농경지(農耕地)로부터의 오염물질(汚染物質) 유출부하특성(流出負荷特性) - 전(全)Kjeldahl 질소(窒素) 및 전인(燐)을 중심(中心)으로-

홍성구 ( Hong Sung Ku ),권순국 ( Kwun Soon Kuk ) 한국농공학회 1989 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.31 No.3

With an objective to provide basic information for the management and the prediction of eutrophication in lentic water Systems, total amount of Kjeldahl nitrogen(T-N) and phosphorous(T-P) from irrigated water and drained water from flooded paddies were investigated during the rice growing period of 1988. A 29.3 ha paddies near Jungnam-myun, HwaSung-gun, Gyungi Province, Korea was instrumented for measuring runoff and sampling irrigated water and drained water from paddies. The following conclusions may be drawn from the result of this study. 1. During 115 days of investigation, T-N load for paddies was 362.6kg and T-P 63.44kg.These would be converted to 12.4kg T-N/ha and 2.17kg T-P/ha, respectively. 2. The T-N and T-P loadings in different periods showed a significant difference. The 25% of T-N loading was drained soon after fertilization period and 60% was drained during the rainy season from July 5 to July 24. 3. Annual loadings from paddies could be calculated to 30kg T-N/ha/year and 52kg T-P/ha/year considering non-measurement periods. 4. After the rainy season, the nutrient loads from drained water showed much less than those from irrigated water, and it may be suggested that the paddies would act as a stabilization pond. 5. The average concentrations of nutrients at 0.9km downstream from investigated paddies were 2.02(T-N) mg/1 and 0.52(T-P) mg/1, which were 1.82(T-N) mg/1 and 0.056(T-P) mg/1 lower than those of drained water from paddies.

『滿洲源流考』와 건륭제

홍성구(Hong Sung-Ku) 한국고대학회 2018 先史와 古代 Vol.- No.58

본고는「滿洲源流考」의 편찬자가 만주 정체성 확립이라는 편찬 목적을 실현하기 위해 사료를 어떻게 해석하고 논증하였는가를 살펴본 논문이다. 「만주원류고」는 중국의 역대 史書에서 숙신 부여 삼한 읍루 물길 백제 신라 말갈 발해 완안 건주에 관한 기사를 뽑아내어 편찬 목적에 맞게 가공하여 인용하고, 거기에서 지리적 문화(풍속)적 공통성, 문명적 우수성, 음운학적 유사성 등을 추출하여 그것에 근거하여 사료를 해석하고 역사계승관계를 논증하였다. 특히 음운학적 유사성에 근거한 논증은「만주원류고」에서 사용한 가장 두드러진 논증 방식이었다. 이러한 논증 방식은 오랜 역사를 가진 중국의 韻學 전통을 계승한 것이고, 특히 고증학이 발전한 청대 학술의 특징을 반영한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 건륭제는「만주원류고」뿐만 아니라 다른 역사 편찬, 특히 요·금·원 등 유목적 전통을 가진 북방민족에 관한 역사 서술에서 한족 중심의 시각을 제거하고 청조의 시각에서 역사를 재구성하기 위한 중요한 방법의 하나로 이러한 음운학적 방법을 동원하였다. 이 과정에서 건륭제는 ‘글자만 고치고 사실은 왜곡하지 않는다’는 원칙을 강조하고, 이러한 시도가 한족의 시각에서 폄하된 만주와 몽골 등 북방민족에 대한 편견을 바로잡아 ‘진실한’ 역사를 서술하려는 것이지 결코 객관적인 역사 사실을 왜곡하려는 의도가 아님을 강변하였다. 하지만 글자를 고치는 것과 사실을 왜곡하지 않는 것은 말처럼 철저하게 구별될 수 있는 것이 아니었다. 그렇기 때문에 건륭제의 명령 곳곳에서 만주인의 시각에서 역사를 새롭게 서술하려는 의지, 한족의 역사 서술에 대한 불신을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 「만주원류고」는 건륭제의 거대한 ‘만주 역사 만들기’ 프로젝트의 일환으로 이루어진 건륭제판 ‘동북공정’에 다름 아니었다. This study set out to investigate how the compilers of Researches on Manchu Origins interpreted and demonstrated historical materials to fulfill the goal of the book that was to establish the identity of the Manchus. The book cited articles about Sushen, Buyeo, Three Hans of Korea, Yilou, Wuji, Baekje, Silla, Mohe, Balhae, Wanyan, and Jianzhou in history books of China according to the publication purpose, identified common geographical and cultural ( custom ) features, excellence of civilization, and phonological similarities in them, and based its interpretations of historical materials and demonstrated relations in the succession of history on these grounds. Demonstration based on phonological similarities was the most prominent method of demonstration in Researches on Manchu Origins . This method of demonstration succeeded the tradition of phoneme studies that had long history in China and reflected the characteristics of studies of the Qing period in which Evidential Scholarship made special development. Emperor Qianlong used this phonological method as an important way to eliminate the Han-centric viewpoints and reorganize history from the perspective of the Qing in history books including Researches on Manchu Origins especially containing historical descriptions about northern ethnic groups with nomadic tradition such as Liao, Jin, and Yuan. In this process, Emperor Qianlong put an emphasis on the principle of “distorting no facts only the correction of letters,” maintaining that this attempt was not to distort objective historical facts but to record “true” history by correcting the prejudices of northern ethnic groups such as the Manchus and the Mongols that used to be disparaged by the Han perspective. There was, however, no thorough distinction between the correction of letters and no distortion of facts as he argued. Emperor Qianlong s orders thus reflected his determination to write history anew from the viewpoint of the Manchus and his distrust in the historical descriptions by the Hans. Researches on Manchu Origins was thus nothing but Emperor Qianlong-style “Northeast Project” as part of his massive project of “creating the history of the Manchus.”

