농경지(農耕地)로부터의 오염물질(汚染物質) 유출부하특성(流出負荷特性) - 전(全)Kjeldahl 질소(窒素) 및 전인(燐)을 중심(中心)으로-

홍성구 ( Hong Sung Ku ),권순국 ( Kwun Soon Kuk ) 한국농공학회 1989 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.31 No.3

With an objective to provide basic information for the management and the prediction of eutrophication in lentic water Systems, total amount of Kjeldahl nitrogen(T-N) and phosphorous(T-P) from irrigated water and drained water from flooded paddies were investigated during the rice growing period of 1988. A 29.3 ha paddies near Jungnam-myun, HwaSung-gun, Gyungi Province, Korea was instrumented for measuring runoff and sampling irrigated water and drained water from paddies. The following conclusions may be drawn from the result of this study. 1. During 115 days of investigation, T-N load for paddies was 362.6kg and T-P 63.44kg.These would be converted to 12.4kg T-N/ha and 2.17kg T-P/ha, respectively. 2. The T-N and T-P loadings in different periods showed a significant difference. The 25% of T-N loading was drained soon after fertilization period and 60% was drained during the rainy season from July 5 to July 24. 3. Annual loadings from paddies could be calculated to 30kg T-N/ha/year and 52kg T-P/ha/year considering non-measurement periods. 4. After the rainy season, the nutrient loads from drained water showed much less than those from irrigated water, and it may be suggested that the paddies would act as a stabilization pond. 5. The average concentrations of nutrients at 0.9km downstream from investigated paddies were 2.02(T-N) mg/1 and 0.52(T-P) mg/1, which were 1.82(T-N) mg/1 and 0.056(T-P) mg/1 lower than those of drained water from paddies.

역사 연구와 역사 교과서 서술, 그리고 역사과 교육과정 -현행 중학교 “역사” 교과서의 요,금,청 왕조 서술을 중심으로-

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 역사교육학회 2013 역사교육논집 Vol.50 No.-

The thesis is a research analyzing historical academic accomplishment and textbooks linkage based on the comprehension that minimum demand from the korean society of the history educational objectives and contents are reflected to the education curriculum. Specifically, by mainly analyzing the currently using history textbook that have been officially qualified in 2010, study result from the historical field and contents of the new textbook have been examinated through the revised history educational curriculum (2007), which have been used as the criteria of the writing of the current textbook, and the history educational demand that have been reflected during the writing. The range of contents reviewed is the description of the Liao, Jin and Qing Dynasty. Looking into the revised history educational curriculum (2007), description of world history is mainly concentrated to shed from Europe centered, China sub-centered description structure. Accordingly, the role and significance of the northern nomadic peoples are emphasized in the chinese history description. Additionally, it could be seen that history of exchange is also emphasized on the aspects of integrated world history description. It is shown that a new perspective of centering inner asia have been reflected to the revised history educational curriculum(2007), criticizing the Han centered chinese historical studies. However, it is difficult to say that this new perspective have been sufficiently accepted to the description in the history textbook . Especially, wide deviation between the 8 textbooks is a problematic matter. Some textbooks are making an effort to systematically describe the conquest dynasties in the history of the northern nomadic nations, but most textbooks have not overcame the prejudice against nomadic belligerence and aggression and maintained Han-centric understanding of history. Additionally, most textbooks consist confusion between concepts of unification and conquer when it comes to historical description of The Qing`s conquest of China. Among the historical facts describe in the textbooks, it is only emphasized that the success factors of the conquest was through conciliatory and coercive actions, ignoring other historical facts, such as the Manchu`s effort and actions to maintain their ethnic identity, and the importance of these efforts. The occurrence of these problem is not a simple issue of the writer not reflecting the historical researches. Fundamentally, the gap of historical research level between Korean and foreign historical academia is too wide. In other words, Korean academia have not been able adopt the high level performance of foreign academics as its own. The writer`s misunderstanding and lack of mutual empathy of the emphasized description from the educational curriculum can also be considered as one of a problem. In this regard, history textbook`s role, meaning and the impacts need more serious empathy and introspection.

