The Need for Green Sourcing in Free Trade Agreements

박명섭(Myong-Sop Pak),신수용(Soo-Yong Shin) 한국무역연구원 2013 貿易 硏究 Vol.9 No.3

오늘날 자유무역협정은 전 세계적으로 이루어지고 있는 추세이다. 자유무역협정은 협정을 맺은 양 국가들 간에 관세 혜택을 부여함으로 세금에 대한 부담이 줄어들어 기업들의 활발한 무역활동을 촉진시킬 수 있다. 자유무역협정에서 관세에 대한 혜택을 부여받기 위해서는 원산지규정에 따른 원산지 증명이 반드시 이루어져야하는데 원산지 증명에 대한 국가별 규정이 각기 상이하고 절차가 복잡하여 규모가 큰 기업뿐 아니라 규모가 다소 작은 기업들도 혜택을 부여받는데 어려운 실정이다. 기존의 자유무역협정이 가지고 있는 관세 혜택의 장점을 살리지 못하는 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 원산지규정 간편화를 통해 기업들의 자발적이고 접근성을 용이하게 해야 비용 및 시간을 절감할 수 있다는 연구들은 기존에 다수 존재하고 있다. 하지만 비용 및 시간 절감 이외에도 환경적 인 부분을 고려해야 한다고 생각한다. 자유무역협정으로 맺어진 양 국가간의 무역활성화는 경제적인 측면에서 두 국가에게 이득을 제공할 수 있지만 경제적 발전을 위한 개발과 산업화는 지속적으로 환경을 파괴함으로써 전 세계가 공통적으로 문제점을 삼고 있는 온난화를 촉진 시킬 우려가 있다. 따라서 자유무역협정을 통한 경제적 이득과 환경적인 측면을 고려한 그린소싱과 같은 녹색 전략이 자유무역협정 규정에 정책적으로 다가갈 수 있는 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다. 본 연구에서는 관세혜택을 바탕으로 이루어지는 무역활동에 있어 비용적 측면 이외에도 환경적 측면을 고려한 녹색 자유무역협정에 대해 연구를 하고자 한다. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) connect countries to major economies and new markets through eliminations of tariffs, import quotas, and preferences on most goods and services between agreed members. Increased number of such agreements worldwide has led to an increased interest in Rules of Origins (ROOs) which is necessary for identifying a nationality of a product in order to receive the benefit under FTAs. However, complex characteristics of ROOs damage the principle benefit of FTAs which leaves cost burdens to companies. Because of such complexity, harmonization of ROOs has long been argued. Harmonizing the complex ROOs may benefit many countries and businesses. However, the current issues related to FT As or use of ROOs rather seem to pay most attention only on reducing costs while the current century is faced with ever-challenging environmental issues. Environment should never be neglected. Considering green efforts in FTAs would be necessary. FTAs could consider strategies that accompany green efforts namely green sourcing, for example. Applying green sourcing in FTAs should allow companies to focus on their supply chains with sustainability to give positive effects on the environment. Such efforts should also provide them with further cost benefits. This paper aims to study FTAs with related issues of ROOs in order to argue for the need of green sourcing in them.

무역원활화를 위한 민간 부분의 역할과 협력방안

송선욱 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.6

International trade volumes have been increasing consistently. Meanwhile, private sectors i.e. business community(exporters, importers, carriers, freighter forwarders, etc) have been demanding more efficient trade facilitation processes which make trade across borders faster, cheaper and more predictable. There are great potential benefits from trade facilitation for both border agencies and the business community. But border agencies have some problems related to effective border management under the resources limitation. So it is necessary to cooperate with private sectors in order to offer an effective and secure border control. There are concrete cooperation ways as follows ; Firstly, border agencies need to establish and maintain a national committee on trade facilitation effectively. Secondly, border agencies and private sectors continue to strengthen cooperation activities through seminar, workshop, study group, etc. Thirdly, border agencies need to increase outsourcing and contracting-out of border agencies services. Through these cooperation measures, border agencies will be able to improve border management effectively and private sectors to reinforce their competitiveness.

