapidly measure traits related to surface color, fermentation degree and other chemical components in tea products with high precision and ease at a time.

CIE L*a*b* 칼라 공간의 성분 영상 a*을 이용한 효과적인 여드름 검출

박기홍,노희성 한국디지털콘텐츠학회 2018 한국디지털콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.19 No.7

Today, modern people perceive skin care as part of their physical health care, and acne is a common skin disease problem that is found on the face. In this paper, an effective acne detection algorithm using CIE L*a*b* color space has been proposed. It is red when the pixel value of the component image a* is a positive number, so it is suitable for detecting acne in skin image. First, the skin image based on the RGB color space is subjected to light compensation through color balancing, and converted into a CIE L*a*b* color space. The extracted component image a* was normalized, and then the skin and acne area were estimated with the threshold values. Experimental results show that the proposed method detects acne more effectively than the conventional method based on brightness information, and the proposed method is robust against the reflected light source. 오늘날 현대인들은 피부 관리를 신체적 건강관리의 일환으로 인식하고 있으며, 일반적으로 얼굴에서 발견되는 피부 질환 문제는 여드름이다. 본 논문에서는 CIE L*a*b* 칼라 공간을 이용한 효과적인 여드름 검출 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 성분 영상 a*의 값이 양수일 경우에 적색이므로 피부 영상에서 적색 계통의 여드름 검출에 적합하다. 먼저 RGB 칼라 공간 기반의 피부 영상은 칼라 밸런싱을 통해 광 보상을 수행하고, CIE L*a*b* 칼라 공간으로 변환한다. 추출된 성분 영상 a*을 정규화하고, 임계값 처리를 통해 피부 영역과 여드름 영역을 추정하였다. 실험 결과, 제안하는 방법이 기존의 밝기 정보를 이용한 방법보다 효과적으로 여드름을 검출하였고, 반사되는 광원에 강인함을 보였다.

분광측정기를 이용한 자연 치아의 색조 비교 분석

김사학(Sa-Hak Kim),황성식(Seong-Sig Hwang),이혜은(Hye-Eun Lee) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 상악 전치부 색조 선택에 객관적인 기준을 설정하고자 색체계 Shade-Eye NCC를 이용하여 CIE L<SUP><SUP>*</SUP></SUP>, a<SUP>*</SUP>, b<SUP>*</SUP>값으로 측정하여 이 값들을 비교 분석하고 그 의미를 고찰하고자 실시되었다. 치과를 내원하는 환자에게 연구 의도를 설명해 주고 동의를 얻어 111명(남자 50명, 여자 61명)의 3개 치아, 즉 상악 중절치, 상악 측절치, 상악 견치 총 333개의 치아를 측색하였다. 절단부와 치경부의 색차를 비교한 결과 상악견치의 ΔE<SUP>*</SUP>값이 5.81(±2.98)으로 가장 낮았으며, 상악 측절치 6.51(±3.23), 상악 중절치의 7.51(±3.04) 순으로 점차 그 색차가 커지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 중절치와 측절치, 견치 모두 여성이 남성에 비해 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>)가 높았으며, 황색채도(b<SUP>*</SUP>)는 중절치에서 남성이 여성보다 약간 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 연령은 중절치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>), 적색채도(a<SUP>*</SUP>), 황색채도(b<SUP>*</SUP>), 측절치와 견치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>), 황색채도(b<SUP>*</SUP>)에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 흡연은 자연치의 색조에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하였으며, 음주는 중절치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>)를 감소시키며, 측절치의 적색채도(a<SUP>*</SUP>)를 감소시키는 경향을 나타냈다(p<0.05). 만성질환은 중절치와 측절치의 명도(L<SUP>*</SUP>)를 감소시키는 경향을 나타냈다(p<0.05). This study is to set the objective criteria on maxillary incisors shade selection by using the colorimetric Shade-Eye NCC as measuring in CIE L<SUP>*</SUP>, a<SUP>*</SUP>, b<SUP>*</SUP> values, and look into the meaning by analyzing its values. We explain the purpose of this study and gotten their agreement from patients visiting the dentist, 111 people’s (men 50, women 61) three teeth, the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canines, total of 333 teeth colorimetry. As a result of comparing the differences in colors between cervical margin and incisal edge, ΔE<SUP>*</SUP> of canine is shown as low as 5.81(±2.98), followed by lateral incisor of maxilla as 6.51(±3.23) and central incisor of maxilla 7.51(±3.04). Females show higher luminosity(L<SUP>*</SUP>) than males do in all teeth- central incisor, lateral incisor and canine; in yello chroma(b<SUP>*</SUP>) males’ central incisor is slightly higher than that of females (p<0.05). Age significantly influences the luminosity and red (a<SUP>*</SUP>) and yellow chroma (b<SUP>*</SUP>) of central incisor(L<SUP>*</SUP>); the luminosity(L<SUP>*</SUP>), and yellow chroma(b<SUP>*</SUP>) of lateral incisor and canine (p<0.05). Smoking doesn’t significantly influence the color of natural teeth. Drinking reduces the luminosity of central incisor as well as red chroma of lateral incisor(p<0.05). A chronic illness is likely to reduce the luminosity of central incisor and lateral incisor(p<0.05).

