가람 時調에 나타난 自然觀 考察

강관진(Kang, Kwan-Jin) 한국시조학회 2014 시조학논총 Vol.40 No.-

본고는 가람의 시조에 나타난 자연관을 살펴봄으로써 가람이 자연을 인식하고 시조에 구현하는 방식을 구체적으로 파악하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 다음과 같이 크게 두 가지 관점에 집중한다. 첫째는 현실의 비극을 비추는 거울로서의 자연이요, 둘째는 그러한 현실의 비극을 극복하고 초월하고자 하는 매개체로서의 자연이다. 가람이 시조 속에 구현하고 있는 자연은 때로는 현실의 비극을 드러내는 역할을 한다. 이 현실의 비극을 크게 세 가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있는데 (1) 망국의 비극, (2) 사회의 비극, (3) 문명의 비극이 그것이다. 첫째, 亡國의 悲劇은 일제 강점기의 비극적 현실인식을 나타낸다. 〈봄(二)〉의 경우 망국의 현실을 되새기는 내용으로서 인간사의 비극과는 무관하게 자연은 평화롭게 그려져 있어 대조적인 모습을 드러낸다. 〈解放前〉, 〈洪原低調〉 등에서도 망국민의 눈에 비친 현실의 비극이 표현되고 있다. 둘째, 자연은 사회적인 비극을 드러내는 매개체로도 활용된다. 〈農村의 明朗〉에서는 농촌의 평화로운 풍경과 범죄가 난무하는 도시를 비교하는 구조를 통하여 자연과 멀어진 사회의 비극을 드러낸다. 〈農村畵帖(二)〉, 〈途中點景〉, 〈발[簾]〉 등에서도 인간 사회의 비극이 부각되고 있다. 셋째, 文明의 悲劇 또한 자연을 매개로 나타난다. 〈냉이꽃〉이 대표적인 작품으로서 냉이꽃 한 잎에도 생명을 불어넣지 못하는 인류 문명을 질타하는 내용이다. 水素彈이나 原子彈 등의 인공물과는 달리 자연은 변화를 가져오고 새로움을 창조하는 위대한 존재다. 가람은 현실의 비극을 드러내는 한편, 그러한 비극의 현실을 극복하고 초월하기 위한 매개체로서 자연을 활용하기도 했다. (1) 자연을 동경하고 (2) 자연에의 회귀를 염원하였으며 (3) 일상에서의 초월을 꿈꾸기도 했다. 첫째, 自然에 대한 憧憬과 沒入의 자세를 찾을 수 있다. 〈蘭草(四)〉에서는 자연의 아름다움을 통하여 자신을 갈고 닦고자 하는 자세를 보이며, 〈蘭草(二)〉의 경우 난초와 동일화를 이루며 황홀경에 사로잡혀 있는 장면이 나타나고, 〈蘭草(三)〉의 경우 자연물과의 내밀한 대화가 그려져 있다. 둘째, 自然回歸를 志向하는 자세를 볼 수 있다. 〈새벽〉에서는 자연에 안주하고 의지하고 싶은 심리를 그리고 있으며, 〈蘭과 梅〉에서는 영예나 신앙보다 자연을 귀하게 여기는 마음이 나타나 있다. 〈芭蕉〉에서는 자연을 통한 고향회귀 의식을 나타내고 있다. 셋째, 日常에 內在된 超越性을 누리는 모습이 나타난다. 〈故鄕길에〉의 경우 현실을 초월하여 다른 세계에 속해 있는 기분을 나타내고 있다. 〈萬瀑洞〉에서는 속진을 벗어 버린 별세계에서 화자는 ‘神仙’이 된 듯 ‘물소리를’ 듣는다. 이와 같이 동양적 자연관이 배어 있는 가람의 시조는 시조문학에 시사하는 바가 많다. 우리는 그 정신을 보존하고 계승할 필요가 있다. 그러한 면에서 가람의 자연관에 대한 보다 깊고 넓은 연구가 필요하다. This study is going to examine the Garam Yi, Byung-Gi’s poetic values by watching his view of nature which appeared in his Sijo, a kind of Korean traditional poetry. The study mainly focuses on two aspects: firstly, nature as a mirror that reflects tragedy in real world and secondly, nature as a medium through which the tragedy could be overcome. Nature appeared in Garam’s Sijo sometimes to do with a role to show tragedy in the real world. The tragedy of real world which Garam shows in his Sijo can be classified by three types: (1) Tragedy of ruined country, (2) Tragedy of society and (3) Tragedy of civilization. Firstly, tragedy of ruined country represent Garam’s understanding of tragic situation of his country caused by Japanese occupation. In his Sijo named 〈Spring (2)〉, Garam shows the reality of ruined country. In that Sijo, natural objects of background appears peacefully regardless of tragic status of human history. Some more works including 〈Before Liberation〉 and 〈Hong-Won-Joe -Jo〉 shows similar tragedies suffered by reality of colony. Secondly, the nature which Garam present in his Sijo is also used as mediator for uncover tragedy of society. In his work 〈Cheerfulness of a Farm Village〉, Garam exposes tragedy of society by comparing peaceful farm village and criminality of major city. 〈Scenery of Farm Village (2)〉 and other works also shows tragic reality of human society in similar ways. Thirdly, natural object also used to reveal tragic aspect of civilization. One of that kind of works is 〈Shepherd"s Pouch Flower〉 which contains a message of scolding human civilization that could not blows on life to a plant’s leaf. The artificial things like hydrogen bomb and atom bomb are useless for saving lives. In compare with that, nature is great existence which brings change and create newness. Garam utilized nature to reveal tragic life while using it as a mediator to transcend that tragedy. He (1) longed in nature and (2) desired recurrence to nature and (3) dreamed of transcendence in daily life. Firstly, he showed admiration and immersion to nature in his works. In series of work subjected on Orchid, he described his desire to live in nature through his behavior of caring, watching and feeling the plant. Secondly, he shows his willing to recurrence to nature. In 〈Dawn〉, he describe the mind to live in natural peace and to rely on it, and in 〈Orchid and Apricot〉, he reveals the mind that admire natural more than honor or faith. Thirdly, Garam’s figure enjoying transcendence characteristics that inherent in daily life is appeared in his works. 〈On the Road To Hometown〉 shows the feeling like be in another world above this world. In 〈Man-Pok-Dong〉, the poetic speaker hears “the sound of water” as “legendary hermit” in another world. In this way Garam feels transcendence in daily life in various ways and sublimate them into his many Sijo works. Gram’s poetic spirits are necessary to be preserved and be inherited for present and future Sijo literature. That is why Garam’s view of nature is necessary to be studied more deeply and widely.