임진왜란과 명의 재정 -교과서 서술과 통설의 재검토-

홍성구 ( Sung-ku Hong ) 역사교육학회 2016 역사교육논집 Vol.58 No.-

The Imjin Waeran was the largest international war of East Asia during the early modern times. Right after the war ended, a new powerful feudal government, Tokugawa shogunate emerged in Japan. Less than 50 years after the war ended, there was a shift from Ming to Qing Dynasty in China. Considering those developments after the war, it is safe to say that the war had tremendous impacts on the changes to the international order of East Asia in the 17th century. The South Korean academic circles have especially accepted with few doubts that the war sent a serious blow to Ming``s finance and thus worked as a decisive event to lead to its fall. The purpose of this study was to re-review those perceptions of the academic circles. It is estimated that the war imposed a financial burden of 8∼10 million taels on Ming Dynasty. The study compared them with the revenues and expenditures of Tai-Cang Treasury, Ming``s national treasury, and especially its military expenses to defend the incursions by Mongolian of Northern Frontier. There were, however, no grounds found to estimate that the size of military expenditures during the war stroke an especially more serious blow to the finance of the dynasty than other periods. Rather, Ming China``s serious fiscal crisis made an even worse turn after the three lavies for warfare expense were made regular land taxes in the 1620s when Nurhachi had a full-blown advance into Liaodong. Ming``s finance had innate fundamental issues with the finance and military expenditure procurement systems established by Emperor Hongwu in the early days of the dynasty. The military expenditure procurement system established by Emperor Hongwu was on the basic premise of self-sufficient Wei-Suo, and the rigid fixed amount system and the horizontal tax transportation system made it difficult to manage Ming``s finance efficiently. It was thus natural that all the burdens following the expansion of financial expenses fell on the shoulders of common people. The prolongation of war in Liaodong in the 1620s especially created fixed amounts of financial burdens transferred to common people and eventually resulted in the irreparable bankruptcy of Ming``s fiscal structure.

연구동향 : 1990년대 중국학계의 『종족』 연구 동향 -명청시대를 중심으로

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 중국사학회 2003 中國史硏究 Vol.24 No.-

국내 소장 만문(滿文) 문서(文書) 소개

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 한국고문서학회 2015 고문서연구 Vol.47 No.-

This article is to introduce the Manchu script documents that I have found in Korea. Considering the fact that Joseon and Qing dynasty established tribute-investiture diplomatic relations and frequently exchanged diplomatic notes, it is natural to assume that there are still in Korea a great deal of Manchu script documents that had been sent from the Qing dynasty. However, through a field investigation, I found that there remained little collection of Manchu script diplomatic notes in Korea. The National Museum of Korea possesses two Biaowen 表文 which kings of Joseon sent to emperors of the Qing dynasty. These documents are the translation of the original Chinese documents into Manchu that were completed and attached to the original documents by the Qing government. They provide precious information about the process in which the Qing government translated diplomatic notes written in Chinese into Manchu. Kyujanggak 奎章閣 Institute for Korean Studies of Seoul National University possesses a Imperial Edict, Chiyu 勅諭 which was issued to announce the demise of the queen of the Emperor Kangxi. Jangseogak 藏書閣 Archives of the Academy of Korean Studies holds seven imperial documents (three written appointments, i.e, Gaoming 誥命, included) that were issued to install Korean King and Crown Prince. These documents are mostly related to King Yeongjo 英祖, and previously they had been held by Yuksanggung 毓祥宮, which is a shrine where the spirit tablet of King Yeongjo’s mother have been served. I suggest this is how these documents have been preserved. That is, they remained intact because they had been kept in Yuksanggung separatedly from other diplomatic documents. The National Library of Korea and the Museum of the Catholic University of Daegu hold four appointment documents that were sent to bestow official ranks to Tung si moo 퉁時茂 and Hailanca 海蘭察 and their parents and wives by the Emperor of the Qing dynasty. I believe that we need further study about Tung si moo and Hailanca because their records are scattered in China and Taiwan. In addition, the Library of Seoul National University possesses 33 letters of memorial rites that were held by the Qing imperial household (1908~1910). These documents are interesting in that they cover the memorial rites in the last years of the Qing dynasty and help us understand the ritual of the rite. Finally, the Library of Korea University possesses an examination paper that is related to the civil service examination for official interpreters. This document is important in that it shows the characteristics of foreign language education in the Joseon dynasty.

국립중앙도서관 소장 「청태종조유(淸太宗詔諭)」에 대하여

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 대구사학회 2016 대구사학 Vol.123 No.-