明末淸初 休寧縣 二十七都五圖 王正芳戶의 일상정치

洪性鳩(Hong, Sung Ku) 동양사학회 2021 東洋史學硏究 Vol.155 No.-

This paper consists of three main parts. In the first part, Lijia system里甲制 in 27 Du都 and 5 Tu圖 in Xiuning county休寧縣, Huizhou prefecture徽州府, from the Wanli萬曆 period of the Ming to the Kangxi康熙 period of the Qing, was proposed as a model. In the second part, I looked into the history and genealogy of the Tengxi藤溪 Wang family王氏 which was one of the most influential lineage in the Chen village陳村, a regional base of 27 Du and 5 Tu. In the third part, I studied how the Wang Zhengfang household王正芳戶, the composite household總戶 of Tengxi Wang family, dealt with the burden of the corvee labor, which was left in the course of reforming the tax collection system. In the Huizhou area during the late Ming and early Qing, Lijia system has been functioning for a long time based on the stable social class structure of the self-reliant small farmers小農, even in the trends of the dismantlement of the system. This background situation prompted the Wang Zhengfang household to leave some contract documents discussing how to share the burden of corvee labor internally. The Wang Zhengfang household was in a not-so-rich economic position, located in the third of the three levels. It faced trouble of diminishing and absent lineage members due to the regime change from the Ming to the Qing and subsequent commercial activities outside the county. In this situation, the process of discussing to share the burden such as corvee labor was an everyday problem that anyone in the local villages could have faced at that time. The documents of the Tengxi Wang family, which were reviewed in this paper, were the result of discussions on how Wang Zhengfanghousehold handled the burden of corvee labor they had to bear for over 80 years from 1624 to 1707. In the process of discussion and response within the composite household and the lineage, we can get a glimpse of the strategies of everyday politics in which ordinary people live while solving the everyday problems they face in their everyday lives.

