Cholesterol modulates ion channels via down-regulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

Chun, Yoon Sun,Shin, Sora,Kim, Yonjung,Cho, Hana,Park, Myoung Kyu,Kim, Tae-Wan,Voronov, Sergey V.,Di Paolo, Gilbert,Suh, Byung-Chang,Chung, Sungkwon Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010 Journal of Neurochemistry Vol.112 No.5

<P><I>J. Neurochem.</I> (2010) <B>112</B>, 1286–1294.</P><P>Abstract</P><P>Ubiquitously expressed Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>-inhibitory cation (MIC) channels are permeable to Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> and Mg<SUP>2+</SUP> and are essential for cell viability. When membrane cholesterol level was increased by pre-incubating cells with a water-soluble form of cholesterol, the endogenous MIC current in HEK293 cells was negatively regulated. The application of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP<SUB>2</SUB>) recovered MIC current from cholesterol effect. As PIP<SUB>2</SUB> is the direct modulator for MIC channels, high cholesterol content may cause down-regulation of PIP<SUB>2</SUB>. To test this possibility, we examined the effect of cholesterol on two exogenously expressed PIP<SUB>2</SUB>-sensitive K<SUP>+</SUP> channels: human <I>Ether-a-go-go</I> related gene (HERG) and KCNQ. Enrichment with cholesterol inhibited HERG currents, while inclusion of PIP<SUB>2</SUB> in the pipette solution blocked the cholesterol effect. KCNQ channel was also inhibited by cholesterol. The effects of cholesterol on these channels were blocked by pre-incubating cells with inhibitors for phospholipase C, which may indicate that cholesterol enrichment induces the depletion of PIP<SUB>2</SUB> via phospholipase C activation. Lipid analysis showed that cholesterol enrichment reduced &ggr;-<SUP>32</SUP>P incorporation into PIP<SUB>2</SUB> by approximately 35%. Our results suggest that cholesterol may modulate ion channels by changing the levels of PIP<SUB>2</SUB>. Thus, an important cross-talk exists among two plasma membrane-enriched lipids, cholesterol and PIP<SUB>2</SUB>.</P>

Indomethacin으로 유발된 흰쥐의 위장장애에 ChondroT가 미치는 영향

김주일 ( Joo-il Kim ),김선길 ( Sun-gil Kim ),김지훈 ( Ji-hoon Kim ),윤찬석 ( Chan-suk Yoon ),최지민 ( Ji-min Choi ),최찬헌 ( Chan-hun Choi ),김선종 ( Seon-jong Kim ) 한방재활의학과학회 2020 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of ChondroT in indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury rat model. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to intact, control Joins, Celebrex, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200. Indomethacin (25 mg/kg) was used to induce damage to the gastric mucosal injury. ChondroT was administered by orally to inhibit the indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury. At the end of the experiment, pH level in stomach, stomach contents volume, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) level, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, erythrocytes, and thrombocytes were measured. Ophthalmologic and histopathological examination was also analyzed. Results pH level in stomach and Stomach contents volume had no difference between Control, PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group. TNF-α level was decreased in PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group and there were no significant difference. IL-1β level was decreased in PC-Joins group and ChondroT200 group compared to control group. PGE2 level had no significant difference between Control, PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group. MPO level and complete blood count level were decreased in PC-Joins, PC-Cele, ChondroT50 and ChondroT200. Symptom score of ophthalmologic examination was decreased in ChondroT50 and ChondroT200 group compared to control group. Conclusion Based on these results, It could be suggested that ChondroT was effective in reducing damage to the gastric mucosal injury. And further study is needed to conduct a rigorous clinical research. (J Korean Med Rehabil 2020;30(3):57-69)

Triglyceride-Cholesterol 혼합 단분자막의 물성에 관한 연구

이종만,이상무 성신여자대학교 기초과학연구소 1995 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.14 No.-

본 실험에서는 triglyceride 단분자막과 cholesterol 이 첨가된 혼합 단분자막의 물성을 알아보기 위해 Langmuir-Blodgett film balance를 이용해 다양한 조건 하에서 실험하였다. 포화 triglyceride인 tripalmitin과 tristearin은 공기/물 계면에서 안정한 단분자막을 형성하였다. 혼합 단분자막에대한 cholesterol의 영향은 순수한 triglyceride 단분자막의 물리적 특성과 관계가 있다. 즉, cholesterol 첨가에 의해 탄화수소 사슬의 mobility가 영향을 받아서 expanded monolayer는 condensed 되었다. 이러한 효과는 실험온도가 glyceride 단분자막이 condensed 상태에서 expanded 상태로 전이하는 온도에 가까워 질수록 커졌으며, 단분자막이 cholesterol이 큰 효과를 나타내지 못하였다. 일정한 표면압 하에서 triglyceride/cholesterol 혼합계에대한 surface pressure (π)-mean molecular area(A) isotherm에서 cholesterol 몰분율 변화에 따른 혼합계의 단분자막 면적을 도시한 결과, 양의 편차를 나타내며 이상성으로 부터 벗어남을 알았다. 이 사실로 부터 cholesterol triglyceride 단분자막에 expanding effect를 나타냄을 보다 명확히 알 수 있었다. The surface pressure-mean molecular area characteristics of the monolayers of saturated triglycerides which are biologically important, have been studied under the various conditions using Langmuir-Blodgett film balance. And also the physical properties of the mixed monolayers of triglycerides/cholesterol system have been investigated. Saturated triglycerides which are trimyristin, tripalmitin and tristearin apparently form easonably stable monolayers on air/water interface. The action of cholesterol on the mixed monolayers are related to the physical state of the pure triglyceride monolayers. An expanded monolayer is condensed by the addition of cholesterol and this is associated with an effect upon the hydrocarbon chain mobility. This is greatest when the experimental temperature is close to the transition temperature, it is that the monolayers of glycerides change from condensed to expanded state. In condensed monolayers, the hydrocarbon chain fluidity is reduced and cholesterol does not have a large effect. The mean molecular area plot for the triglyceride/cholesterol system are showed positive deviations from ideal behavior. It is clear that cholesterol is a pompound with an expanding effect on triglyceride monolayers under the conditions in the present experiments.