The National Library of Korea houses a group of documents sent to Joseon by Qing, and they are called 「Qingtaizongzhaoyu」. Consisting of total eight documents, they were official diplomatic documents issued in the name of Emperor of Qing. There are only a few of such documents remaining in South Korea today. The documents issued during the years of Chongde 崇德 especially reveal the last aspects of the second Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636, thus hold special significance of making Korean people feel various emotions of remorse. Those documents also hold significant values as part of the few remaining documents with the Imperial Seal called ‘Zhigaozhibao 制誥之寶,’ which was the Chuanguoxi 傳國璽 of Yuan that Hongtaiji used as a pretext for establishing Qing. I compared the contents of documents issued during the years of Chongde with that of 『Qingtaizongshilu 淸太宗實錄』 and found that there were many revisions of historical materials of early Qing in the process of repairing and proofreading 『Qingtaizongshilu』 during the years of Kangxi. It seems that they reflected the situation of Qing Dynasty getting accustomed to the Confucian political culture. The study also compared the documents issued during the years of Chongde with those during the years of Kangxi and found that they used ‘Zhigaozhibao’, ‘Huangdizhibao 皇帝之寶’, and ‘Chimingzhibao 勅命之寶’ of the Man-Han bilingual version of Imperial Seals for Gaoming 誥命, Zhaoyu 詔諭, and Chiyu 勅諭, respectively, based on the discoveries that the letters used in documents and Imperial Seals were changed from the Chinese during the years of Chongde to the Man-Han bilingual version during the years of Kangxi and that ‘Zhigaozhibao’ in Chinese was used indiscriminately in Cewen 冊文, Zhaoyu, and Gaoming. Those changes seem to have started in the early days of Shunzhi 順治 right after entering Shanhai pass 山海關, reflecting the process of Qing forming its identity and the changing process of model examples of documentation being set. Considering that the documents reviewed in the study were prepared in the diplomatic relations between Qing and Joseon, the shift of letters used in documents and Imperial Seals from the Chinese during the years of Chongde to the Man-Han bilingual version after entering Shanhai pass seems to reflect the process of Qing forming its identity and the changing positions of Qing in recognizing Joseon in a complex manner. It is difficult to check those facts without reviewing actual document materials, which proposes the significance of excavating and investigating actual document materials. (Kyungpook Natioal University / chinahsk@knu.ac.kr)

연구기행 : 가정 사구 대중심태변천 국제학술연토회기제칠계중국사회사년회 참가기

홍성구(Sung Ku Hong) 명청사학회 1998 명청사연구 Vol.9 No.1

N/A

사학부(史學部) : 청조(淸朝)의 종족정책(宗族政策)에 대한 재검토(再檢討) -족정제(族正制)를 중심으로-

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 한국중국학회 2007 중국학보 Vol.55 No.-

청(淸) 입관(入關) 전(前) 동아시아 국제질서의 재편(再編)과 일본(日本)

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 명청사학회 2010 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.33

청질서의 성립과 조청관계의 안정화: 1644∼1700

洪性鳩(Hong, Sung-ku) 동양사학회 2017 東洋史學硏究 Vol.140 No.-

The “Ch"ing Order”, a new international order in East Asia established by the Ch"ing occupation of Peking in 1644, was different from the unitary and customary order made by the Ming Dynasty. The old order ensured uniform distinctions between the Han people and non-Han people and between in and outside mainland China through linking the policy of removing the embargo to the tribute formalities. However, the Ch"ing Dynasty built a dual foreign relation system and applied different principles to the southeastern waters and the northwestern inner Asia region, which had been under the Ming order. Since the Ch"ing order was completely different from the Ming Order, the Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations was not a simple replacement of the previous Chosŏn-Ming relations. The Chosŏn-Ming relations was formed and maintained through the exchange of voluntary and peaceful tribute, which was based on the Sadaejaso (事大字小) idea, an important part of Neo-Confucian order. In contrast, the Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations represented a forced sovereign and subject structure formed by two wars (Chŏngmyo-horan in 1627 and Pyŏngcha-horan in 1636) caused by the Ch"ing. Therefore, from the beginning Chosŏn did not have the Sadaejaso idea towards the Ch"ing in spite of the formal sovereign and subject relations between them. In fact, the relations were complicated by mutual suspicion, check, coercion, and revengeful thoughts. However, soon after the Ch"ing occupation of Peking in 1644, it successfully replaced the Ming and strengthened it domination of China. As a result, its coercive policies against Chosŏn were gradually alleviated, and Chosŏn had no choice but to admit the Ch"ing’s power and status. In this respect, the Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations reflected the unique nature of relations formed by the military conquest in terms of content although it also inherited the exemplary relations between Chosŏn and Ming to a certain extent. Thus, the Ch"ing partially applied the principle of excluding the Han people, which was applied to the northwestern inner Asia region, to Chosŏn unlike other states that had been under the Ming Order. The latter part of the 17th century can be characterized as a transition period, which witnessed the settlement of the unique Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations. The distrust and confrontation before the Ch"ing occupation of Peking in 1644 had been transformed to the stability and peace of the 18th century. The stabilization of the relations between the two countries was reflected in trade. The trade led by yeokgwan (official translators) and sasang (private businessmen) became active. On the basis of the relations, the two countries were able to contribute to the stability and peace in East Asia in the late 17th century, which lasted until the mid-19th century.