청질서의 성립과 조청관계의 안정화: 1644∼1700

洪性鳩(Hong, Sung-ku) 동양사학회 2017 東洋史學硏究 Vol.140 No.-

The “Ch"ing Order”, a new international order in East Asia established by the Ch"ing occupation of Peking in 1644, was different from the unitary and customary order made by the Ming Dynasty. The old order ensured uniform distinctions between the Han people and non-Han people and between in and outside mainland China through linking the policy of removing the embargo to the tribute formalities. However, the Ch"ing Dynasty built a dual foreign relation system and applied different principles to the southeastern waters and the northwestern inner Asia region, which had been under the Ming order. Since the Ch"ing order was completely different from the Ming Order, the Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations was not a simple replacement of the previous Chosŏn-Ming relations. The Chosŏn-Ming relations was formed and maintained through the exchange of voluntary and peaceful tribute, which was based on the Sadaejaso (事大字小) idea, an important part of Neo-Confucian order. In contrast, the Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations represented a forced sovereign and subject structure formed by two wars (Chŏngmyo-horan in 1627 and Pyŏngcha-horan in 1636) caused by the Ch"ing. Therefore, from the beginning Chosŏn did not have the Sadaejaso idea towards the Ch"ing in spite of the formal sovereign and subject relations between them. In fact, the relations were complicated by mutual suspicion, check, coercion, and revengeful thoughts. However, soon after the Ch"ing occupation of Peking in 1644, it successfully replaced the Ming and strengthened it domination of China. As a result, its coercive policies against Chosŏn were gradually alleviated, and Chosŏn had no choice but to admit the Ch"ing’s power and status. In this respect, the Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations reflected the unique nature of relations formed by the military conquest in terms of content although it also inherited the exemplary relations between Chosŏn and Ming to a certain extent. Thus, the Ch"ing partially applied the principle of excluding the Han people, which was applied to the northwestern inner Asia region, to Chosŏn unlike other states that had been under the Ming Order. The latter part of the 17th century can be characterized as a transition period, which witnessed the settlement of the unique Chosŏn-Ch"ing relations. The distrust and confrontation before the Ch"ing occupation of Peking in 1644 had been transformed to the stability and peace of the 18th century. The stabilization of the relations between the two countries was reflected in trade. The trade led by yeokgwan (official translators) and sasang (private businessmen) became active. On the basis of the relations, the two countries were able to contribute to the stability and peace in East Asia in the late 17th century, which lasted until the mid-19th century.

국립중앙도서관 소장 「청태종조유(淸太宗詔諭)」에 대하여

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 대구사학회 2016 대구사학 Vol.123 No.-

국립중앙도서관에는 淸에서 朝鮮에 보낸 몇 건의 문서가 소장되어 있고, 여기에는 「淸太宗詔諭」라는 표제어가 붙어 있다. 모두 8장으로 구성된 이 문서들은 청조 황제 명의로 발급된 공식 외교 문서로서, 현재 우리나라에 몇 점밖에 남아있지 않다. 특히 崇德 연간의 문서는 丙子胡亂의 마지막 국면을 보여주는 문서이기에 우리에게 여러 가지 悔恨을 느끼게 하는 각별한 의미를 갖는다. 또한 이 문서들은 홍타이지가 大淸國 수립의 명분으로 삼았던 大元의 傳國璽 ‘制誥之寶’가 찍힌 몇 안 되는 현존 문서라는 점에서도 가치가 있다. 그리고 이들 숭덕 연간 문서의 내용을 『淸太宗實錄』의 해당 내용과 대조한 결과, 康熙 연간 『淸太宗實錄』을 重修·校訂하는 과정에서 청조 초기 사료에 대한 적지 않은 수정이 이루어졌음을 확인하였다. 여기에는 儒家的인 정치 문화에 익숙해져가는 청조의 모습이 반영되어 있다고 생각한다. 또한 숭덕 연간의 문서와 강희 연간의 문서를 비교하는 과정에서 文書와 御寶의 文字가 숭덕 연간의 漢文에서 강희 연간의 滿漢合璧으로 바뀐 사실과, 漢文 ‘制誥之寶’를 冊文·詔諭·誥命 등에 구별 없이 사용하던 것에서 誥命·詔諭·勅諭에 대해 각각 滿漢合璧의 ‘制誥之寶’ㆍ‘皇帝之寶’ㆍ‘勅命之寶’를 사용하게 된 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 변화는 대개 入關 직후인 順治 초기에 시작된 것으로 생각되며, 청조의 正體性 형성과 함께 문서 작성의 範例가 만들어지는 과정의 변화상을 반영하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 특히 여기서 검토한 문서들이 청조와 조선의 대외 관계 속에서 생산된 문서들이라는 점을 고려하면, 문서와 어보의 문자가 숭덕 연간의 한문에서 입관 이후 만한합벽으로 변화한 데에는 청조의 正體性 형성 과정과 함께 청조가 조선을 인식하는 입장의 변화가 복합적으로 반영되어 있다고 보아야 할 것이다. 이와 같은 사실들은 실제 문서 자료를 검토하지 않고서는 확인하기 어려운 문제들이다. 실제 문서 자료를 발굴·연구해야 하는 의의가 여기에 있다. The National Library of Korea houses a group of documents sent to Joseon by Qing, and they are called 「Qingtaizongzhaoyu」. Consisting of total eight documents, they were official diplomatic documents issued in the name of Emperor of Qing. There are only a few of such documents remaining in South Korea today. The documents issued during the years of Chongde 崇德 especially reveal the last aspects of the second Manchu invasion of Korea in 1636, thus hold special significance of making Korean people feel various emotions of remorse. Those documents also hold significant values as part of the few remaining documents with the Imperial Seal called ‘Zhigaozhibao 制誥之寶,’ which was the Chuanguoxi 傳國璽 of Yuan that Hongtaiji used as a pretext for establishing Qing. I compared the contents of documents issued during the years of Chongde with that of 『Qingtaizongshilu 淸太宗實錄』 and found that there were many revisions of historical materials of early Qing in the process of repairing and proofreading 『Qingtaizongshilu』 during the years of Kangxi. It seems that they reflected the situation of Qing Dynasty getting accustomed to the Confucian political culture. The study also compared the documents issued during the years of Chongde with those during the years of Kangxi and found that they used ‘Zhigaozhibao’, ‘Huangdizhibao 皇帝之寶’, and ‘Chimingzhibao 勅命之寶’ of the Man-Han bilingual version of Imperial Seals for Gaoming 誥命, Zhaoyu 詔諭, and Chiyu 勅諭, respectively, based on the discoveries that the letters used in documents and Imperial Seals were changed from the Chinese during the years of Chongde to the Man-Han bilingual version during the years of Kangxi and that ‘Zhigaozhibao’ in Chinese was used indiscriminately in Cewen 冊文, Zhaoyu, and Gaoming. Those changes seem to have started in the early days of Shunzhi 順治 right after entering Shanhai pass 山海關, reflecting the process of Qing forming its identity and the changing process of model examples of documentation being set. Considering that the documents reviewed in the study were prepared in the diplomatic relations between Qing and Joseon, the shift of letters used in documents and Imperial Seals from the Chinese during the years of Chongde to the Man-Han bilingual version after entering Shanhai pass seems to reflect the process of Qing forming its identity and the changing positions of Qing in recognizing Joseon in a complex manner. It is difficult to check those facts without reviewing actual document materials, which proposes the significance of excavating and investigating actual document materials. (Kyungpook Natioal University / chinahsk@knu.ac.kr)