농업인에서의 체내 잔류농약 검출

최수진,황상현,전사일,민원기,이선호,김성률,김영식,선우성,전태희,정태흠,Choi, Soo-Jin,Hwang, Sang-Hyun,Chun, Sa-Il,Min, Won-Ki,Lee, Seon-Ho,Kim, Sung-Ryul,Kim, Young-Sik,SunWoo, Sung,Jun, Tae-Hee,Chung, Tae-Heum 한국농촌의학지역보건학회 1998 농촌의학·지역보건 Vol.23 No.2

배경 : 농약의 사용이 보편화되면서 점차 그 사용량이 증가되고 있다. 저자들은 농한기의 농업인을 대상으로 국내에서 가장 많이 사용되는 맹독성 농약인 methyl bromide와 organophosphate compound의 농업인 체내 잔류 정도를 혈청 bromide 농도와 cholinesterase 활성도도 측정을 통해 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 농한기에 경상남도 산청군과 하동군에 거주하는 121명의 농업인을 대상으로 농번기의 농약사용에 관한 설문조사와 농약의 잔류정도를 측정하기 위한 혈액을 채취하였다. 대조군으로는 간 기능이 정상이며 B형 간염 항원이 없는 사람 중에서 연령과 성별에 맞게 무작위로 240명을 선별하였다. 농업인과 대조군에서 혈중 bromide는 혈청을 이용하여 gold chloride방법으로 구하고, cholinesterase는 colorimetric assay로 측정하였다. 대상 농업인중에서 간기능 검사가 이상 소견을 보이거나 B형 간염 항원 양성인 33명과 이에 해당하는 대조군 65명은 비교대상에서 제외하였다. 결과 : 정상인 240명을 대상으로 산정한 혈청 bromide 농도의 참고치는 72.9 ug/mL이하, 혈청 cholinesterase 활성도의 참고치는 1.6-15.9 U/mL 이었다. 정상인 175명의 혈청 bromide 농도는 $29.8{\pm}22.5\;{\mu}g/mL$, 혈청 cholinesterase 활성도는 $8.7{\pm}3.6$ U/mL이었다. 농업인의 혈청 bromide 농도는 $31.7{\pm}18.0\;{\mu}g/mL$로 대조군과 차이를 보이지 않았고, 혈청 cholinesterase도는 $10.9{\pm}4.2$ U/mL로 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 농업인을 경작 면적, 농약 사용시 장갑 및 마스크 착용 유무에 따라 분휴류여 비교해 본 결과, 혈청 bromide 농도나 혈청 cholinesterase 활성도 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 농한기 농업이과 정상인을 비교해 보았을 때 methyl bromide 중독시 증가하는 혈청 bromide 농도는 차이가 없었으며, organophosphate compound 중독시 감소되는 cholinesterase는 농한기 농업인에서 대조군보다 높은 값을 보였다. 따라서 혈청 bromide 농도와 cholinesterase 활성도는 농한기 농업인에서 농약의 체내잔류 지표로 유용성이 낮다고 사료된다. The usage or agricultural chemicals is on the increasing tendency. Methyl bromide and organophosphate are the most widely used toxic agricultural chemicals in Korea. We try to set up the methods to detect the accumulation of these chemicals in Korean farmers. Blood samples were collected for 121 farmers of slack's season in February 1998. And survey about arable acreage and usage of the gloves and masks was also performed. Serum cholinesterase activities and bromide concentrations were measured with gold chloride method and colorimetric method. The reference ranges of serum cholinesterase activity and bromide concentration were 1.6~15.9 U/mL and below $72.9{\mu}g/mL$. Serum bromide concentrations of farmers and normal controls showed no differences. Serum cholinesterase activities of farmers were significantly higher than those of normal controls. According to the arable acreages and usage of the gloves and masks, serum bromide concentrations and cholinesterase activities showed no differences. In conclusion, serum cholinesterase activities and bromide concentrations showed no differences between farmers of slack's season and normal controls.