공기소총 사격시의 생체변화 분석

엄기진,이철규,박장평,이광재,문병용,홍관이,노성규,오수일,박기동 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所 1985 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.10

This study conducted for analyze the process of physiological variation during shooting, and produce the basic data for training prescription to the performance improvement in Air Rifle Shooting, 9 Elite Rifle shooters )College 3, High School 3, Middle School 3) in GangWeon province were tested the physiological parameter which are Electrocardiograph(E.C.G), Heart-rate(H.R), Respiratory pattern, and Trigger time by polygraph system 8 channel from Sept. 1st to Sept. 10th, 1985. Analyzed experimental results are as follows; 1. Firing at T-P wave in E.C.G, 77.68bpm in H.R)16.68% by resulting H.R), the deep size of inspiration-expiration was low, and 8.34 sec of trigger interval were appeared when the shooter acquired high score. 2. The most effective factor among physiological parameters for excellent shooting score is the inspiratory volume with decresc breathing pattern. 3. Shooting performances correlated with stability and static-dynamic balance, but flexibility effected on negative correlation.

모체 Thyroxine 투여가 태아알코올효과를 가진 흰쥐 대뇌겉질 및 해마에서 NPY함유 신경세포의 생후 발달에 미치는 영향

김복,박상기,박영란,김종중,문정석,김주수,문영민,현영식,천관영,정윤영 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.2