역사 연구와 역사 교과서 서술, 그리고 역사과 교육과정 -현행 중학교 “역사” 교과서의 요,금,청 왕조 서술을 중심으로-

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 역사교육학회 2013 역사교육논집 Vol.50 No.-

The thesis is a research analyzing historical academic accomplishment and textbooks linkage based on the comprehension that minimum demand from the korean society of the history educational objectives and contents are reflected to the education curriculum. Specifically, by mainly analyzing the currently using history textbook that have been officially qualified in 2010, study result from the historical field and contents of the new textbook have been examinated through the revised history educational curriculum (2007), which have been used as the criteria of the writing of the current textbook, and the history educational demand that have been reflected during the writing. The range of contents reviewed is the description of the Liao, Jin and Qing Dynasty. Looking into the revised history educational curriculum (2007), description of world history is mainly concentrated to shed from Europe centered, China sub-centered description structure. Accordingly, the role and significance of the northern nomadic peoples are emphasized in the chinese history description. Additionally, it could be seen that history of exchange is also emphasized on the aspects of integrated world history description. It is shown that a new perspective of centering inner asia have been reflected to the revised history educational curriculum(2007), criticizing the Han centered chinese historical studies. However, it is difficult to say that this new perspective have been sufficiently accepted to the description in the history textbook . Especially, wide deviation between the 8 textbooks is a problematic matter. Some textbooks are making an effort to systematically describe the conquest dynasties in the history of the northern nomadic nations, but most textbooks have not overcame the prejudice against nomadic belligerence and aggression and maintained Han-centric understanding of history. Additionally, most textbooks consist confusion between concepts of unification and conquer when it comes to historical description of The Qing`s conquest of China. Among the historical facts describe in the textbooks, it is only emphasized that the success factors of the conquest was through conciliatory and coercive actions, ignoring other historical facts, such as the Manchu`s effort and actions to maintain their ethnic identity, and the importance of these efforts. The occurrence of these problem is not a simple issue of the writer not reflecting the historical researches. Fundamentally, the gap of historical research level between Korean and foreign historical academia is too wide. In other words, Korean academia have not been able adopt the high level performance of foreign academics as its own. The writer`s misunderstanding and lack of mutual empathy of the emphasized description from the educational curriculum can also be considered as one of a problem. In this regard, history textbook`s role, meaning and the impacts need more serious empathy and introspection.

