Ingress/egress Motion Analysis of Recreational Vehicle through Video Observation

Dongkook Park,Donghun Lee,Hojin Lee,Bora Kang,Min K. Chung,Sangkyu Kim,Jungpil Choi 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

This study compares ingress/egress motion in recreational vehicle driver's seat in terms of user's height. To comparing motion, first, we developed ingress/egress motion classification criteria. Next, we conducted ingress/egress motion experiment. Forty people were participated in this experiment. These participants were grouped by their height. We recorded ingress egress motion analyze these data by video observation. The results show that there exist ingress/egress motion differences between user groups. These differences were mainly comes from door entrance height. This study is basis for other ingress/egress experiments design.

Correlation between Structures and Magnetism in Iron

Dongkook Lee,Sooncheol Hong 한국자기학회 2007 Journal of Magnetics Vol.12 No.2

Even a pure bulk Fe has a complicated magnetic phase and its magnetism is still needed to be clarified. In this study we investigated the magnetism of bcc and fcc bulk Fe with total energy calculations as functions of atomic volume. The full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method was adopted within a generalized gradient approximation. The ground state of bulk Fe is confirmed to be of ferromagnetic (FM) bcc. For fcc structured Fe an antiferromagnetic (AFM) state is more stable compared to FM states which exist as low spin and high spin states. The stable AFM states were found to accompany a tetragonal distortion, while the FM states remained in a cubic symmetry. At an expanded lattice constant a high spin FM state was calculated to be able to be stabilized with significant enhanced magnetic moment compared to the value of the ground state, bcc FM.

Foot Placement Analysis of Vehicle Ingress by User Characteristics

Hojin Lee,Donghun Lee,Bora Kang,Dongkook Park,Min K. Chung,Sangkyu Kim,Jungpil Choi 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

This study investigated the standard foot placement and found tendency among groups according to body size in recreational vehicle ingress. A total of forty people participated in ingress experiment. Subjects were divided into four groups according to their body size and performed ingress experiment of three vehicles (low size recreational vehicle, high size recreational vehicle and recreational vehicle having side-step). Experimenter recorded foot placement of subjects and analyzed video for obtaining foot placement involving center position of the foot and foot angle. And then through foot angle data, histogram was drawn and representative foot angle range which showed high frequency was founded. Experiment found mean value of those data in the representative foot angle range. The mean foot center and angle was identified with representative foot placement of the group. Generally small body size people had closer foot placement from vehicle than large body size people. However specially, high stature group people had far foot placement from vehicle than extreme high stature group. The result of this study can't be generalized to whole vehicle, but the methodology and tendency can be applied to understand ingress motion of full body and make more precise simulation analysis of vehicle ingress

영어철자 I/Y의 교체에 관한 통시적 분석

이동국 ( Dongkook Lee ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2022 통합인문학연구 Vol.14 No.1

영어는 철자와 발음이 일관성을 보이지 않는 경우가 많다. yes, beyond의 < y >와 kiss, like의 < i >는 전혀 다른 발음을 표기하지만 study, studied에서는 두 문자가 같은 음을 나타낸다. 전통적인 설명은 이 현상을 피상적인 규칙으로 나타낼 뿐 그 이유는 밝히지 못한다. 본 연구는 통시적인 분석에 의해 두 철자 간의 관계를 규명하고자 한다. < y >는 애당초 모음을 나타내는 문자였으며 원순 자질을 상실함에 따라 < i >와 음가가 겹치게 되었고 표준철자가 확립되는 18세기까지 두 글자 사이의 경쟁은 이어졌다. 현대영어의 철자법 원리에는 철자에 관한 제약들이 포함되어 있으며 < y >는 < i >와의 모음으로서 주도권을 잡는 경쟁에서는 졌으나 < i >를 쓸 수 없는 여러 환경에 사용되어 영어 철자의 묘미를 더 해 주고 있다. English spelling is often criticized for its complexities and inadequacies. Among these, we can point to an alternation of < y > with < i > when a suffix is attached. Previous studies have failed to provide adequate explanations for this phenomenon: they could not explain why. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between < y > and < i > from a diachronic point of view. The function of letter < y > became overlapped with < i > when the rounded sound of < y > was lost in Middle English. Since then, the /i(:)/ sound was represented by either < i > or < y >. < y > was used instead of < i > when minim letters were adjacent in a word. The similarity between the two sounds led to their interchangeability. Until in the sixteenth century < i > and < y > were generally interchangeable as in bible and byble. In the word final positions, the spellings were < ie > and < y > as in earlie and early. Moving toward standardization, spellings became more established in their modern form in the eighteenth century. During this process, the English spelling system created some constraints regarding the letter < i >: word-final < i > and < is > are not allowed, and two consecutive < i >’s are not acceptable. In addition, English avoids the occurrence of three vowels in a row. Whenever wrong spelling forms appear, < i > is replaced with < y > since < y > has come to be an alternative form of < i >. The changes made words easier to read and pronounce. I propose that current English spelling rules consist of a set of constraints and alternative devices, which were the consequences of historical developments. English has always tried to choose the optimal spelling forms of lesser constraint violations. The diachronic approach presented in this study will contribute to a better understanding of peculiar aspects of the English letters < i > and < y >.