한‧중‧일 서비스 자유무역협정 체결을 위한 과제

이신규(Shin-Kyuo Lee) 한국무역연구원 2006 무역연구 Vol.2 No.2

This study is to analyse service industry in Korea, China and Japan(KCJ) and some tasks for free trade agreement among the three countries. Services have long operated in politically sensitive economic sectors and as such have been heavily regulated. In most countries of the world, for example, governments own and directly or indirectly control the communications infrastructure and services. Other services industries such as banking and insurance are either government owned or highly regulated in most countries. KCJ must be in a situation to strengthen their services industry. And the only viable strategy for the sustainable development of KCJ might be the opening to the world. The stronger competition associated with regional services trade, with similar cultural background, can reduce costs and prices, increase efficiency and innovation, and broaden the range of services being offered. It can also reduce the fragmentation of services markets. More productive services sector can also be the foundation for the better performance of other sectors, notably the manufacturing sector, as this increasingly relies on support and inputs from efficient and cost-effective producer services. FTA on services among KCJ might help them in strengthening their respective comparative advantage in services.

한·중 지식 서비스산업의 무역 경쟁력 분석과 시사점

김경희 한국무역연구원 2013 무역연구 Vol.9 No.4

This study is to understand whether remains to stay some level for the importance of the knowledge service industry, trade status, and the level of international competitiveness currently in Korea and China. And is to analysis to stay competitive level in the international market. As a result, this study's purpose is placed to suggest the promotion for Korea and China's knowledge service industry and future prospects and any direction in the international market Therefore this study examined knowledge services industry of Korea on the basis of a range by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy in 2007, and examined trade status and service balance of knowledge service industry in Korea and China. And to catch Korea and China's position in the international competitive, this study analyzed by using the trade balance contribution, international market share, trade specialization indices, Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of knowledge service industry of Korea and China. As a result, Korea's chronic deficit of knowledge services industry is in a situation that doesn't escape. In particular, fee services including business services, travel services, patent services one of a total service balance is 67% that they occur the deficit, and the international competitiveness in these sectors were very vulnerable. However, sectors 4 - construction, transportation, finance, and government - showed services surplus and trade also showed export specialization. In addition, construction, transportation, and financial services in international competitiveness had comparative advantage and competitiveness also has been enhanced. China's service industry is poor international competitiveness as well as in Korea and comparative advantage in the market do not properly secured Therefore, the Chinese government widened the degree of openness and if they don't actively support the policy of service industry for the international competition, they will be deprived an opportunity that take to secure high value in 21 centuries.

중국의 대외무역대리제도하에서 한국기업의 대중국 수출계약상의 유의점 : 중국 신통일계약법의 적용을 중심으로

한상현 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.3

According to the increasing trade with China, the trend of business dispute is growing rapidly with respect to trade and investment between Korea and China. Specially, regarding international business disputes over Chinese foreign trade management rights, the dispute related to trade agent can be conducted. The foreign trade agency system of China is a result of foreign trade policy, not a system regarding legal factors. Therefore, Chinese scholars present various opinion whether foreign trade agency is considered as a consignment agency relationship or consignment dealing relationship, or dealing relationship. However this kind of confusion aroused different conclusion about similar cases related to foreign trade agency. Therefore, this study is systematically analyzing the problem of Chinese trade agent system, applying revised contract law article 402. Furthermore, based on this analysis, the implications for a plan and alternatives for Korean exporter are elicited.

한국과 유럽 사이의 무역에 적용되는 법률 변화 가능성과 시사점*

김봉철,김호,신의찬 한국무역연구원 2023 무역연구 Vol.19 No.1

Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to explore the national application of international law in the field of trade based on the possibilities and implications of law changes applied to trade between Korea and Europe. Design/Methodology/Approach – To analyze the possibilities and implications of law changes applied to trade between Korea and Europe, the paper focuses on the connectivity between international and national law based on literature research and legal texts. Specifically, it proposes a relationship between changes in the international community and international law on Korea-Europe trade based on the Korea-EU FTA and global challenges ahead of Korea and Europe. Findings – Since the European Union began to raise interest in Asia in the 1990s, relations between Korea and Europe have also developed rapidly. In particular, Korea and Europe have maintained close economic relations with the signing of the Korea-EU FTA in 2011, and discussions on international cooperation and the domestic application of international law have continued in the process. In this respect, the recent spread of international norms, including trade and sustainable development emphasized by the European Union, and the various global issues currently occurring, also have a significant impact on Korea-Europe relations and trade. Research Implications – The national application of international law centered on the Korea-EU FTA in establishing new cooperation between Korea and Europe in the future is likely to be revised, and new changes in the areas of a future Korea-EU FTA and international cooperation, such as well as recent global issues such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russia-Ukraine War.