Making Chosŏn’s Own Tributaries

Chong Da-ham(정다함) 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2010 International Journal of Korean History Vol.15 No.1

지금까지 주로 조선 경내에 파견되었던 것으로 알려져 왔던 경차관은 왜 조선의 경내(境內)를 벗어난 지역에까지 파견된 것일까? 왜 경차관 파견과 같은 조선-야인(여진), 조선-대마도 관계의 수직적 질서가 제대로 연구되지 못했던 것일까? 그럼 여진이나 대마도에 대한 경차관 파견은 조선의 자기중심적인 지역질서 인식과 어떠한 관련이 있는 것일까? 필자의 문제의식은 이러한 세 가지의 의문에서 출발한다. 사실 조건은 이성계의 여진 및 대마도에 대한 승리를 역사편찬을 통해 유교적 명분론으로 분식(粉飾)하여, 조선을 이들의 상국(上國)으로서 공식화하는 작업을 진행시켰고, 마치 명(明)이 조선을 번국(藩國)으로 규정한 것처럼, 사실상 이들을 조선의 번리ㆍ번병(藩籬ㆍ藩屛)으로 규정하였다. 이에 따라, 명(明)이 그 번병(藩屛)인 조선에 파견하는 ‘흠차관(欽差官)’을 차용(借用)하여, 여진족과 대마도에 조선에 대한 ‘사대(事大)’를 종용하려 파견한 것이 ‘경차관(敬差官)’이었다. 이러한 현상이 제대로 연구되지 못했던 것은 바로 한국의 한국사학계나 동양사학계, 그리고 서구학계에서 여전히 사용되고 있는 “교린”이라는 틀 때문이다. 15세기 조선-여진 그리고 조선-대마도 관계의 수직적 질서의 본질이 제대로 연구되지 못하고, “교린”의 틀을 통해 그 관계가 수평적이고 호혜적이었다고 이해해 왓던 배경에는 다음과 같은 딜레마가 있었다. 먼저 한국의 한국사학계나 동양사학계가 중국 중심적인 ‘사대(事大)’와 민족주의적인 관점 모두를 극복할 수 있는 탈중심적 관점을 마련하지 못했다는 점이다. 민족주의적 입장에서도 조선이 명(明)을 ‘사대(事大)’하였다는 관점을 극복하지 못하자, 중화(中華)의 인신(人臣)으로 다른 세력과 사사로이 교류할 수 없다는 “인신무외교(人臣無外交)”의 원칙을 그대로 받아들일 수 밖에 없고, 결국 조선이 여진(女眞)과 대마도(對馬島)를 적극적으로 경략하려 했던 의도의 본질을 정확하게 설명하지 못했다. 다음으로 한국 사학의 뿌리 깊은 피해의식이 작용했다. 진화론적 관점에서 한국사학은 조선을 근대에 가까워진 ‘근세(近世)’로 규정하고 그 시작을 세종(世宗)을 앞세워 유례없는 문화적 과학적 발전의 시기로 묘사하였기 때문에, ‘근세(近世)’의 끝에 기다리고 있는 근대화의 실패에 대해서는 당혹스러울 수밖에 없었다. 따라서 근대화 실패의 원인으로 늘 일본제국주의의 침략을 강조해왔다. 이렇게 한국사학이 늘 ‘피해자’의 입자을 강조했기 때문에, 근대와 직접 연결되는 ‘근세(近世)’라는 15세기에, 조선이 여진(女眞)과 대마도(對馬島)에 취한 폭력의 본질을 인정하기가 껄끄러워지는 딜레마에 빠질 수밖에 없었다. 결국 “교린”은 이러한 딜레마를 은폐하는 틀이었다. 한국의 역사학계는 “교린”이라는 선량해 보이는 틀로 조선이 여진과 대마도와 맺은 관계가 수평적이고 호혜적인 것이었던 것처럼 설명하는 한편, 그 속에서 매우 교묘하게 조선이 이들을 군사적으로 공격한 것은 ‘침략’이 아닌 정당방위의 응징일 뿐이었고, 또한 조선의 문명, 문화, 과학기술이 여진과 대마도의 그것보다 진보한 것이었으며 이것이 결국 여진족과 대마도를 발전시키는 데 문화적으로 중요한 역할을 했다는, 사실상 매우 민족주의적인 논리를 펴왔기 때문이다. 그리고 이 논리는 한국의 학계가 끊임없이 비판해 온 일본 제국주의의 조선침략에 대한 변명과 묘하게 닮은 꼴이었다. 그럼 제국주의의 자기중심적 시각에 입각해 “사대”를 강조하는 시각과 민족주의가 이를 전유하는 또 다른 자기중심적 인식인 “교린”이라는 틀을 벗어나, 즉 탈중심적으로 조선-여진 그리고 조선-대마도 관계를 이해할 수 있는 방법은 무엇일까. 그 단서는 경차관 파견을 중심으로 나타나는 명 중심의 동아시아 질서와 그 속에 위치하는 조선중심의 동북아시아 질서의 실제양상 속에 감춰져 있다. 즉 조선은 명(明)의 흠차관(欽差官)을 차용하였으면서도 이를 경차관으로 한 단계 낮추는 수사적(修辭的) 기교를 통해, 여진족과 대마도에 대한 우위를 확보하면서도 동시에 명(明)의 신하로 사사로이 다른 세력과 교류할 수 없다는 명(明) 중심의 질서를 거스르지 않는 영악함을 발휘하고 있었다. 결국 조선초기 여진과 대마도에 대한 번리ㆍ번병(藩籬ㆍ藩屛) 인식의 형성과 이에 기반한 경차관(敬差官) 파견의 관행은, 명(明) 중심의 동아시아질서를 강조하는 시각만으로 설명하기 어렵고, 또한 외세의 침략으로 인한 근대화 실패에 대한 피해의식으로 인해 조선의 여진과 대마도에 대한 침략을 인정하지 않는 “교린(交隣)”이라는 시각만으로도 역시 설명하기 어려운, 동아시아의 변방인 조선과 여진 및 대마도 사이에서 역동적으로 진행되던 탈중심의 관계를 생생하게 보여준다. Ky?ngcha’gwan, conventionally known as Chos?n kings’ domestic envoys, were the envoys who also delivered the Chos?n kings’ orders to their vassals such as the Jurchens and Tsushima. This fundamental characteristic of Ky?ngcha’gwan culminated in the ceremonial rituals of receiving Ky?ngcha’gwan, which signified Chos?n’s “lesser suzerainty” over its vassal, under the bigger umbrella of Ming “suzerainty.” The reason why these vertical dimensions of Chos?n-Jurchen and Chos?n-Tsushima relations in 15<SUP>th</SUP> century have not been scrutinized actually lies in the “Kyorin” frame, which was modern invention of the same term in modern Korean historiography. “Kyorin” as a modern frame implies that Chos?n tried to maintain peaceful relations with the Jurchens and Tsushima, based