영어의 자음중복: 통시적 분석

이동국 ( Lee¸ Dongkook ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2023 통합인문학연구 Vol.15 No.1

영어철자의 특이성 중 자음을 겹쳐 쓰는 자음중복의 문제는 원어민들도 틀리는 경우가 많다. 본 논문은 영어의 철자법에서 중복자음의 사용을 관리하는 원리를 찾아 보려는 노력의 일환이다. 중세영어 시대부터 자음을 겹쳐서 단모음을 표시하는 철자법이 도입되었으며 이 관습은 초기현대영어시대를 거쳐 18세기에 확립되었다. 어말과 형태소 경계에 나타나는 중복자음은 대부분 이 기능을 수행하며 단어 중간의 중복자음은 어원적 요인들이 크게 작용하고 있다. 중복이 불가능한 자음들과 < ck >, < tch > < dg >의 중복자음적인 성격은 모두 발달사적인 입장에서의 설명이 가능하다. 영어 중복자음에 관한 철자법에는 역사적, 음운론적, 문자배열적 요소들이 개입하고 있으며 이 중 영어사적인 영향이 가장 큰 것으로 밝혀졌다. Even adults sometimes have difficulty deciding when to double a consonant. The present study examines the historical, phonological, etymological and graphotactic factors which influence spellers’ choice of single versus double consonants, among which historical account proves to be the most important. Toward the end of the twelfth century, thanks to Norman scribes, a convention developed of marking short vowels with doubled consonants. The use of double consonants increases in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was established as a norm in English spelling. The present ‘Doubling the final consonant rule’ is a result of these historical development; without the doubled consonant the short vowel in hopping becomes the long vowel in hoping. In addition, the diachronic approach accounts for why some consonant letters cannot be doubled. < ck >, < tch > < dge > are actually doubled letters, which marks a short vowel. English printers preferred to keep the Abstract original spellings of French and Latin loanwords, which explains the medial doubling of consonants. The series of principles which regulate the use of ‘double’ consonant letters in English spelling offers valuable insights. Understanding the historical spelling changes can help us to have a broader view of the English spelling system.

영어 철자와 발음의 괴리에 관한 통시적 연구: 자음을 중심으로

이동국 ( Dongkook Lee ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2021 통합인문학연구 Vol.13 No.1

영어 철자는 음성학적 이지만 발음과의 (phonetic) 관계가 1:1로 대응하지 않는 경우가 많다. 특히 자음은 같은 철자가 다르게 발음되고 묵음이 발생하는 등 함정이 많아 읽을 때 실수를 동반하기 쉽다. 통시적인 설명은 이 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 효과적인 방법이다. 영어의 철자법에는 프랑스철자, 스칸디나비아 차용어, 중복자음 표기, 마찰음유성음화, 자음군 단순화, 어원적 재철자와 같은 역사적인 요인들이 작용하고 있다. 철자가 고정되어 있으면 이후의 음운변화는 철자에 반영되지 않는다. 현재의 영어 자음 철자는 이런 복합적인 요소들이 어우러진 결과물이다. 영어 자음의 불규칙성 안에는 일관적인 원리가 숨어 있다. 어떤 철자가 불규칙하게 소리 나는 이유를 설명할 수 있을 때 우리는 더 빨리 배울 수 있다. 이 논문에서 시도한 통시적인 접근에서 밝혀진 영어철자의 원리는 철자 기술을 습득하는 데 큰 도움을 줄 수 있다. English spelling is notorious for the lack of one-to-one correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. Many errors can occur when we read words with < c > and < g > or silent letters. This study shows that the problems are closely tied to historical factors. French scribes greatly influenced English spelling system by implementing their own rules and introducing digraphs such as < th >, < sh >, < ch >, < gh >, etc. In addition, while spelling became fixed thanks to the introduction of printing in England and Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), English pronunciation underwent important shifts in Early Modern English. The lack of consistency today is an inevitable outcome of the process in which English spelling could not keep up with changes in the sounds. In determining why these mismatches emerged, we may learn helpful applications to the acquisition of spelling skills. The chronological explorations in this study will help us in accomplishing this task.