중국 학계의 연행록 연구

洪性鳩(Hong, Sung-ku) 대동한문학회 2011 大東漢文學 Vol.34 No.-

이 글은 대동한문학회의 요청에 따라 1990년대 이후 중국 학계에서 이루어진 ‘연행록’ 관련 연구 성과를 정리한 것이다. 중국에서는 2001년 연행록전집 의 발간을 계기로 외국 사신이 중국에서 보고 느낀 그대로를 진실하게 남긴 기록이라는 가치가 본격적으로 주목받기 시작하여 다양한 방면에서 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본고에서는 지금까지 발표된 연구의 중심적인 주제를 크게 명조와 청조에 대한 조선의 인식과 화이관의 변화, 외교 교섭과 교류, 중국의 사회와 문화, 동북사와 만주사 연구 등 4가지로 나누어 소개하였다. 이를 통해 파악한 중국 학계 연행록 연구의 주요한 경향은 연행록에 반영된 타자의 시선, 즉 서양 국가가 아닌 이웃한 조선과 일본이 중국을 바라보는 시선에 주목하기 시작하였다는 점과 동아시아를 아우르는 시각이 대두하기 시작하였다는 점이었다. This is an article that organized research results about ‘Yeonhaengrok (燕行錄)’ studies in Chinese academia since the 1990s at the request of Daedonghanmunhakhoe(大東漢文學會). Chinese academia has paid attention to the values of Yeonhaengrok as records of Korean envoys to China had written about their experiences from their point of view, and has been studied in various aspects. In this paper, I classified Yeonhaengrok studies into four categories, Joseon’s recognition about Ming and Qing and the changes of the Chinese perspective on barbarians, diplomatic negotiations and cultural exchanges, the Chinese society and culture, and Manchu history. I have found two main trends of Yeonhaengrok studies that Chinese scholars began to focus on other’s perspective, that is not Western countries’s but neighboring nations, Korea and Japan’s and the perspective on the East Asian Cultual Community began to emerge.

국내 소장 만문(滿文) 문서(文書) 소개

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 한국고문서학회 2015 古文書硏究 Vol.47 No.-