on its Confucian orientation. Korean historians could not conceptualize what did not fit in that frame, because they were too overwhelmed by traditional “Sino-centric” perspective to provincialize and de-centralize it, on the one hand. And they were also stuck in the mythology of a peace-loving and innocent Korea produced by their single lineal evolutionary frame of “Korean History (Hanguksa)” which is based on the hereditary victimhood of modern Korean historiography, on the other hand. With their eyes blinded, it was unable for them to provincialize both the “Sino-centric” and “Korea-centered” perspectives, they were not able to re-conceptualize the various active dimensions of regional dynamics that constituted Chos?n-Jurchen and Chos?n-Tsushima relations in 15<SUP>th</SUP> century. Furthermore, the nature and logic of the Kyorin frame, which argued that early Chos?n’s advanced cultures helped the Jurchen and Tsushima to be more civilized and which have deliberately downplayed early Chos?n’s expansionist military and interstate policies toward the Jurchens and Tsushima, ironically takes exactly after the nature and logic of Japanese Imperialist’ justifications of the colonization of Chos?n, which Korean scholars have continued to reject up to the present. In fact, the historical origin of this regional hierarchy where Chos?n was able to force this practice on Jurchens and Tsushima was not something just mainly “cultural.” Rather, it was Kory? and Chos?n’s military subjugation of them and Chos?n’s founder Yi S?ng’gye’s contribution to it. According to the changes in the East Asian interstate frame, the ruling elites of early Chos?n used these subjugations as useful historical sources for legitimizing their superiority over those two non-Chos?n polities in writing its own history. Through this, the ideological basis of Chos?n’s having its own vassals such as the Jurchen and Tsushima was created. And on the basis of this idea, Chos?n’s ruling elites tried to perpetuate their imagined “suzerainty” over them. The dispatch of Ky?ngcha’gwan was one of the typical diplomatic practices to symbolize this relationship. The institutional origins of Ky?ngcha’gwan shed light on this symbolic meaning of Chos?n’s Ky?ngcha’gwan more clearly. Ming sent its low-level envoys called Qinchaiguan (欽差官) to its vassals such as Chos?n. Imitating the Ming’s imperial mode of interstate policies, Chos?n came up with Chos?n’s own version of Ming imperial model, such as Ky?ngcha’gwan (敬差官) dispatches to the Jurchens and Tsushima that Chos?n identified as its vassals. However, this does not necessarily mean that Chos?n denied the “Sino-centric” East Asian order. Rather, by modifying its original imperial model according to Chos?n’s own position under Ming, Chos?n could still signify its suzerainty over the Jurchen and Tsushima, without violating Ming suzerainty. Chos?n’s ruling elites who carried out interstate policy in 15<SUP>th</SUP> century were very shrewd, aggressive, and even mean. Was Chos?n ruling elites’ superiority to the Jurchens and Tsushima only “cultural” as those Korean scholars have implied with the Kyorin frame? It seemed to be far more realistic than “cultural,” since