영어철자와 발음의 괴리: 통시적 연구

이동국 ( Lee Dongkook ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2020 통합인문학연구 Vol.12 No.1

영어의 철자는 발음과 일치하지 않는 경우가 많아 영어 학습자들에게 큰 부담을 주고 있다 본 논문은 영어의 철자법이 . 불규칙한 이유를 역사적인 분석을 통해 밝히고 영어 철자의 숨은 원리를 찾아내어 영어의 이해에 도움을 주고자 하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 외국 철자법의 영향, 학자나 인쇄공의 실수 등의 원인도 있지만, 대부분의 철자와 발음의 불일치는 중세영어 말 고정되기 시작한 철자가 초기현대영어시대 이후 일어난 큰 음운변화들을 따라잡지 못한데서 비롯되었다. 우리가 그 통시적 변화의 내용을 이해한다면 철자를 보고 발음을 쉽게 예측할 수 있을 것이다. 영어 철자법은 외견상 무질서하게 보이나 역사적 시각에서 보면 특정한 일관성이 존재함을 발견하게 된다. This paper aims to elucidate the correlation between spelling and pronunciation in English. The current English spelling system seems illogical and non-phonetic since a perfect correspondence between letters and sounds does not exist. ESL and EFL learners cannot overlook these irregularities. Previous studies have failed to provide satisfactory explanations for this phenomenon by focusing solely on spelling patterns or pronunciation drills. This study finds that the problems are linked mainly to historical reasons. While spelling remained somewhat consistent in the Early Modern English, English pronunciation has undergone important shifts since the introduction of printing in England. Thus, in many cases, the lack of consistency came about because modern English spelling was fixed in the fifteenth century but could not keep up with the sounds changes thereafter. There were other historical factors that caused the mismatch in spelling and pronunciation: the influence of the French scribes, minim stroke avoidance, and spelling errors by early printers. Given the chronological explanations, the sound-to-letter correspondences are not as inconsistent as widely believed. Understanding this “secret” of English spelling may reduce complexity in spelling for learners.

미래조동사 문법화의 코퍼스 분석

이동국(Lee Dongkook) 한국영어학회 2010 영어학 Vol.10 No.2

신뢰성 있는 홍채 특징 추출을 위한 효율적인 전처리 모델 연구

이동국(Dongkook Lee),기균도(Gyundo Kee),이관용(Kwanyong Lee),이일병(Yillbyung Lee) 한국정보과학회 2000 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.27 No.2Ⅱ

동일인에 대한 눈 영상에 대해서 홍채 영역 추출의 일정성은 인식을 위한 특징 추출에 신뢰성을 부여해주는 핵심 부분이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이런 특징 추출의 신뢰성을 부여하기 위한 방법으로서 좌표 설정의 기준이 되는 중심의 대표 값을 찾아내는 방법과 홍채 근육의 움직임에 의한 영향을 배제할 수 있는 홍채 영역 정규화의 한 모델을 제시함으로써 불리한 환경 조건에서 홍채 인식률을 높이는 기반을 세우고자 한다.

Perceived Discomfort of Design Parameters during Recreational Vehicle Ingress/Egress

Donghun Lee,Dongkook Park,Hojin Lee,Bora Kang,Min K. Chung,Gyouhyung Kyung,Sangkyu Kim,Jungpil Choi 대한인간공학회 2011 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

Vehicle ingress/egress is an important consideration in designing a car ergonomically. The design parameters influencing vehicle ingress/egress have relevance to the overall car shape and affect user safety. This study investigated perceived discomfort and importance of design parameters during recreational vehicle ingress/egress and found main design parameters affecting ingress/egress. Forty participants got in and out of five different recreational vehicles and assessed subjective ratings of ten design parameters: roof height (ground to roof and seat to roof), seat height (ground to seat), step height (ground to step and floor to step), step width, foot clearance, opening width, A-pillar clearance and B-pillar clearance. For each parameter, mean degree of discomfort of different dimensions was analyzed, and the response rate included in the condition that a degree of discomfort is over four and a degree of importance is more than three scores was identified.