이 논문은 한국에 소장된 滿文 문서를 발굴하여 그 내용과 특징을 소개한 연구이다. 조선과 청조가 朝貢·冊封의 외교 관계를 맺고 있었고, 양국 사이에 외교 문서가 빈번하게 오고갔던 사실을 고려하면, 한국에는 청조에서 보낸 상당량의 만문 외교 문서가 존재할 것이라고 짐작할 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 실제 조사 결과, 현재 한국에 보존되어 있는 만문 외교 문서의 수량은 극히 적었다. 국립중앙박물관에는 조선 국왕이 청 황제에게 보낸 表文이 2점 있다. 이 문서는 조선측에서 漢文으로 작성한 原文에 청조측에서 만문으로 번역한 번역문을 첨부하였다. 외국에서 漢文으로 작성하여 발송한 문서를 청조에서 어떠한 과정을 거쳐 번역하였는지를 추론할 수 있는 단서를 제공한다는 점에서 가치가 있다. 서울대학교 奎章閣, 한국학중앙연구원 藏書閣에는 청조가 공식적으로 보낸 만문 외교 문서인 강희제 황후의 崩御를 알리는 勅諭가 1점, 조선의 국왕 및 王世子, 王世弟의 책봉을 위해 발급된 誥命과 그에 딸린 부속 문서 7점이 있다. 이들 誥命 문서는 대부분 英祖와 관련된 것이고, 영조 어머니의 神主를 모신 毓祥宮에서 보관하던 유물이다. 다른 외교 문서와는 별도의 장소에서 관리되었기 때문에 지금까지 전해질 수 있었다고 생각된다. 국립중앙도서관과 대구가톨릭대학 박물관에는 청 황제가 임명한 관리와 그의 부모 및 처에게 品階를 내리는 誥命이 4점 있다. 이 문서의 주인공인 퉁時茂와 海蘭察에 관해서는 중국과 대만에 관련 사료가 산재해있어 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 서울대학교 도서관에는 청말(1908~1910) 청 황실에서 주관한 각종 제사의 祭文 33점이 소장되어 있다. 청 황실 제사 의례의 거의 마지막을 장식한 제문이라는 점에서 흥미롭고, 청 황실의 제사를 연구하는 데 도움이 되는 자료이다. 마지막으로 고려대학교 도서관에는 科擧 시험 중 만주어(당시에는 淸語) 譯官을 선발하는 譯科의 시험 답안지 1점이 소장되어 있다. 이것은 조선시대 외국어 교육의 실태를 연구하는 데 중요한 가치를 지닌 자료이다. This article is to introduce the Manchu script documents that I have found in Korea. Considering the fact that Joseon and Qing dynasty established tribute-investiture diplomatic relations and frequently exchanged diplomatic notes, it is natural to assume that there are still in Korea a great deal of Manchu script documents that had been sent from the Qing dynasty. However, through a field investigation, I found that there remained little collection of Manchu script diplomatic notes in Korea. The National Museum of Korea possesses two Biaowen 表文 which kings of Joseon sent to emperors of the Qing dynasty. These documents are the translation of the original Chinese documents into Manchu that were completed and attached to the original documents by the Qing government. They provide precious information about the process in which the Qing government translated diplomatic notes written in Chinese into Manchu. Kyujanggak 奎章閣 Institute for Korean Studies of Seoul National University possesses a Imperial Edict, Chiyu 勅諭 which was issued to announce the demise of the queen of the Emperor Kangxi. Jangseogak 藏書閣 Archives of the Academy of Korean Studies holds seven imperial documents (three written appointments, i.e, Gaoming 誥命, included) that were issued to install Korean King and Crown Prince. These documents are mostly related to King Yeongjo 英祖, and previously they had been held by Yuksanggung 毓祥宮, which is a shrine where the spirit tablet of King Yeongjo’s mother have been served. I suggest this is how these documents have been preserved. That is, they remained intact because they had been kept in Yuksanggung separatedly from other diplomatic documents. The National Library of Korea and the Museum of the Catholic University of Daegu hold four appointment documents that were sent to bestow official ranks to Tung si moo 퉁時茂 and Hailanca 海蘭察 and their parents and wives by the Emperor of the Qing dynasty. I believe that we need further study about Tung si moo and Hailanca because their records are scattered in China and Taiwan. In addition, the Library of Seoul National University possesses 33 letters of memorial rites that were held by the Qing imperial household (1908~1910). These documents are interesting in that they cover the memorial rites in the last years of the Qing dynasty and help us understand the ritual of the rite. Finally, the Library of Korea University possesses an examination paper that is related to the civil service examination for official interpreters. This document is important in that it shows the characteristics of foreign language education in the Joseon dynasty.

청(淸) 입관(入關) 전(前) 동아시아 국제질서의 재편(再編)과 일본(日本)

홍성구 ( Sung Ku Hong ) 명청사학회 2010 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.33

‘새로운’ 세계사 구현을 위한 대안 모색

洪性鳩(Hong, Sung-ku) 역사교육연구회 2017 역사교육 Vol.142 No.-

Finding a chance in the Revised World History Curriculum of 2015 developed to normalize world history education by increasing the percentage of students choosing the world history subject in high school, this study set out to search for alternatives to realize a “new” world history. Although the Revised World History Curriculum of 2015 was announced to pursue the cause of normalizing world history education, it has faced a criticism that it has returned to the old “Europe-centered, China-subcentered” historical descriptions after giving up a “new” world history that had been continuously sought after since the Revised Curriculum of 2007. That is, it gave up on the efforts to sincerely realize the world history as a history of the world forming a single world at the level of the entire Earth. It is, however, difficult to say that the “new” world history, which had been sought after from 2007 to the Revised Curriculum of 2011, realized the original purpose of “global history” fully and succeeded in overcoming the problems with the Seventh Curriculum. It is because South Korea has failed to accumulate its own achievements to a satisfying degree, depending mainly on overseas research results. That means the “new” world history has remained at the level of beliefs and arguments in some aspects. The present study proposed a sequencing approach as an alternative to realize a “new” world history. In the sequencing approach, students will learn the independent development process of each nation, ethnic group or regional world in middle school and the process of extending to mutual relation and dependence at the Earth level in high school based on what they have learned in middle school. In the approach, students may also study the premodern history of each region establishing its own tradition in middle school and the modern history of globalization at the Earth level in high school. Recognizing that it would be difficult to realize a truly “new” world history in terms of content without overcoming the Western Eurocentrism left in the historical understanding of internal development process of non-European regions, the historical awareness of finding a boundary in nations and ethnic groups, and the center-margin viewpoint, the study analyzed the descriptions about the early modern history of China, identified their problems, and searched for their alternative description directions.