늑막삼출환자에서 늑막액 Cholesterol 농도와 늑막액 / 혈청 Cholesterol 비의 진단적 의의

김성숙(Seong Suk Kim),신경철(Kyeong Cheol Shin),최희진(Hee Jin Choi),류헌모(Hon Mo Ryu),서정일(Jeong Ill Suh),임종식(Jong Sik Lim),이재성(Jae Seong Lee),정진홍(Jin Hong Chung),이관호(Kwan Ho Lee),이현우(Hyun Woo Lee) 대한내과학회 1994 대한내과학회지 Vol.46 No.3

N/A Objectives: To validate the use of pleural cholesterol and the pleural cholesterol/serum cholesterol ratio (P-/S-CHOL) for differentiating between transudates and exudates in pleural effusion of diverse etiology and to compare the diagnostic efficacy of these parameters with those of Light criteria. Methods: Between September 1991 and June 1992, 118 patients with pleural effusion were studied. We measured pleural protein/serum protein ratio, pleural LDH, pleural LDH/serum LDH ratio, pleural cholesterol and pleural cholesterol/serum cholesterol ratio. Mean values of the parameters in transudates group and exudates group were compared, and the misclassification rate and the diagnostic efficacy for each parameters were calculated. Results: 1) The pleural cholesterol (P-CHOL) values were 21.88±8.86rng/dl for transudates, 86.38±30.09mg/dl for tuberculous exudates, 76.96±18.63 mg/dl for neoplastic exudates, and 85±24.69mg/dl for the parapneumonic effusion group (p<0.001 in tuberculous and neoplastic exudates, p<0.05 in parapneumonic effusion group). And the pleural cholesterol/serum cholesterol ratio (P-/S-CHOL) were 0.17±0.07 for transudates, 0.64±0.16 for tuberculous exudates, 0.52±0.16 for neoplastic exudates, and 0.68±0.17 for the parapneumonic effusion group (p<0.001). 2) Misclassification rates for each parameters in seperating the exudate group from the transudate group were as follows; pleural protein/serum protein ratio (P-/S-PROT) 1 69%, P-/S CHOL 2.54%, P-CHOL 3.38%, pleural LDH (P-LDH) 4.23%, pleura LDH/serum LDH ratio (P-/S-LDH) 4.23%. 3) With a cut-off value of 50mg/dl, P-CHOL had a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 10096 for diagnosis of exudates, and with a cut-off value of 0.3, P-/S-CHOL had a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 94%. 4) Diagnostic efficiencies for each parameters in seperating the exudate group from transudate group were as follow; P-/S-PROT 98%, P-/S-CHOL 97%, P-CHOL 96%, P-LDH 95%, and P-/S-LDH 95%. 5) In the exudate group, pleural cholesterol was significantly correlated with serum cholesterol (r=0.5S84, p<0.001) and the pleural LDL/Cholesterol ratio was significantly correlated with the serum LDL/Cholesterol ratio (r=0.4408, p<0.001). Conclusion: we think that measurements of P-CHOL and P-/S-CHOL is of great value for distinguishing between pleural exudates and transudates, and high P-CHOL and P-/S-CHOL values appear to be related to increased permeability of pleural capillaries. Therefore, we suggest that determination of these parameters should be included in routine laboratory analysis of pleural effusions.

대원군집정기(大院君執政期) 조선사회(朝鮮社會)의 변화(變化)와 발전(發展) : James B. Palais의 “Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea”에 대한 서평 논문

최선혜 ( Choi Seon-hye ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2011 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.24