Background and Objectives: Maternal alcohol abuse is considered to be one of the most prominent cause of neurobiological malformations in the postnatal and adult life of the offspring. In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal alcohol drinking on the postnatal development of NPY-containing neuron, and, the influence of thyroxine treatment on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of pups of alcohol abused mother. Materials and Method: Time-pregnant rats were divided into three groups. Alcohol-fed group A received 35 calories of liquid alcohol diet daily from gestation day 6; control pair-fed group B was fed a liquid diet in dextrin replaced alcohol isocalorically: alcohol + T4 group C received 35 calories liquid alcohol diet and exogenous thyroxine subcutaneously. Results: Group C showed prominent NPY immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex compared to group A and B at P7. In group C, NPY-containing neurons were widely distributed in the all layers of cerebral cortex after P14. Besides, numerical decrease of NPY-containing neuron as age increases was not found in group C. However, the decrease of NPY-containing neuron was clearly observed in group A compared to group C after P14. In hippocampus, group Band C were appeared similar patterns after P7. Additionally, in group C, NPY immunoreactivity was prominently appeared in CA2 and CA3 at P14 as compared to group B. Conclusions: The present results showed the increase of intensity and number of NPY-containing neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of pups of exogenous T₄ supplemented alcohol-exposed dams as compared to control pair-fed and alcohol-exposed pups at P7. It presumably suggest that NPY-containing neurons might be regulated by the early postnatal growth stimulatory effect of the exogenously supplemented T₄. Therefore, the increase of NPY synthesis caused by maternal administration of exogenous thyroxine may ameliorate fetal alcohol effect, one of the ill effects as a result of the dysthyroid state following maternal alcohol abuse.

충주시 농촌지역 주민들에 대한 보건교육 평가

권복규,양준호,송진범,이건세,이원진,장성훈 건국대학교 의과학연구소 1996 건국의과학학술지 Vol.5 No.-

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of health education program in Choongju rural area which had conducted by Public Health Doctor during winter in 1994 and 1995. We used two step sampling method for a household survey. First, six were selected from 12 Myuns, which were stratified by the level of health education activity. Second, we applied convenient sample method. Of the 307 respondents, most of them knew Health-subcenter's existence in their region. However, only 149 persons(45%) visited it during last year. They visited Health-subcenter because it was easy to travel and convenient. Some of them thought that Health-subcenter had very poorly equipped and supplied. About 32∼34% of respondents participated the health education program for hypertension and diabetes mellitus which was done last winter, and 59∼70% of participants of the program answered that it was very, moderately helpful. 82∼83% of participants recognized complications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and 18∼20% of them did not know that medications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus should be continued one's whole life. The respondents want to receive health educations for cancer, arthritis, viral hepatitis and AIDS in orders. Many of rural residents utilize Health-subcenters because health clinics in Choongju rural area are very few.

λ-경쇄형 다발성 골수종 1예

박용관,김태원,장영,김진호,강정원,천영욱,박유환,정춘해 조선대학교 1995 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.20 No.1

Multiple myeloma is a disease caused by neoplastic plasma cells that synthesize abnormal amouts of immunoglobulin or immunoglobulin fragments. Light chain myeloma are regarded as a separate category characterized by a more malignant clinical course. Light chain myelomas are said to grow fastest of all and are associated with more osteolytic lesions, more hypercalcemia, and a higher incidence of renal failure and amyloidsis than either the IgG, IgA varienties The authors experienced a case of patients with λ-light chain myeloma. A 43-year-old male patient admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of both rib and lower back pain. The radiologic findings showed multiple pathologic fracture in ribs. osteolytic lesions in 2nd, 3rd cervical spineimmuture plasma cells. Serum electrophoresis showed normal finding. Urine electrophoresis evealed an M-spike. Urine immunoelectrophoress demonstrated λ-monoclonal protein. With the cycle of melphalan, prednisone and α-interferon chemotherapy improved of pain was observed. So we reported the case with brief review of previous literature.

인공 치아 제작을 위한 기하학적 특성 추출

장진호,유관희 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신 연구소 2001 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.9 No.1

최근 의학 분야에서는 컴퓨터 그래픽스 기술을 통해 컴퓨터로 인체의 해부학적 조직을 재구성하려는 시도에 많은 관심이 쏟아졌다. 이러한 관심은 치과 치료분야에서도 이루어져 왔는데, 컴퓨터 그래픽스를 이용한 치과 치료에도 많은 응용 분야가 있다. 자료를 측정한다거나, 시각적으로 3차원의 영상을 보여준다거나, CAD-CAM 기술을 이용하여 의치의 틀이나 금형 등을 제작할 수 도 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 다양한 응용에 기반 기술이 될 수 있는 치아의 기하학적 특성을 정의하고, 이것을 찾기 위한 여러 가지 방법을 실험해보고, 더 낳은 방법을 제시하고자 한다. In the latest medical world, the attempt of reconstructing anatomical human body system using computer graphics technology awakes people's interests. Actually, this trial has been made in dentistry too. There are a lot of practicable technology fields using computer graphics in dentistry. For example, the measuring of data, 3D visualization, manufacturing a dentures, die by CAD-CAM technology can be applied. This paper shows the definition of geometric feature of teeth and experiments several different ways and propose better way for serching it.