중국 위안(CNY)화 절상과 한국 기업의 전략적 대응방안에 관한 연구

김홍원(Hong-Won Kim) 한국무역연구원 2008 무역연구 Vol.4 No.2

The purpose of this study is to find the problems and the study on the Korean Firm's Strategy Towards the Appreciation China Yuan's(CYN). The appreciation of the Chinese Yuan has accelerated since November 2007, and in April 2008, the Yuan/US$ exchange rate fell to the lowest level since 1993. The Chinese economy has average annual economic growth of 10% and average inflation 1%(high growth and low inflation) after 2001. The empirical results are as fellows ; First, Korean firms debt redemption an early refund the China Yuan(CYN) extend business to China. Second, If the appreciation of the CYN continue Korean firms have to make preparations of China's competitive power. Third, Korean firms are engaged in export of raw material to China diversification of export country of India and Vietnam etc. Firth, Korea foreign direct investment(FDI) into China will be on the decrease our country firms research increase of FDI.

한국과 영국의 FTA개선협상과 새로운 무역환경에 관한 분석

김종권 한국무역연구원 2023 무역연구 Vol.19 No.1

Purpose – The aim of this analysis is to provide implications for trade practice by analyzing FTA progress in the digital economy and trade field with IPEF through FTA improvement negotiations between Korea and the UK, and an analysis of the new trade environment. Design/Methodology/Approach – The annual export/import growth rate (year-on-year) before and after the Korea-UK FTA was concluded and forecasts for 2022 and 2023 were reviewed. This data from 2000 to 2021 are based on the Economic Statistical System of the Bank of Korea. It recorded 33.20% in 2021, the second highest growth rate since the 2000s, after recording 36.95% in 2004. It was estimated through the model of ARIMA (1, 1, 0) in the case of 2022 and 2023. After the Korea-UK FTA was concluded, it was found that the trade volume of Korea-UK combined exports and imports increased. Findings – In the future, it is expected that joint cooperation and R&D investment in high-tech and high-tech industries will be more actively developed through improvement negotiations in the fields of SCM, digital economy, and trade. Research Implications – The US is currently emphasizing US production of optical fibers, semiconductors, and electric vehicles as well as key parts in relation to the global supply chain. Therefore, the Korea-UK FTA improvement negotiation and framework require joint cooperation and R&D investment in the reorganization of the US global supply chain in cutting-edge industries, including US semiconductors, science law, and inflation reduction laws.

미국 소비자의 한국 국가이미지와 한국기업 브랜드 이미지에 관한 실증분석

이제홍(Je-Hong Lee) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.6

The purpose of this paper is to explore empirically recognition of the South Korean image and the product brand image of selected South Korean corporate such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai-Kia Auto within the U.S.A. market. To this end, a survey of American. customers who are residents of the U.S.A. was conducted from August 5 to November 2015 using a questionnaire. Data gathered from North Texas 107 respondents were analyzed using the partial least squares regression approach. Empirical results divulged that South Korean image is not effects on Korean corporate brand image. also Korean product brand image of selected South Korean corporate do not an effect on U.S.A. customers. It is concluded that Korean purchasing intention image has a statistically significant effect on creating Korean corporate brand image including 'Korean products quality’, and 'Korean products brand’. However, Korea, products design is not statistically significant.

효율적인 무역화물 관리를 위한 협력적 국경관리에 관한 연구

송선욱(Seon-Uk, Song) 한국무역연구원 2014 무역연구 Vol.10 No.3

Trade volumes and border security concerns have been increasing consistently. Under this circumstances, Coordinated Border Management(CBM) is needed for effective international cargo management. The purpose of CBM is to facilitate trade and to secure borders at the same time. It is necessary to implement several measures for effective CBM in Korea. Firstly, Customs need to cooperate with Animal and plant quarantine agency in order to inspect trade cargoes at same time and same place. Secondly, the Border Sector Governance Group, which consists of Customs services, Animal and plant quarantine agency, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea Coast Guard, and Ministry of Justice, has to establish in order to cooperate and adjust border management works effectively. Thirdly, Customs Services needs to conclude more practical mutual administrative assistance agreements with main trade partners for enhancing border control.