이 글의 목적은 해외 한국학의 거장인 팔레 교수의 『Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea』(Cambridge: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University,1975); 이훈상 역, 『傳統韓國의 政治와 政策』(신원문화사, 1993)에 대한 서평을 통해 대원군 시대의 변화와 발전을 이해해 보고자 하는데 있다. 대원군이 추진한 개혁을 분석하는 팔레의 관점은 ‘평형’과 ‘한계조정’이었다. 조선은 국왕과 양반이 서로 대립하면서도 동시에 서로 의존하는 평형을 유지했고, 간혹 문제가 생기면 한계조정이라는 최소한도의 조치를 취함으로서 다시 평형을 이루었다고 하였다. 이러한 관점에서 분석한 대원군의 개혁정치에 관해 평자는 다음 몇 가지를 이야기하고자 한다. 평형과 한계조정의 관점: 왕과 관료가 권력 균형을 유지하던 조선사회를 평형의 관점으로 분석한 것은 매우 적절한 것임이 분명하다. 그런데 평형의 관점으로 역사를 설명한다면 애당초 변화를 설명할 수 있는가는 의문이다. 왕이나 관료들이 어떤 이유로든 그 자리를 떠나지 않는 한 그 자체는 평형을 이루고 있었다. 하지만 왕과 관료가 평형을 유지하여 서로 공존하고 있는 조건 내지 기준은 바뀔 수 있다. 그러한 내용의 차이를 가리고 의미를 밝혀내는 일이 보다 중요하지 않을까 한다. 개혁을 분석하는 기준: 그는 대원군의 개혁을 ‘실패했다(failed)’고 전제한 뒤 그 실패한 이유를 분석하겠다고 하였다. 대원군이 취한 정책으로 달라진 것이 있다면 그것이 아무리 작은 변화일지라도 그 의미는 당연히 ‘개혁적 성격’을 지닌 것으로 평가해야 할 것이다. 역사에서 사회의 ‘전면적인 변화’를 가져온 개혁은 오히려 예외적인 몇 개의 경우일 뿐이다. 개혁을 추진하는 주체: 팔레는 개혁을 추진해 나가려면 강력한 권위 창출이 필요한데 평형을 유지하며 한계조정을 취해 온 조선 사회 구조는 결코 강력하고 효과적인 중앙의 권위를 창출할 수 없다고 지적하였다. 이에 비해 명치시대 일본 천황권의 중흥을 전근대 사회에서 근대 사회로의 전환기에 나타난 역사적 산물로 평가하였다. 그런데 강력한 왕권과 중앙정부가 있어야만 근대화로 나아가는 것은 아닐 것이다. 설사 그렇다 해도 당시 조선의 왕권과 중앙 정부의 위력은 충분히 강하였다. 또한 개혁은 국왕이나 지배층이 주도할 수도 있지만, 그것을 바라는 많은 사람의 의지와 참여로 진행되기도 한다. 이미 한국 사회는 그러한 방향으로 나아가고 있었다. 개혁정치의 성격: 대원군 개혁정치는 조선의 왕조 체제를 변혁하려는 의도가 없었으므로 ‘보수적’이었고, 목표를 달성하기 위하여 즉각 결실을 거둘 수 있는 방식을 취했으므로 ‘실용적’ 이었다고 하였다. 그런데 동양이나 서양을 막론하고 전통사회에서의 개혁은 거의 왕정을 유지하는 방향에서 이루어졌다. 그의 논의를 따르면 孔子나 孟子나 王安石이나 수많은 개혁가들이 모두 보수주의자들일 수밖에 없다. 대원군은 여러 분야에 걸친 제도적인 개혁을 과감하게 추진한 인물이었다. 이 점에서 그는 개혁주의자라고 해야 마땅하다. 개혁이 좌절된 원인: 그는 19세기 조선이 전형적인 왕조의 몰락과 실정의 시기였다고 하여 그 약체와 부패가 일본제국주의 침략에 못지않은 정도로 국가를 소멸시킨 원인이라고 지적하였다. 그러나 그 당시 조선에서 벌어지고 있던 정치가 설사 더 심각한 상황이었다 해도, 그것을 조선이 멸망할 수밖에 없는 원인으로 지적하기는 곤란하다. 이러한 개혁 실패론은 자칫 조선사회의 근대화 실패론과 연결될 수 있다. 조선의 멸망 원인으로 고종의 무능력도 지적되었다. 하지만 조선이 멸망한 원인은 내부에 강력한 지도자의 유무가 아니라 제국주의의 침략이라는 외부적 요인이 보다 결정적이었다. 대원군이 취했던 쇄국정책도 조선이 멸망한 탓으로 몰기는 곤란하다. 외압이 심각해 질 때 전통사회가 취하는 정책의 기본은 대개 비슷하였다. 한국은 그 다음 단계로 나아가기 전에 침략을 받아 나라의 운명이 달라졌을 뿐이다. 19세기 이후 조선은 한국 역사에서 유래가 없는 변화의 시기였다. 그 이전부터 있어온 조선사회의 변화가 전제되지 않는다면 그러한 변화는 설명할 도리가 없다. 그 변화의 길목에 있던 대원군 집정기의 개혁도 한국 사회에 일어나고 있던 변화의 큰 흐름 속에서 다시 이해해 보아야 하지 않을까 한다. The purpose of this writing is to understand the social changes and developments in the Daewongun period through a book review of the James B. Palais’s “Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea”(Cambridge: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1975). Palais’s viewpoint centers around equilibrium and marginal adjustment as a means to analyze Daewongun’s reforms. He argues that the King and Yangban of the Chosŏn Dynasty were in confrontation with each other while simultaneously maintaining the equilibrium with kind of a mutual interdependence. However, if the problem occurs in between them, according to Palais they apparently attempted to restore said equilibrium by taking minimal action with marginal adjustment. From this perspective, I will mention a few things about his analysis of Daewongun’s reforms. First, the viewpoint of analysis on reform: Palais’s argument is based upon a premise that Daewongun’s reforms was a ‘failure’ and he thus attempts to analyze said failure. Nevertheless, it seems likely that if we try to explain history with such an unwarranted focus on equilibrium, it may be difficult to account for successive change accumulated from the beginning. It is possible to say that the King or officials are in an equilibrium unless they do not leave their inherent position within the holistic place of things. However, the particular conditions or criteria in which the King and other officials are able to coexist to each other may be altered to remain in this equilibrium. Hence, it would be more important to find out the difference and to reveal the meaning of such contents. In the point of marginal adjustment, it is difficult to say that Daewongun’s reforms failed because his reform did not bring ‘sweeping changes’ in the Chosŏn society. If there is something to be changed by Daewongun’s reforms, it, of course, should be evaluated with certain ‘reformative characters.’ To be more specific, a supposedly legitimate account of reforms should encompass even the smallest of changes. Second, the subject who promote reform: Palais says that powerful authority is an absolute requirement to promote reform. He further says that the social structure of Chosŏn could not create a powerful and authoritative central government because of its habitual need to implement marginal adjustments for the sake of equilibrium. However, it is not sufficiently argued for that a modern society must conditionally have a powerful Royal authority and a central government. Even if it were so, evidence suggests that the royal authority of Chosŏn and the central government was strong enough at that time. Thus, it seems Palais’ conditional linking between a modern society and central authority is faulty in some noticeable aspects. Furthermore, reforms may indeed be lead firsthand by the King or ruling class but many people who truly desire progress can actualize it with their respective commitment and participation. Korean society was advancing toward that direction. Third, character of reformative politics: Palais said that reformative politics of Daewongun was ‘conservative’ because he did not intend to reform the system of the Choson dynasty and characterized his way as ‘practical’ because his methodology was focused on immediate fruition of aforementioned reforms. Whether in the East or the West, accomplished reform within traditional societies almost always were in a direction of maintaining the Royal regime. Daewongun was a person who promoted drastic institutional reform in various fields. In this regard, Daewongun deserves to be called a reformist. In addition, all reforms are bound to have some practical nature with the purpose of actual use. Forth, The cause of the reform break down: Palais indicated that 19th-century Chosŏn Dynasty was a typical case reflecting the contemporary trend of the downfall of traditional nation-states. He further posited corruption and weakness as contributing causes, of no less in magnitude compared to the Japanese invasion, that triggered the downfall of the Chosŏn dynasty. Yet even though the political circumstances of Chosŏn was by no means sound, it is quite a bold claim to suggest that Chosŏn was in fact forced into collapse for such reasons. Palais also indicated that King(Emperor) Kojong’s administrative inability was a noticeable cause leading to the fall of the Chosŏn Dynasty. However, external factors such as invasion and imperialism appear to have more decisive and observable consequences that ultimately lead to the fall of the Chosŏn dynasty. So such internal factors as the presence or absence of a powerful central authority, while not entirely negligible, cannot be pointed as direct triggers or causes to the fall of the Chosŏn Dynasty. Moreover, it is difficult to argue that Daewongun’s policy of seclusion led to the downfall of Chosŏn. When foreign pressure intensifies, the natural response of traditional societies is to equally strengthen and revise their corresponding modes of social and political organization. Before advancing to the next step, Korea has been invaded by foreign powers and its fate had been changed. After the 19th century, Chosŏn Dynasty went through a period of unprecedented change in Korean history. If the pre-existing change in the Chosŏn society is not at all a prerequisite for the newer changes, one can not properly explain these change in any other way. The period of Daewongun’s reform at a crossroad of changes should be understand again with a big change going on in Korean society.