고정층 활성탄 흡착반응기에서 기상 톨루엔의 흡착특성

임진관,이송우,감상규,이동환,이민규 한국환경과학회 2005 한국환경과학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Adsorption characteristics of toluene vapor, which is one of important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), by activated carbon were investigated using a fixed bed adsorption column. The operating parameters such as breakthrough curve, adsorption capacity. mass transfer zone (MTZ), and length of unused bed (LUB) were studied. The experimental results showed that the breakthrough time decreased with increasing inlet toluene concentration and gas flow rate. MTZ and LUB increased with the increase of inlet concentration, gas flow rate, and particle size of activated carbon. The adsorption capacity increased with the increase of inlet toluene concentration, while it decreased with increasing particle size. However, it was kept at constant value regardless of the increase of gas flow rate. Adsorption isotherm of toluene vapor could be represented by the Freundlich adsorption equation fairly well. From the adsorption experiments using some VOC gases such as toluene, xylene, butyl acetate. butanol and acetone, it was also found that the adsorption capacity was higher in the case of gas with higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure.

골다공증 환자 혈청이 정상인 조골세포의 성장과 분화에 미치는 영향

김진,이재훈,김경욱,이광원,한상배,김환묵 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2002 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.24 No.4

Osteoporosis is a condition in which an imbalance appears between bone resorption and formation, with bone resorption exceeding formation. Recent studies have shown that bone formation abnormalities in various forms of osteopenia result mainly from defective recruitment of osteoblastic cells. These abnormalities in osteoblast function and bone formation are associated with alterations in the expression or production of several growth factors, such as TGF-β which modulate the proliferation and activity of bone-forming cells. Bone transplantation is an absoulte requirement in several patholigical conditions. The growth factors, such as TGF-β, PDGF, were the effective in promoting growth of the bone in vitro and in animal models. We have investigated the effects of PDGF and TGF-β on the proliferation and differentiation of the normal human osteoblast in vitro culture. The normal human osteoblast from iliac bone were primarily cultured. The serums obtained from the osteoporotic patients and the normal was used to quantify PDGF and TGF-β from the osteoporotic patients serum and the normal serum. To clarify the effects of the various different the culture conditions such as 1×10 exp(4) cells/㎖, 2.5×10 exp(4) cells/㎖, 5×10 exp(4) cells/㎖, 10×10 exp(4) cells/㎖ (0.2∼2×10 exp(4) cells/well) of the osteoblast at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours under 10% FBS, 10% normal human serum, 10% osteoporotic human serum, 3% normal human PRP, 3% osteoporotic human PRP. The cell proliferation and differentiation was determined by [^3H]-thymidine and SRB assay, and the magnitude of differentiation to osteoblast was confirmed by von Kossa staining and alkaline phosphatase stain and measuring the alkaline phosphatase activity during 48 hours and 72 hours. Statistical differences were evaluated using the scheffe's test. The ANOVA procedure of the SAS system. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. The age distribution of normal human was 36.9±4.4 old, osteoporotic human was 72.5±0.2 old with statistical significant difference(p<0.05). 2. The quantification of TGF-β of the normal human serum was 39658.38±11630.43 pg/㎖, the osteoporotic human serum was 30459.40±1704.92 pg/㎖ with statistical significant difference. The quantification of PDGF of the normal human serum was 3064.13±709.51 pg/㎖, the osteoporotic human serum was 2514.13±140.21 pg/㎖ with no statistical significant difference(p<0.05). 3. The DNA synthesis and protein assay of human osteoblast at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours was similar increased to 10% normal human seurm, 10% osteoporotic human serum. There was no statistical significant difference between the normal human and the osteoporotic patients in 3% normal human PRP and 3% osteoporotic human PRP. 4. The optimal cell concentration was 5×10 exp(4) cells/㎖ among 1×10 exp(4) cells/㎖, 2.5×10 exp(4) cells/㎖, 5×10 exp(4) cells/㎖, and 10×10 exp(4) cells/㎖. The DNA synthesis was decreased after 72 hours in the normal human serum and PRP, the osteoportic serum and PRP. 5. The alkaline phosphatase activity was as the same result 10% FBS, 10% osteoportic serum and 10% normal human serum at 48 hours with no statistical significant, but the alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in 10% osteoportic human serum and 10% normal human serum except 10% FBS at 72 hours. From above result, the amount of TGF-β of the normal human growth factor was higher than the osteoporotic patients, but the growth factors of the osteoportic patients were enough the proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblasts such like the same effects of normal human growth factors.