부실기재선하증권을 발행한 해상운송인의 포장당 책임제한조항 적용가능성에 대한 연구-미국 Berisford Metals Corp. v. S/S Salvador, and A/S Ivarans Rederi(1985) 판례를 중심으로-

김상만 국제거래법학회 2010 國際去來法硏究 Vol.19 No.2

It has been widely acknowledged that a carrier’s liability shall be limited to certain amount per package or per an accident. In this respect, the Hague Rules,which was adopted in 1924, limits a carrier’s liability to 100 pounds per package. Numerous countries including U.S.A, Korea, accepted the Hague Rules. Nevertheless, it has been criticized that a carrier’s liability is limited even though the damage is caused by its willful or gross negligent conduct. The Hague-Visby Rules, which is an amendment to the Hague Rules, provides some an exception to the package limitation of a carrier’s liability. Korea accepted the Hague-Visby Rules, but U.S.A. didn’t. However, U.S. federal courts recognized some exceptions in case of vacant B/L, or misrepresented B/L. In Berisford case regarding misrepresented B/L, the federal court concluded that carrier must held responsible for full value of the lost cargo and cannot invoke the $500 package limitation of liability provision of COGSA. The court applied a higher standard in the event that a carrier makes a representation in a B/L with respect to its own conduct since it is reasonably expected to be aware of its own actions, including whether or not it has loaded cargo. Furthemore, the court held that the carrier’s misrepresentation amounted to a fundamental breach going to the very essence of its contract and precluding it from invoking those package limitation of liability provision.

A novel antihypertension agent, sargachromenol D from marine brown algae, <i>Sargassum siliquastrum</i>, exerts dual action as an L-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker and endothelin A/B₂ receptor antagonist

Park, Byong-Gon,Shin, Woon-Seob,Oh, Sangtae,Park, Gab-Man,Kim, Nam Ik,Lee, Seokjoon Elsevier 2017 Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry Vol.25 No.17

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We isolated the novel vasoactive marine natural products, (5<I>E</I>,10<I>E</I>)-14-hydroxy-2,6,10-trimethylpentadeca-5,10-dien-4-one (<B>4</B>) and sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>), from Sargassum siliquastrum collected from the coast of the East Sea in South Korea by using activity-guided HPLC purification. The compounds effectively dilated depolarization (50mMK<SUP>+</SUP>)-induced basilar artery contraction with EC<SUB>50</SUB> values of 3.52±0.42 and 1.62±0.63μM, respectively, but only sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) showed a vasodilatory effect on endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced basilar artery contraction (EC<SUB>50</SUB> =9.8±0.6μM). These results indicated that sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) could act as a dual antagonist of <SMALL>L</SMALL>-type Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channel and endothelin A/B<SUB>2</SUB> receptors. Moreover, sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) lowered blood pressure in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) 2h after oral treatment at a dose of 80mg/kg dose and the effect was maintained for 24h. Based on our ex vivo and <I>in vivo</I> experiments, we propose that sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) is a strong candidate for the treatment of hypertension that is not controlled by conventional drugs, in particular, severe-, type II diabetes-, salt-sensitive, and metabolic disease-induced hypertension.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Sargachromenol D (<B>5</B>) acts as a dual antagonist of L-type Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channel and endothelin A/B<SUB>2</SUB> receptors.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>