대두, 청국장 및 된장이 고지방-고콜레스테롤식이를 급여한 흰쥐의 콜레스테롤 함량 및 체중감소에 미치는 영향

이재준 ( Jae Joon Lee ),김아라 ( Ah Ra Kim ),이환 ( Hwan Lee ),김철호 ( Cheol Ho Kim ),장해춘 ( Hae Choon Chang ),이명렬 ( Myung Yul Lee ) 한국식품저장유통학회(구 한국농산물저장유통학회) 2011 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.18 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate the cholesterol lowering effect and weight reduction of autoclaved soy flour, cheonggukjang and doenjang, which are fermented using Bacillus subtilis DJI, in rats fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 g, were divided into five groups; a normal diet group (N), a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet group (HFC), a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet with 5% autoclaved soy flour group (HFC-S), a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet with 5% cheonggukjang group (HFC-CJ), and a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet with 5% deonjang group (HFC-DJ). The body weight gain and adipose tissues weights increased in rats fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, but decreased significantly in rats fed autoclaved soy flour, cheonggukjang and doenjang, compared with the HFC group. Food intake was lower in the all HFC groups (HFC, HFC-S, HFC-CJ and HFC-DJ) than that of the N group, However, there was no differences in the food intake between HFC diet groups. Serum triglyceride level increased with a high-fat/high-cholesterol dietgroup whereas HFC-CJ and HFC-DJ groups were markedly decreased serum triglyceride levels compared with N group. Levels of serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, and level of total cholesterol in the liver were significantly lower in the HFC-S group, the HFC-CJ group and the HFC-DJ group than that of the HFC group, but exerted no significant change between the HFC groups on levels of total lipid and triglyceride in the liver. Fecal total lipid content increased in the HFC-CJ group and the HFC-DJ group than those of the HFC group and HFC-S group. The activities of heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase (HR-LPL) and total-extractable LPL in adipose tissues decreased in the HFC-S group, the HFC-CJ group and the HFC-DJ group compared with the HFC group. These results suggest that dietary cheonggukjang and doenjang may exert cholesterol-lowering effect and prevent obesity.