老巨樹 管理實態에 關한 硏究

鄭鎭澈,田璟秀,張圭寬,崔正鎬 圓光大學校大學院 1993 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

The big trees have been keeping the relation to human's living way in various aspects, environment protection, emotion creation and tree worshiping through which they believed to be safe, happy and prosperous, and also giving more recreational opportunity to provincial particularly. This study was carried out to analyse the status of designation and management of big tree in Iri-Iksan province, Chollabuk-Do. The result are summarized as follows. 1. It was appeared that at present Big trees in the investigated area were 78 location (7 families, 9 genera, 11 species) that was identified. Among them the species appearing most frequently were Zelkova serrata(25), Salix glandulosa (20), Gingko biloba(15) and Celtis japonica(8) in that order. The order hand, designation grade of big tree classified into six categories, that is 1 botanic natural monument, 5 Si-Kun tree, 3 Eup-Myon tree, 1 maeul tree, 53 Restraint tree ad 15 Non-Designation tree. 2. In designation of nurse tree, there are key needs that are professionals in field survey. We suggested the futher designation plan stressed the importance of the value of big tree. 3. Government have to increase of the forestry staff who take sole charge of the protection of big tree, and must reach managers the technique for effective management of big tree. 4. We have to make an budget of big tree management, establish a protective facilities, control of insets and disease on time, and treat and operate on the injured big tree. Thus government should be positively concerned, and more research would need to understand the critical factors affecting the big tree.

혈행차단에 따른 두개골외판 이식의 생존 차이

박관규,박성근,한기환,강진성 大韓成形外科學會 1993 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.20 No.1

Difficulties arise in prediction of maintenance of the graft volume and viability of graft over time when a bone graft used for facial reconstruction. A bone-to-bone contact between the graft and the recipient bone is imporant for creeping substitution and survial of the recipient bone is important for creeping substitution and of the grafted bone. An adequate blood supply is also essential to ensure the survival of any live cells of the surface of the graft. Our study was designed to determine which one is an important factor viability of the grafted bone in Korean adult dogs : a bone-to-bone contact or overlying soft tissue. Blocks of outer table of the parietal bone were placed at the maxillae subperiostially in 4 different ways : bone-to-bone contact groups(groups Ⅰand Ⅱ)with placing a silicone membrane over the grafted bone and soft tissue contact groups(groups Ⅲand Ⅳ)with placing a silicone sheet between the grafted bone and the recipient. In groups Ⅰand Ⅲ, the cancellous surfaces of the parietal bone was placed on the recipient and the cortical surfaces were placed on the recipient in groups Ⅱ and Ⅳ. Caliper techniques were used to study the rates of volume maintenance of the grafts at 6, 12, and 20 weeks after bone grafting. The volumes of the living bone were quantified microscopically using a modified point-countiong technique. The volume is reduced in a similar rate with time in all groups. At 6 week, living bone cells increased in soft tissue contact groups Ⅲ and Ⅳ however, and increased in bone to bone contact groups Ⅰand Ⅱ at 12 and 20 weeks. there were osteoblastic proliferation and laminated mature bones in group Ⅰand Ⅱ. But osteoclasts and their associated osteolytic changes were still seen near the silicone membrane in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ, which may imply a continuing resorptive process with time. In summary, revascularization from the overlying soft tissue is important for the graft survival in early stage of the bone grafting while bone-to-bone contact may be essential in a later stage.