忠州댐 設置 前·後의 氣象要素 比較分析 : Based on the Factors at Choongju and Jecheon Areas

趙璇衡,盧龍鎬 淸州敎育大學校 科學敎育硏究所 1990 科學과 數學敎育論文集 Vol.13 No.-

This study analyzed the factors of changing atmosphere at Choongju and Jecheon areas in Choongbuk Province during the preceding and following the Choongju Dam construction. It is generally need the factors of changing atmosphere to some area during thirty or sixty years, but We analyzed them only each five years of the preceding and of the following because the Choongju Dam constructed five year ago. Furtunately, there are shown effective datas of them between Choongju and Jecheon area preceding and following periods. The resummes of this study are as follow : 1. The valiables of mean pressure went up after choongju dam with which they are 1.1 mb at Choongju and 0.1mb at Jecheon. 2. The valiables of mean temperature are shown 0.6℃ increased at Choongju and 0.5℃ at Jecheon after the dam. 3. The valiable of mean humidity increased 4.4% at Jecheon, but is decreased 0.4% at Choongju. The seem of to be according to water cycle motion with what it is the area of the cycle motion uping near Choongju with dam, but down motion at Jecheon. 4. The valiables of mean amount of precipitation increased 164.2mm at choongju and 250.9mm at Jecheon after dam. 5. The valiables of temperature of dew point increased 0.8℃ at Choongju, 1.5℃ at Jecheon after the dam constructed. 6. The valiables of cloudiness increased 0.4 on Choonnju, but decreased 0.1 on Jecheon because Choongju in near the dam. 7. The valiables of mean velocity of wind increased 0.06m/s at Choongju, but decreased 0.06m/s at Jecheon after dam. 8. The valiables of mean time of sunshine decreased 42.7 hours at Choongju, 483.9 hours at Jecheon, and the mean percentages of sunshine decreased 0.8% at Choongju and 3.8% at Jecheon too. 9. According to the valiable of amount of evaporation, it increased 37.4mm at Choongju, but decreased 56.6 at Jecheon. 10. The valiables of clear days decreased 9.4 days at Choongju, but increased 0.6 days at Jecheon after am constructed. 11. The valiable of fogy days increased 27.2 days and 6 days at Jecheon after dam constructed. 12. The viliable of frosty days decreased 18.4 at Choongju and 22 days at Jecheon. According to construction of big dam in land, there are increasing large area of water and changing the atmosphere factors at the area, finally will be change ecosystem near the Choongju dam. The authors will be remained some suggestions what we don't know the humidity decreased at Choongju area instead of dam construction. It need to find out the reasons that cloudness, and velocity of wind increased at Choongju but decreased at Jecheon. We hope that the other studies about these areas are being continuously.

저밀도 지방단백질 수용체(Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor)의 생합성에 관한 연구 : (II) Ginsenoside의 간 Cholesterol 대사촉진작용

주충노,최주영,이용우,Joo, Chung-No,Choi, Joo-Young,Lee, Yong-Woo 생화학분자생물학회 1987 한국생화학회지 Vol.20 No.4

It was demonstrated that liver cholesterol level of high cholesterol diet and ginsenoside administered rat (test group) was considerably lower than that of control group (high cholesterol diet fed rat). Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase(ACAT) activity of the test group was found stimulated. The effect of ginsenoside on the biosynthesis of bile acid from cholesterol by rat liver homogenate was also investigated in vitro and found that ginsenoside stimulated the biosyntehsis. It was also observed the effects several amphiphiles such as sodium dodecyl sulfate. Triton X-100, Lubrol-wx as well as ginsenoside mixture or purified ginsenosides on ACAT and found that all of them stimulated the ACAT activity considerably when they were present in an adequate amount respectively suggesting that nonspecific enzyme stimulating effect of the ginsenoside might be due to the surface activity of ginsenoside. From the above experimental results, it seemed that hypocholesterolemic activity of ginsenosides might be due to the lowered liver cholesterol level by enhanced ACAT activity as well as rapid bile acid biosynthesis from cholesterol. Low cholesterol level might also prevent the LDL receptor biosynthesis inhibition induced by high cholesterol diet resulting in a rapid removal of raised palsma LDL level. Ginsenoside의 고cholesterol혈증 억제작용메카니즘을 규명하기 위해 cholesterol 대사에 미치는 ginsenoside혼합물과 정제된 ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $-Rb_2$, -Re, $-Rg_1$ 의 영향을 조사하였다. 고cholesterol식이와 ginsenoside을 함께 투여한 시험군의 간cholesterol농도는 고cholesterol식이만으로 사육한 대조군에 비하여 현저히 낮았으며, acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase(ACAT)활성은 시험군의 경우 대조군보다 불과 10% 정도 증가하였으나, 간세포의 미크로좀분획을 이용한 ACAT활성에 미치는 ginsenoside의 in vitro 영향은 ginsenoside의 농도가 $1{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-5}%$ 일 때 크게 증가하였다. 또한 간 파쇄액을 효소원으로 사용하여 cholesterol로부터의 담즙산 합성에 미치는 gisenoside의 영향을 in vitro에서 관찰한 결과 반응 혼합물에서의 ginsenoside의 농도가 $1{\times}10^{-3}%{\sim}10^{-4}%$ 일때 담즙산 합성이 현저히 증가하였다. 이상의 실험결과로부터 ginsenoside는 간에서의 cholesterol 대사를 촉진하여 간세포내 cholesterol농도를 효과적으로 낮춤으로써 cholesterol로 인한 LDL수용체합성억제를 완화하므로써 고cholesterol식이로 인한 고cholesterol혈증유발을 억제하는 것으로 생각된다.